Watermelon variety name
Also known as summer melon and cold melon.
Latin scientific name watermelon
English famous watermelon
Classification of Cucurbitaceae, Dicotyledonous Plants, Cucurbitaceae and Watermelon Families and Genus.
Annual vines. The fruit is crisp, sweet and juicy, rich in mineral salts and vitamins, and is the main fruit in summer. Watermelon can clear away heat and relieve summer-heat, and has an auxiliary effect on treating nephritis, diabetes and cystitis. Peel can be preserved, preserved, jam and feed. The oil content of seeds is as high as 50%, which can be used to extract oil, fry food or make pastry ingredients.
Characteristics: Watermelon has a main root system, the depth of which is more than 1 m, and the root groups are mainly distributed in the 20 cm-30 cm plough layer. The roots are slender, easily broken, weak in regeneration and not resistant to transplantation. The stems of seedlings stand upright, elongate after 4-5 internodes, crawl after 5-6 leaves, and have strong branching ability, which can form 3-4 levels of lateral branches. Leaves alternate, deeply divided, shallowly divided and entire. Dioecious flowers are the same plant. Male flowers appear in the 3-5 nodes of the main stem, and female flowers appear in the 5-7 nodes. A few bisexual flowers can appear at flowering stage. Corolla yellow. The ovary is below and the placenta is the lateral membrane. Both male and female flowers have nectaries, and the flowers are insect-borne flowers, which open in the morning and close in the afternoon. Fruits are spherical, oval, oval, cylindrical and so on. The surface of the fruit is smooth or ribbed, and the epidermis is green-white, green, dark green, dark green and black, with fine meshes or stripes in between. The pulp is milky white, light yellow, dark yellow, light red, bright red and other colors. Meat is divided into meat and mortar. Seeds flat, ovoid or oblong, smooth or cracked. The seed coat is white, light brown, brown, black or brown, monochrome or variegated. The 1000-grain weight is 100g- 150g for large grain type, 40g-60g for medium grain type and 20g-25g for small grain type. Melon type 150g-200g.
Watermelon planting likes high temperature and dry climate. The suitable growth temperature is 25 ~ 30℃, and 6 ~ 10℃ is vulnerable to cold damage. In areas where the monthly average temperature is above 65438 09℃ and the annual average temperature is above 3 months, it is feasible to cultivate in the open field. It is a long-day plant, which likes strong light, and its light saturation point is 80,000 lux. Suitable for dry and hot climate, strong drought tolerance, sandy loam with good drainage and deep soil layer. The pH value of the soil is 5 ~ 7. There are many ways to grow watermelons in China. There are dry pond cultivation and shatian cultivation in northwest China, flat border cultivation in north China and high border cultivation in south China. Protected areas include windbreak cultivation in Beijing, reed hair cultivation in Baoding, plastic film mulching cultivation, plastic greenhouse cultivation and greenhouse cultivation. Whether cultivated in open field or protected field, seedlings are raised in the protected field in spring before planting. Organic fertilizer is the main base fertilizer, and calcium superphosphate and potassium sulfate can improve the sugar content of fruit. The planting density is generally 500 ~ 600 plants per mu. North China is pruning, one plant, one vine and one melon; If you don't prune in South China, you will get more vines and melons. It takes about 80 ~ 120 days from sowing to harvesting, and about 30 ~ 50 days from female flower opening to fruit ripening. The main diseases are Fusarium wilt, anthracnose and powdery mildew. The main pests are aphids, flies and melons.
Origin most parts of the country can be cultivated. There are a lot of cultivation in Laixi, Shandong Province. Nanlan watermelon is produced in Hetoudian Town, Laixi City, and is famous for its thick pulp, sweet taste, rich moisture and rich nutrition.
Watermelon is the main fruit in summer. Mature fruit contains a lot of water, and the sugar content of pulp is generally 5 ~ 12%, including glucose, fructose and sucrose. The sweetness increased with the increase of sucrose in the late mature stage. There is almost no starch, and the sweetness will decrease due to the hydrolysis of disaccharide into monosaccharide during storage. Melon seeds can be used as tea, and melon skin can be processed into watermelon sauce. Chinese medicine uses melon juice and peel as medicine, which can clear away heat and relieve summer heat.
It can be called the king of melons. It was introduced from the western regions in the Han Dynasty, so it was called watermelon. Watermelon also belongs to the genus Cucurbitaceae, which is native to Africa. At present, except for a few remote and cold areas, it is planted all over the country, and the fruit is sweet and cold.
Watermelon is a typical fruit and the main fruit in summer. As long as there is frozen watermelon in hot summer or hot tropical night, it will have the effect of relieving summer heat.
Variety: Watermelon can be divided into three categories according to different uses: ordinary watermelon, melon seed melon and small watermelon.
The origin of watermelon name
China is the largest watermelon producing area in the world, but watermelon is not native to China. Watermelon originated in Africa. It was originally a wild plant of Cucurbitaceae, which was cultivated artificially to become an edible watermelon.
As early as 4000 years ago, Egyptians planted watermelons, and then gradually moved northward, first from the Mediterranean coast to northern Europe, and then south to the Middle East, India and other places. In the 4th and 5th centuries, watermelon was introduced into China from the Western Regions, so it was called "watermelon".
According to Xu Guangqi, a scientist in the Ming Dynasty, the book "The Complete Book of Agricultural Administration" records: "Watermelon is named after being planted in the western regions." Li Ming's Compendium of Materia Medica records: "According to Hu Jiao of Uighur, there is a kind of melon called watermelon. Watermelon entered China from the Five Dynasties; There are north and south today. " Thus, watermelon cultivation in China has a long history.
Watermelon, native to Africa. Watermelon has been planted in Egypt for five or six thousand years. In the past, some people quoted Ouyang Xiu as saying in the appendix of History of the New Five Dynasties and Four Differences in Song Dynasty: In Heyang County, Tongzhou, Hu Jiao was ordered to "eat watermelon first" in Qidan; "When Qidan broke the Uighur, it was planted in a shed, and the shed was covered with cow dung, which was as sweet as China wax gourd"; "It was three years old (953) ...................... 198 1 The extracurricular reading of middle school students published by Hunan People's Publishing House has a section "Watermelon began in the Five Dynasties". In fact, this statement is not accurate
Li Shizhen in Ming Dynasty pointed out in Compendium of Materia Medica: Watermelon is also called cold melon. "Tao Hongjing (Southern and Northern Dynasties) notes that there is a big cold melon in Yongjia (Huaidi Year), which can be hidden until the sound of spring, that is, this is also. Five generations ago, melon seeds had entered eastern Zhejiang, but they did not have the name of watermelon and did not spread throughout China. " "The Legend of Teng Tan Gong" said that Tan Gong was "five years old, and his mother Yang suffered from fever, thinking about eating cold melons, and the local customs were not productive. It's sad that I can't get visitors through the calendar. I met a Sangmen and asked him why, so I was ready to tell him. Sang Men said, "I have two melons, one for each person." I am also surprised by my mother. I am looking for Sang Men, and I don't know where it is. In the Tang Dynasty, Volume 19 of Youyang Za recorded the poem Hangyuan written by Yin Hou (Shen Yue): "Cold melons lie on the long side, and autumn pu is full of bitterness. Purple eggplant rotten, green taro uneven. "Speaking of the melon lying in the poem, it is in line with watermelon. In addition, in old Beijing, watermelons listed first are called "watermelons", and those listed later are called "cold melons". Today, I visited the old farmer and said that late-maturing watermelons are indeed called "cold melons". The above documents seem to confirm Li Shizhen's statement. But it seems that Li Shizhen's statement has not attracted people's attention for hundreds of years. 1976, watermelon seeds were found in the silt of the Western Han Tomb in Gui County, Guangxi. 1980, watermelon seeds were found in the lacquer warehouse of Han tomb in Hanjiang County, the western suburb of Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province. The owner of the tomb died three years before Emperor Xuandi of the Han Dynasty (7 1 year). This irrefutably proves the reliability of Li Shizhen's record.
Watermelon, as its name implies, is a melon from the western regions. Five dynasties ago, it was not called watermelon because it had been introduced to the southeast coastal areas of China. Because of its cold and antipyretic nature, it was called cold melon. Therefore, it seems doubtful that watermelon was introduced into China from the Western Regions. So, how did it enter China?
Presumably, it was introduced into China by the Maritime Silk Road. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once sent "translators" to raise businessmen, take silk and go to western countries by boat. The ship set sail from Leizhou Peninsula, sailed along the west coast of Beibu Gulf and the coast of Vietnam, bypassed the southern tip of Vietnam, then went south along the coast of Malay Peninsula along Siam Bay, arrived in Singapore, turned west, crossed the Straits of Malacca and arrived in the country along the Bay of Bengal. " Chinese-English translation has paid off since then (Hanshu Geography); This sea route is the so-called "Maritime Silk Road".
Where is the "no country" today? Most scholars think it is Sri Lanka, while others say it is Abyssinia in eastern Africa. No matter which statement is correct, it shows that the sea passage of China-Africa traffic has been opened in the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Because in the Han dynasty, Arabs had mastered the secret of the Indian Ocean trade winds and were able to sail through the Indian Ocean from east to west. In this way, it is entirely possible for Sri Lanka and Nanyang Islands to become transit points between China and Africa. Watermelons from Africa can be introduced into China through Sri Lanka or Nanyang Islands. Watermelon seeds unearthed from Han tombs in Guangxi and Jiangsu are evidence of non-cultural communication in maritime Silk Road communication.
In addition, according to Guangming Daily on February 24th 1959, watermelon seeds were also found in the Neolithic site of Shuitianfan in Hangzhou, Zhejiang. If this archaeological harvest is really reliable, the history of watermelon in China is at least more than 4,000 years, and the saying that watermelon originated in Africa is another matter.
Watermelon is the fruit of Cucurbitaceae. et NAKAI。 When Tao Hongjing annotated Materia Medica, he mentioned in Melody that "Yongjia has a big cold melon, which can be stored until spring." Li Shizhen thought it was watermelon, and said that five generations ago, watermelon had entered eastern Zhejiang, but it didn't have the name of watermelon, because it didn't spread all over China. According to Hu Jiao's "Trapped in Lu Ji", this kind of Uighur called watermelon has existed since the Five Dynasties, and now it is found in both the north and the south. Because it is cold, it is called cold melon, and because it comes from the west, it is called watermelon. The name of watermelon comes from ancient books such as Daily Materia Medica and Dietotherapy Materia Medica in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. However, when watermelon was introduced to China in the Five Dynasties, it was originally called cold melon. Whether it is also called watermelon, summer melon and Deng Qing melon remains to be verified. There are many varieties of watermelons, not just modern ones. In ancient times, the skin color was blue-green, the flesh was white, and the seeds were yellow, red, black and white. There are countless varieties of watermelons now.
Watermelon peel, pulp and seeds can be eaten and used medicinally.
Watermelon frost made of seed shell and watermelon peel is specially used as medicine to treat aphtha, oral carbuncle, dental carbuncle, throat moth (acute pharyngolaryngitis) and all throat diseases.
Watermelon pulp has the effects of clearing away heat, relieving summer heat, relieving polydipsia, diuresis and detoxicating alcohol. It can be used for treating heat, summer heat, polydipsia, dysuria, sore throat, oral inflammation, and drunkenness.
Watermelon peel is used to treat nephritis edema, hepatopathy jaundice and diabetes.
Watermelon seeds have the effects of clearing away lung heat and moistening lung, regulating middle energizer, quenching thirst and helping digestion, and can be used for treating hematemesis and chronic cough. Seed shells are used to treat blood and dysentery caused by intestinal wind.
Ben Feng Jingyuan records that watermelon can cause pericardial fever and diarrhea in small intestine and bladder. Because it can relieve yang, stagnation of Yangming, fever and thirst, it is called "White Tiger Decoction". Baihu decoction is a prescription for treating fever in Han dynasty, which has the functions of clearing away heat, promoting fluid production, quenching thirst and relieving annoyance, that is, watermelon peel has the same effect. In spring and summer, the air is hot and dry, and it is discovered by collectors every other year, such as snow in the Tang Dynasty.
curative effect
Watermelon has been used in folk medicine and dietotherapy in ancient and modern times. For example:
1. "Song Mo Story" said: Some people suffer from eye diseases, so they slice watermelon and dry it in the sun, take it every day, and then recover, so it is also because of its coldness.
2. "Recipe has interest" cloud: Those who eat melons and have abdominal distension will be eliminated with winter pickles soup. Watermelon jerky pickled eye sore; Burn the sore of the lips with watermelon skin; If you eat too much melon, you will become ill and use melon skin soup to solve it; Stomatitis is dried with watermelon peel, fried, ground with a little borneol and coated with honey.
3. Diabetes, turbid urine, with watermelon peel, winter melon peel16g, Trichosanthes root12g, decocted in water.
4. Dried watermelon13g, cassia seed10g for hypertension, decocted in water and served as tea.
5. Alcoholism, dizziness and thirst after drunkenness, drink a bowl of watermelon juice.
Composition and efficacy
Watermelon pulp: contains protein, glucose, sucrose, fructose, malic acid, citrulline, glutamic acid, arginine, phosphoric acid, lysine, propionic acid, ethylene glycol, betaine, adenine, sucrose, carotene, tomato hydrocarbon, hexahydrotomato hydrocarbon, vitamins A, B and C, and its volatile components contain various aldehydes.
Seeds: containing fatty oil, protein, vitamin B2, starch, pentosan, propionic acid, urea, sucrose, etc.
Watermelon pulp contains citrulline and arginine, which can increase the formation of urea in rat liver and lead to diuresis. Seeds contain a soap-like ingredient, which has the functions of lowering blood pressure and relieving acute cystitis. Fresh watermelon peel can be used as a side dish after pickling.
Eating raw watermelon can quench thirst and promote fluid production, and relieve summer heat and irritability. China folk proverb, known as "natural white tiger soup", says: You don't need to take medicine when you eat watermelon in summer. It shows that watermelon is most suitable for eating in summer and summer, which can relieve heat and sweat, and can replenish water, and is known as the king of fruits and vegetables in summer. In Hami, Xinjiang, the temperature difference between day and night is large, it is hot during the day and cold at night, so there is a saying: wear a fur coat at noon and wear yarn at noon, and eat watermelon with a stove.
avoid
Watermelon is the most natural natural drink, which is rich in nutrition and has many benefits to human body. However, although watermelon has many advantages, the side effects of large or long-term consumption can not be ignored.
Ming. Wang Ying's "Edible Materia Medica" said: Watermelon is cold and antipyretic, and it has the name of natural white tiger soup, but it is not suitable to eat more. Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica said: Watermelon and melon are both cold, which is thought by the common people to be a quick way to remove dew, but I don't know the harm of damaging the spleen and helping dampness.
Yuan. Li Pengfei's Life-prolonging Book says: northerners are generous, but they are still used to eating, while southerners are thin, and eating too much is easy to cause cholera. There is another cloud: Chen Fengyuan is a satrap in Zhou Fang. He eats too many melons in summer, and suddenly his back aches and his legs ache in autumn, so he can't move. He just eats melons.
Therefore, TCM syndrome differentiation belongs to spleen and stomach deficiency cold, cold accumulation abdominal pain, frequent urination and more urine; And people who usually have chronic enteritis, gastritis, duodenal ulcer, etc. It belongs to deficiency-cold constitution and should not be eaten more. Normal and healthy people should not eat too much at one time or for a long time, because watermelon contains a lot of water, which will dilute the gastric juice in the stomach and cause indigestion or diarrhea.
Watermelon can't be eaten after deterioration, which is easy to cause gastrointestinal diseases and diarrhea. Wei Qing. Zhang Lu's Ben Feng Jing Yuan said: Watermelon is sweet, cold and diarrhea. Its nature is benevolence and warmth, and clearing phlegm and promoting fluid production is its nature. He also quoted the cloud in Xiang Gan Zhi: After eating watermelon, I ate my son, that is, I didn't smell the melon, so I can see the merits of warming and dispersing.
Those who eat too many fruits and vegetables and have abdominal pain caused by cold accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract can take Lizhong decoction for treatment. Although watermelon is good for people, please remember the folk proverb in Taiwan Province Province: Eat watermelon every day and get sick in the middle of the night.
The three most common watermelons on the market now are:
Black beauty: oval, small melon, pure black skin.
Seedless watermelon: round, with peel stripes.
Watermelon with flower skin: oval, large, with light green and dark green skin.