(1) Education
Education in a broad sense: refers to all social activities that train people purposefully.
Activities that purposefully affect the body and mind of the educated and enable the educated to master the expected quality and behavior, whether organized or unorganized, whether systematic or sporadic, are all education.
Doctors teach parents who don't smoke, and health care teachers teach children who are polite and disciplined in a narrow sense. Usually refers to school education, which is an activity to impart knowledge and skills, cultivate moral character and develop intelligence and physical strength to the educated in a purposeful, planned and organized way according to the requirements of a certain society and stage.
(2) Health education
Through planned, organized and systematic social education activities, people can consciously integrate into healthy behaviors and lifestyles, eliminate or reduce risk factors affecting health, prevent diseases, promote health, improve quality of life, and evaluate educational effects.
core
Educate people to establish health awareness.
Encourage people to change unhealthy behaviors and lifestyles.
Develop good behavior and lifestyle
Reduce or eliminate risk factors affecting health.
Through health education, people can know which behaviors will affect their health, so as to consciously choose healthy behaviors and lifestyles.
Health education is essentially an intervention process, and its core problem is to change the unhealthy lifestyle and behavior habits of the educated.
Health promotion is an important means of health education, not health education. Health education should provide knowledge, skills and services needed to change behavior.
(3) Patience education
Patient education is a purposeful, planned and organized health education centered on patients' health and relying on medical institutions. The purpose is to improve the health-related behaviors of patients and their families, hospital staff and community residents, such as doctors telling patients what to do and what not to do.
Patients must actively participate in the whole process of educational activities. Educational activities must be a series of organized and planned activities, and the observable changes are changes in educational objectives (such as the mastery of health knowledge, the formation of health values and health behaviors).
Second, the principle of patient education.
(A) the principle of personality
When making a health education plan, the education content:
Scientific and accurate citation of data is a reliable example. It is convincing to follow the logic of teaching content and the development order of patients' cognitive ability, and to carry out teaching step by step from shallow to deep, from difficult to complicated, from perceptual to rational.
(B) the principle of pertinence
The goal of educational content
Educational object, educational method and educational practice purpose
It is necessary to give priority to meeting patients' needs, rationally allocate targeted health education time according to patients' priorities, conduct repeated education on key issues, and conduct targeted health education according to age, gender, occupation, education level and disease stage.
(3) the principle of rationality
Comprehensive patients' physiological, psychological, social, cultural, spiritual and other factors, to develop practical, reasonable and feasible health education goals for patients.
The goal should be achieved step by step.
At different stages after health education, information should be collected in time by asking questions, observing, testing and questionnaire. Analyze and evaluate the rationality of the target.
(D) the principle of popularization
The use of popular language gives people an easy-to-understand, easy-to-understand and vivid impression.
Also pay attention to the use of effective communication skills. Everyone uses different language skills and communication methods to give patients a high degree of trust.
(5) the principle of diversity
Take various forms of health education.
For example, written materials, pictures, lectures, wall charts, wallpapers, new media materials, TV videos, etc.
A mutual aid group for patients with similar diseases can be set up, so that patients can get together to exchange experiences in preventing and overcoming diseases.
(VI) Incentive principle
Health education refers to making full use of the positive factors affecting patients' learning, stimulating patients' interest in learning and promoting patients' active participation.
Seek to stimulate patients' learning motivation by means of incentives, improve patients' interest in learning, and achieve the purpose of drinking.
Use the feedback mechanism to evaluate the learning effect of patients and affirm the learning effect of patients.
Use past learning experience and all the progress in the real learning process to stimulate patients' learning motivation and form a good learning mechanism.
(seven) the principle of participation of patients' families.
Whether patients and their families actively participate in learning directly affects the teaching effect.
For patients who can't actively participate in the study, take the patients' families as the education object, especially those who need the care of their families, they should actively participate.
Three. The method of patient education
Spare education
Prepare health education materials according to the season and epidemic law of diseases.
Disseminate health science knowledge and self-care measures to patients and their families through centralized publicity or individual answers.
Distribute health publicity materials and health education prescriptions to waiting patients, and set up health education columns, windows, light boxes, wallpapers, display boards, videos, etc. In the waiting hall.
(B) outpatient counseling education
Comprehensive consultation should be provided not only to patients and their families, but also to the public.
Consultation content
Requirements for disease knowledge, disease-related knowledge and social and psychological knowledge related to disease:
Educators must have extensive knowledge, effective communication skills and clear expression ability.
Tips) In the process of patient examination and treatment, medical staff carefully and accurately answer the health and disease problems raised by patients and their families, including psychological counseling, prenatal and postnatal care, common diseases, medical services, preventive health care, disease health care, etc.
(3) Health education prescription
Educators should spread scientific knowledge of disease prevention and self-care in a form acceptable to residents through physiological, pathological, psychological, material, family and social means, so that people can master health knowledge, establish positive and correct health beliefs and attitudes, and adopt positive and healthy behaviors.
At present, diabetes health education prescriptions, hypertension health education prescriptions, lifestyle health education prescriptions, Chinese medicine health education prescriptions and other residents can obtain them free of charge in waiting halls, clinics and other places.
(4) Continuing education
The main ways of continuous service in general practice.
Can continuously and dynamically observe the changes of patients' health status and adjust the health care plan in time.
Advantages: Ways to improve patients' compliance behavior: telephone follow-up, follow-up time: regular, random content: disease progress; Lifestyle intervention; Implementation evaluation of health management plan, etc.
(5) Hospitalization education
Patients received follow-up health education immediately after admission, including during hospitalization and after discharge.
Purpose:
Hospitalization time: get familiar with the hospitalization environment as soon as possible, stabilize the psychological mood, abide by the hospital system, follow the doctor's advice, and actively cooperate with the treatment.
Follow-up) explain the results of hospitalization, the status quo of illness, prognosis and matters needing attention after discharge, guide patients to eat, exercise and live reasonably, consolidate and develop the results of hospitalization after discharge, and prevent recurrence and accidents.
Mode:
Hospitalization health education: individual talk education and doctor's advice.
Health education tracking (letter guidance, regular or irregular home visits, telephone consultation, etc.). )
(6) Seminars and workshops
According to the needs of patients, hold seminars or classes aimed at popularizing the knowledge and skills of prevention, rehabilitation and health care of a certain disease or a certain health problem.
Object: People with specific health care needs or patients with chronic diseases and their families.
Example 1) Educators gather hypertensive patients and their families by appointment to systematically explain the clinical symptoms, prevention and treatment methods, prognosis and matters needing attention of the disease.
Example 2) Hold patient education training classes and health education salons, so that patients can carry out self-education and mutual education, and educate themselves and others with their own disease experiences. Patients can acquire knowledge about diseases and health in such a relaxed environment.
(7) Social health education
It mainly includes a variety of temporary social publicity and education activities such as "Health Theme Day" publicity and consultation, free clinic, and "experts serving at the grassroots level".
Actively write health science manuscripts for local newspapers, publications, WeChat official accounts and radio stations, and jointly hold health education columns with newspapers, radio stations, TV stations, WeChat official accounts and other mass media;
A telephone consultation service will be set up to let doctors answer many questions about residents' mental health, family health, diet and nutrition health, maternal and infant feeding, disease prevention and so on.
Fourthly, the significance of patient education in general practice.
) 1) embodies the characteristics of humanized service of general practice.
General medical service is a people-oriented service. Due to the complexity of the causal relationship of diseases and the diversity of patients' needs, as well as patients' different disease experiences, lifestyles, work and family backgrounds, the care provided by general practitioners should be targeted, so educators should pay attention to patients' health in the process of patient health education.
) 2) an important way to realize the continuous service of general practice.
After patients entered the medical service system due to health problems, general practitioners established a long-term partnership with patients. Through medical education, follow-up education, health education prescriptions, special lectures and other health education methods, general practitioners help patients acquire knowledge and information about diseases and health, strengthen the content of health education, promote the formation of health behaviors, and realize the continuity of general medical services.
) 3) It is a sign of early detection and prevention of diseases.
In the process of outpatient education and follow-up education, through communication and observation, the consistency between the purpose of this visit and finding other disease signs and health effects of patients or their families can be lifted, and through risk factors, general practitioners can take early prevention and prevention against these problems. "
) 4) It helps to improve the doctor-patient relationship.
Doctor-patient relationship is the key to medical interpersonal relationship.
Relieving the pain of the disease depends not only on superb medical skills, but also on the confidence and active cooperation of patients in overcoming the disease. Through patient education, we realize that doctors and patients should respect each other, cooperate with each other, rely on each other and encourage each other to overcome diseases together.
General practice is a relatively fixed doctor-patient relationship, and it is the responsibility of general practitioners to build a harmonious, mutual understanding and reliable doctor-patient relationship.
) 5) It is helpful to improve patient compliance.
Patient compliance refers to the patient's treatment according to the doctor's advice and the behavior of following the doctor's advice.
On the basis of establishing mutual trust with patients, general practitioners explain the patient's condition, diagnosis and treatment measures, results and the principles and methods of medication, and reach an understanding; It is also the significance of general practice to consider the personality and health beliefs of patients and guide them reasonably.
5. Requirements of community medical staff to carry out patient education
Ability to assess patients' needs
(b) Ability to design health education programs
(3) the ability to organize and implement health education
(D) the ability to evaluate the effect of health education
(5) Ability of organization and coordination
(six) the ability to develop health education resources
(7) Healthy communication skills
(A) the implementation of community medical staff patient education professional ethics requirements.
Because of the threat of disease, patients need the attention and help of medical staff.
In the community, patients not only expect careful treatment from medical staff, but also need meticulous and sincere service.
Please refer to.
In the process of providing health education for patients, medical staff should have noble professional ethics and a high sense of responsibility, people-oriented, health-centered, pay close attention to patients, understand and master their psychological characteristics, and use language art and emotional communication skills to guide, preach and comfort patients.
(B) the implementation of patient education on the professional quality of community medical staff requirements
Need clinical and nursing skills for diseases.
It is necessary to guide patients to improve their self-prevention ability.
For patients with chronic diseases, general practitioners should not only diagnose and treat diseases, but also adapt to patients' psychology, intervene patients' behavior habits and guide patients to carry out health activities.
It is necessary to provide patients with the knowledge and ability of home health care and nursing.
This kind of service, which integrates prevention, health care, treatment and rehabilitation, requires community medical staff to have multi-role abilities such as doctors, nurses, health workers and health educators.
(three) to implement the requirements of psychological quality education for patients of community medical staff.
Must have good observation and independent thinking ability.
From the changes of patients' speech, behavior and mood, we can find their psychological activities and provide timely health education and guidance to patients.
Please refer to.
Must maintain a stable and positive enthusiasm for work.
Patients come from all walks of life, and community medical staff should treat them equally, and help patients build confidence in overcoming diseases with care, patience, enthusiasm and sense of responsibility.
We should have strong perseverance, overcome all kinds of personal psychological and physical difficulties, bear all kinds of pressures from patients, their families and society, and carry out patient education as always.
Sixth, the process of patient education
Seventh, patient education evaluation.
(1) Assessing patients' needs-Assessing the learning needs and abilities of patients and their families.
By talking directly with patients and their families, consulting patients' past health and disease records, and talking with medical staff who are in contact with patients, the needs and learning ability of patients and their families for health knowledge are evaluated.
1. Talk directly with patients and their families (most commonly used)).
Content:
Understand the patient's illness time, past illness experience and illness situation.
Who do you want to take care of when you are sick?
Ask about the patient's current condition.
Ask patients about their understanding of health.
Ask the patient if he knows the family members' reaction to the disease, the severity of the disease, the causes and principles of treatment, the possible prognosis, the patient's habits and personality, etc.
Confirm whether patients or their families need mental or psychological support.
2. Check the patient's existing health service records.
Content:
To understand the main reasons, frequency and time of patients' frequent visits.
Understand the patient's main medical units and doctors.
Understand how patients often seek help.
Understand the main lifestyle of patients and its impact on health;
Understand the patient's family situation, family available resources, family history, etc.
3. Dialogue and communication between patients and related medical staff
Content:
To understand patients' health awareness and willingness to seek medical treatment.
To understand patients' awareness and concern about their own diseases.
Understand the time, type and way that patients can receive services.
To understand patients' compliance behavior and its role in changing patients' unhealthy lifestyle.
Understand the enthusiasm and role of patients in disease prevention.
(1) Assessing patients' needs-Assessing the psychological and emotional preparation of patients or their families.
Evaluating the psychological and emotional state of patients and their families about health knowledge is helpful to determine the best opportunity for general practitioners to carry out health education.
1. Common emotional reactions of patients
The actual situation that has happened or will happen has unexplained tension and anxiety.
Mild anxiety has become the motivation to actively seek solutions to problems.
Severe anxiety not only affects patients' physiological function, but also makes them unable to concentrate and objectively evaluate their condition.
Anger is common in people who can't accept their illness objectively and think that the effect of treatment and nursing is unrealistic, and it is also common in family and workplace center people.
Fear: There may be diseases with unknown nature, being far away from relatives and friends, and the treatment process is unknown.
Distrust) is damaged by previous illness or unpleasant experience during hospitalization and inconsistent information in the hospital.
2. Evaluate patients' psychological adaptability.
Everyone has a process of adapting to and accepting the fact that they are sick.
According to the severity and experience of the disease, patients' psychological reaction and adaptation time vary greatly.
The process of psychological adaptation includes denial of doubt or vigilance, adjustment, transformation and successful adaptation.
It is more appropriate and effective to carry out health education when patients enter the transition period.
(1) Assess patients' needs-assess patients' learning ability.
(2) Make an education plan-determine what patients need to learn.
On the basis of evaluation, firstly, analyze what knowledge patients have and what knowledge and skills they need to learn further, so as to make a feasible health education plan.
1. What might the patient be interested in?
Normal anatomy and physiological knowledge of human body;
The cause of the disease and the change of main cases;
Principles and possible outcomes of treatment planning
Complications, possible limitations and lifestyle changes caused by the disease;
The expected outcome of the disease
The purpose, safe dosage range, matters needing attention and price of side effects of drug treatment;
Learning content
2. Determine the priority of teaching content.
) 1) Determine the content of priority education according to Maslow's basic needs hierarchy theory.
Physiological needs, that is, knowledge needed to maintain human life, give priority to Maslow's five-stage demand theory (model)
Safety requirements such as life safety, health, Rabelaim Maslow, etc. Security and family security needs: the need for self-realization.
Emotional and belonging needs, social needs, such as getting care and care from relatives and friends.
Have their own needs for stability and security; I hope that my social status will be respected and my personal abilities and achievements will be recognized by the society;
Educational content needed for self-realization.
2) Determine the priority education content according to the actual situation of patients.
In order to truly realize health education, we often decide the content of health education according to the actual needs of patients in practical work.
For example, in the content of health education for hypertensive patients, we should pay attention to the influence of psychological factors on blood pressure while controlling blood pressure through reasonable diet, moderate exercise and quitting smoking and drinking.
If not satisfied, it will become the same shadow to a great extent.
Starting the patient's blood pressure control will eventually affect health education.
Effect.
3. How to operate specifically
Decide on learning objectives
Matters needing attention in formulating learning objectives
Goals must be set according to the patient's behavior. In order to facilitate evaluation, it is necessary to set goals. The goal of considering the actual situation of patients should not be limited to cognition. When making goals including emotion and operational skills, it should be gradual, holistic and specific, so that patients can participate in the goals.
If you have any questions about the self-taught/adult-taught examination, don't know the contents of the test sites for self-taught/adult-taught examination, and don't know the local policies for self-taught/adult-taught examination, click on Mr. official website at the bottom to get the review materials for free: /xl/