What is physical exercise? Why do community residents take part in physical exercise?
Physical exercise is a kind of physical activity that makes the body consume more metabolism than limbs when it is quiet. There are four types of physical activity: professional physical activity, traffic physical activity, housework physical activity and leisure physical activity (physical exercise). However, community residents participating in physical exercise can improve their physical and mental health, promote their physical health, and improve their study, work, production efficiency and quality of life; It can also effectively promote people's health, adjust and eliminate all kinds of bad emotions, promote interpersonal communication, enhance mutual understanding and friendship, and make people's spirits better and their lives happier. The behavior of community residents participating in physical exercise is called community sports. The rise of urban community sports in China is marked by the emergence of street community sports associations in the mid-1980s. Since 1990s, with the gradual acceleration of China's social modernization and urbanization, community sports have attracted extensive attention from all walks of life in China. As early as1June 1995, the Outline of the National Fitness Program promulgated by the State Council clearly pointed out that "actively develop community sports. Street offices should strengthen the organization of sports work, give play to the role of residents' committees and grassroots sports organizations, and do a good job in community sports work. The sports administrative department shall give support and guidance. "It is clear that the sub-district office is an agency of the China Municipal Government, and one of its important responsibilities is to actively carry out community sports work, which has leadership and management functions for community sports. In August of the same year, the "Sports Law of the People's Republic of China" promulgated with the approval of the National People's Congress also clearly pointed out that "the state encourages citizens to participate in social sports activities to improve their physical and mental health; Local people's governments at all levels shall create necessary conditions for citizens to participate in social sports activities and support and support the development of mass sports activities. Cities should play the role of grassroots organizations such as residents' committees and organize residents to carry out sports activities. " 1In April 1997, the former State Sports Commission, together with the former State Education Commission, the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the Ministry of Construction and the Ministry of Culture, issued the Opinions on Strengthening the Work of Urban Community Sports, indicating that community sports has become an activity led by the government and participated by all sectors of society. It is the product and extension of sports socialization, which makes sports socialization more extensive. On July 22nd, 2002, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council Zhong Fa [2002] No.8 "Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Further Strengthening and Improving Sports Work in the New Period" pointed out: "It is the fundamental task of sports work to continue to implement the outline of the national fitness plan and carry out national fitness activities to enhance people's physique, and it is a cause that benefits the country and the people, contributes to the present and benefits the future." Subsequently, the State Sports General Administration issued "200 1-20 10 Outline of Sports Reform and Development", and put forward the idea and plan of "paying attention to the community" in urban sports in China in the new period. This concept conforms to the trend of increasing community functions in China's economic transition period, and is also an inevitable choice for social sports development under the background of sports activation and socialization. The promulgation of this series of policies, regulations and related documents has laid a solid foundation and provided a strong guarantee for the development of community sports. With the deepening of economic construction, China has entered a new era of building a well-off society in an all-round way. The level of human civilization is constantly improving, and people's modern health awareness is constantly strengthening. In fact, community sports have become a platform for people to pursue a healthy and harmonious life. Developing community sports is an important way to implement the construction of grass-roots material civilization and spiritual civilization. It can not only meet the growing needs of community residents for entertainment, fitness, communication and gathering, but also be an important content and form of community spiritual civilization construction and one of the important ways to realize the national fitness plan. Therefore, the comprehensive and dynamic research on community sports deserves our further attention. In recent years, many people have conducted a lot of interviews and investigations on the participation of community residents in physical exercise, and reached the following conclusions:
1. With the development of economy and the improvement of people's living standards, people pay more and more attention to physical health. However, in modern society, due to lifestyle changes (reduced physical activity, unreasonable diet and nutrition, etc. ), the incidence of chronic diseases is increasing. Regular physical exercise is conducive to maintaining a healthy physique and preventing and alleviating chronic diseases. 1In June, 1995, the State Council promulgated the Outline of the National Fitness Program, which advocated mass physical exercise activities in the community. The development of big cities is particularly prominent, followed by small cities, and there are almost no rural areas.
2. Reasons for regular exercise
Among the people who often take part in physical exercise, 50.8% residents said that the purpose of their regular physical exercise is to improve their condition and strengthen their physique, followed by about one-third (38.5%) people to relax, make friends and strengthen social communication. Among them, 5.4% people think that if they don't take exercise, their physical activity will be insufficient, and 4.7% people have developed the habit of exercising since childhood.
3. Reasons for not taking part in physical exercise often
Nearly 6 1% residents think that being too tired and busy with work and housework and not having enough energy and time are the main reasons for not taking part in physical exercise regularly. Other reasons are: poor health, strenuous exercise (1 1.9%) and lack of relevant knowledge and guidance. I don't know what kind of exercise suits me (7.3%), I lack confidence in my sports ability and perseverance (6.9%), I don't like it without sports venues and facilities (6.4%), I'm not interested (5.2%), I'm worried that sports will aggravate my illness and make my health worse (4. 1%), and I'm limited by economic conditions (.
4. Physical exercise plan
Among the physical exercise programs engaged by community residents, the most people choose to walk, accounting for 40.6%. According to the number of participants, other exercise items are: fitness equipment, aerobics, radio exercises, ballroom dancing, disco for the elderly, 18th exercise, bowling, Tai Ji Chuan, jogging, qigong, joint exercises, swimming, walking on the gravel road, etc. Very few people choose antagonistic ball games (such as table tennis, badminton, basketball). Compared with men and women, men take part in jogging, bowling and swimming, while women take part in fitness equipment, aerobics, radio exercises and practice eighteen methods. The number of people who take part in jogging and aerobic exercise has little to do with age change. The eighteen methods of walking, Tai Ji Chuan, Qigong and acrobatics are that with the increase of age, the number of people participating in exercise increases; In swimming and ball games, the number of people who take part in exercise decreases with age.
5. Organizational forms of community residents' participation in sports activities
Residents' participation in sports activities mainly includes: self-exercise; Exercise with friends and neighbors; Exercise with your family; Participate in activities organized by morning and evening practice points; Participate in various sports activities organized by the community. Among them, the first choice: 35.6% exercise by themselves, 30.2% exercise with friends and colleagues, followed by morning and evening exercise, and only 1.6% participate in sports activities organized by the community. The results of this survey show that the degree of organization of community residents' participation in sports activities in Xi city is not high at present, and residents' participation in sports activities is mostly spontaneous and unorganized, and the proportion of unorganized physical exercise has increased, which also shows that people's self-fitness consciousness has undergone fundamental changes. This may be related to the publicity, content and time of sports activities organized by communities. Residents don't know the information of community activities, and the content and time of community sports activities are inconsistent with residents' sports needs.
Through the above investigation, we can easily find that the factors affecting behavior can be roughly divided into the following six factors:
biotic factor
1. Gender factor
2. Genetic factors
(B) learning factors
Imitation and education
(3) Environmental factors
nature
2. Society
(D) Tendency factors (prior to behavior)
1. knowledge
Step 2 trust
3. Values
4. Attitude
(e) Contributing factors (before behavior)
1. Personal skills
2. Available community resources
(6) Strengthening factors (post and behavior)
It has a feedback effect on behavior.
Through the study of the above factors, it is not difficult to find that traditional community cultural and sports facilities are generally lacking and cannot meet the growing needs of community residents. According to the data, the places for community sports activities are mainly in nearby parks (22.8%), neighborhood committees (16.8%) and streets (19.9%)[3]. There is a serious shortage of community sports venues in China, so it is difficult to meet the demand, so parks and open spaces have to be supplemented. Due to the differences in community development, some qualified communities can build various sports venues to provide excellent sports environment for residents, while those without conditions cannot provide such sports environment. Secondly, schools and units with sports venues in the community do not really provide their own venues to residents, and there is a lack of effective communication and cooperation between communities and schools and units, which affects the enthusiasm of residents to carry out sports activities. The opening degree of school sports venues is small, which makes the development of community sports in China slow. Therefore, how to use the opportunity of urbanization development to effectively promote the construction and development of community sports is of great strategic significance for improving the physical and mental health quality of the whole people and implementing Scientific Outlook on Development activities. Community fitness facilities are seriously inadequate. Between cities with high-rise buildings, it is no exaggeration to describe the preciousness of land with every inch of land. In order to maximize the benefit of land and money, it is impossible for residential quarters to build sports venues and facilities on a large scale. According to the investigation and statistics of new buildings, the main form of sports facilities is fitness path, but there are few common fitness facilities such as basketball court, volleyball court and tennis court in developed countries. In the process of promoting the three-year transformation of the city, it is necessary to carefully plan the construction of sports venues and facilities, step up the construction of a number of city highlight projects, and build more sports facilities around the people.
Grasp the favorable situation of urbanization and vigorously promote the construction of urban community sports 1. Do a good job in the supervision of the planning and construction of urban community sports facilities, and incorporate the construction of public sports facilities into national economic and social development planning, urban and rural planning and land use planning in accordance with the Regulations on Cultural and Sports Facilities of the State Council and the opinions of the provincial party committee and government on urban and rural construction. New construction, renovation and expansion of residential areas shall conform to the Code for Planning and Design of Urban Residential Areas jointly issued by the State Bureau of Technical Supervision and the Ministry of Construction (JB [1993] No.542 of the Ministry of Construction) and the Land Use Index of Urban Community Sports Facilities (JB [2005] 156) approved and issued by the Ministry of Construction and the Ministry of Land and Resources. The sports department shall determine the quantity, scale and layout of community sports facilities in conjunction with the city planning department according to the national standards and requirements for the construction of urban community sports facilities. The construction department shall incorporate the construction of community sports facilities into the comprehensive transformation project of the city, and the sports department shall participate in the appraisal and acceptance. The government should take the construction of community sports facilities as the evaluation index of building a civilized and harmonious community. All communities should fully tap their potential, actively cooperate with urban planning, construction, land, sports and other departments to plan and build sports facilities suitable for community sports activities and residents' daily fitness. It is necessary to build community sports facilities in strict accordance with the approved urban and rural planning, and resolutely stop and correct the arbitrariness in the implementation of the planning. In addition, with the rapid economic development of China, the revision and improvement of relevant policies should also be included in the agenda. The construction of existing facilities and the development of community cultural and sports activities show the phenomenon of "two ends are heavy and the middle is light", that is, children and the elderly are heavy, while the needs of young and middle-aged groups are ignored. In densely populated areas, some large stadiums should be planned to meet more people's sports hobbies. According to the survey data, in the current community, small sports facilities such as fitness paths are relatively complete, but larger stadiums and facilities are still extremely lacking. For example, people like basketball, volleyball and tennis. Correspondingly, some residential areas in developed countries generally have lighted plastic venues, and people play sports and competitions in their leisure time after meals, which well meets the sports hobbies of middle-aged people. 2. Vigorously improve the health awareness of community residents and promote the vigorous development of community sports. As community residents, it is a long-term and important link to increase fitness awareness. According to the survey, there are two ways for community residents to participate in physical exercise. Due to the heavy work pressure and fast pace of life, young and middle-aged people have no time and energy to take part in exercise and have a weak sense of fitness. In some communities, mahjong, TV and game machines have become their main leisure activities, and the community seems to be the training base for a new generation of gambling kings and game kings. According to the survey data, among the residents aged 35-50, it is not enough to arrange physical exercise twice a week 15%. Correspondingly, 43% of the residents in this part of the community are in a sub-health state, with symptoms such as abnormal weight, abnormal blood pressure and blood lipid, and mental anxiety to varying degrees. The good fitness consciousness of community residents is far from being deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. How to improve the health awareness of the whole people is the primary task of governments at all levels. In order to improve people's health awareness and the health level of the whole people, the competent government departments should be people-oriented, vigorously promote health first, exercise to improve health, lifelong sports and other fitness awareness among residents, and take various measures to improve the health level of community residents and continuously meet the health needs of the people. For example, we can take regular physical examination activities, establish physical examination files, and improve residents' health awareness; In addition, experts and lecturers can be hired to go deep into the community in the form of health talks during holidays and after-work breaks to publicize and explain the knowledge of disease prevention, diet health and exercise health to residents, so as to comprehensively enhance their health awareness. Let everyone know that only through physical exercise, reasonable diet and balanced mentality can we get a healthy body. 3. Make full use of the stadiums and facilities of surrounding schools and fitness centers to form a win-win mechanism for community residents and students to enjoy the stadiums and facilities. Opening school sports facilities is conducive to improving citizens' physical fitness and solving the problem of citizens' fitness nearby, which is much more cost-effective than casting nets to rebuild stadiums. Opening school resources is one of the elements to pay attention to people's livelihood and build a harmonious society. Schools should actively open public resources to the society on the basis of ensuring the safety of students. At present, on the one hand, community residents suffer from the lack of venues and facilities for physical exercise, on the other hand, school sports resources are idle and wasted. Especially during the winter and summer vacations, school sports resources should be open to community residents. Many cities are trying to open school sports facilities to serve the residents of the surrounding communities, but a series of problems still plague the specific implementation. For example, the sports facilities that schools can open to the society are too single, which affects the enthusiasm of residents to exercise in schools to some extent; Most of the respondents said that they did not have the habit of going to school to exercise; Who will pay for the loss of equipment, how to manage the residents entering the school gate, what to do if the residents are injured at school, and how to ensure the safety of students when outsiders enter and leave the campus ... These practical problems make the school very worried. After the opening of sports facilities, the most worrying thing is the impact on teaching and management. School funds are already limited, and the investment in sports venues is even less. It is unrealistic for schools to make long-term voluntary donations, and it is difficult to sustain opening up. The opening of school sports resources by governments at all levels is still in the exploratory stage. In order to improve the physical and mental health of community residents, it is the only way to promote the development of community sports at this stage to open school sports resources in real time and appropriately. The government and schools can formulate relevant policies to regulate campus opening. For example, in order to ensure the safety of students, it is recommended that bodybuilders enter the school with their ID cards or residence permits, and those who participate in group sports should make an appointment in advance. In addition, in order to ensure the school's maintenance and management of sports facilities, residents are advised to pay appropriate fees to the school, and the specific standards are formulated by the education and price departments. In addition, the government should attach importance to school sports resources and increase the maintenance fee of school sports facilities in order to achieve the effect of less input and more output. Sports departments at all levels should take the initiative to do a good job in coordination, fully cooperate with schools, organs, organizations and enterprises in the community, open their stadiums and facilities in a planned way, and provide paid services appropriately. Especially in the old city where community sports facilities are lacking, we should actively create conditions to open more sports facilities of schools, institutions, organizations and enterprises to the surrounding people. 4. Pay attention to physical fitness guidance and establish community sports training mechanism. Residents need specialized institutions to spread the concept of fitness and organize sports activities, and professionals are needed to teach technical movements and guide fitness activities. Therefore, in the composition of community neighborhood committees, specialized institutions and professionals for community sports guidance should be added. At present, many physical education colleges have set up community sports majors, but due to the backward development of community sports, these graduates have not really taken up the posts of community sports instructors. Therefore, as an administrative department of the government, we should improve community laws and regulations as soon as possible, set up a community sports department to guide the development of community sports and guide the masses to form a healthy, scientific and civilized lifestyle through sports activities. Make the sports activities of community residents planned, guided and safer. It can attract more residents to participate in sports, make fitness really become a new fashion for the people in the community, and thus achieve the purpose of enhancing the health of the whole nation.
5. Implement the teaching influence of sports activities according to the planned behavior theory in the basic theory of behavior change.
First stage
(1) Provide health information
⑵ Improve the cognitive level.
stage Ⅱ
(1) Improve the cognitive level.
⑵ Stimulating behavior changes motivation.
The third stage
(1) Provide methods or skills.
(2) encourage attempts.
(3) Environmental support
The fourth stage
(1) Support and encouragement
(2) strengthen it.
(3) Environmental support
The fifth stage
(1) to provide support
(2) continuous strengthening
(3) to prevent the recurrence of bad behavior.
We should strictly follow these five stages to implement and improve the planning theory.
In order to fully realize the national fitness plan and effectively enhance the national physique, community activities are the top priority. The development of community sports activities can not be separated from the effective cooperation between schools and communities, and school sports resources can provide a strong guarantee for the development of community sports activities. The school has the advantages of sports resources and cultural education, and can provide all-round and multi-dimensional consultation and continuing learning opportunities for community residents. The contact and cooperation between schools and communities will become closer and closer, and schools will become important places and organizers of sports activities. Community sports is a social and cultural phenomenon that takes community residents as the main object, takes community residents' sports activities as the basic means and obtains fitness music as the purpose. It is an important part of China's sports cause, which is directly related to the physical and mental health, physical quality and happy life of the vast majority of urban population. Taking the opportunity of urban transformation and upgrading, vigorously promoting the development of community sports will effectively improve the inherent quality of urban construction, improve the functions of communities, improve the physical and mental health of community residents, promote physical health and graceful posture, form and maintain various good physical skills, and improve people's study, work, production efficiency and quality of life; It can also effectively promote people's health, adjust and eliminate all kinds of bad emotions, promote interpersonal communication, enhance mutual understanding and friendship, and make people's spirits better and their lives happier. At the same time, community sports construction can enrich social and cultural life, improve people's sports cultural literacy, help to change customs, establish a healthy lifestyle, and promote the further development of spiritual civilization construction.