A production enterprise roughly accounting closing process
The first step: according to the actual occurrence of business documents for the preparation of vouchers, usually occurring in the economic business documents to fill out vouchers in a timely and accurate manner, the size of the enterprise in order to reflect the cash, bank deposits, current accounts, Sales revenue, etc., vouchers must be filled in a timely manner in order to provide figures to the boss, once the boss needs figures in the filling, may have to be the whole, smaller enterprises, due to less business, the boss has a number in mind, the general accounting staff on the end of the month to deal with a one-time, and then in the registration of the relevant accounts, the specific closure of the accounts according to the nature of the business combined with the boss's mindset of the operation. Ensure that our financial personnel in the enterprise can play a relevant role, so that the boss to pay more attention to the financial personnel, more reporting, more communication is the key to do our business finance.
(1) Preparation of vouchers
Generally small businesses are at the end of the month when the settlement of the preparation of vouchers, because business is very little, the boss has his own mind, do not have to reflect the financial situation of the end of the month to deal with the status of the business reflected in the end, the enterprise is a larger enterprise, the accounts should be processed in time to prevent delays in the business will cause unnecessary losses, the enterprise's day-to-day business content is relatively Fixed, so the voucher preparation content does not change much, the accountant as long as in accordance with a fixed pattern of vouchers can be prepared one by one. The usual categories of business vouchers are as follows:
1. Tax payment vouchers
After the successful declaration of the enterprise at the beginning of each month, you can go to the bank to print the tax payment vouchers, and you can't print the tax payment vouchers in the bank, you should go to the tax authorities to print them. After obtaining the vouchers, they will be recorded in the accounts in a timely manner, offsetting the tax accrued in the previous month or directly credited to the current month's expenses (e.g., taxes that do not need to be accrued in advance, such as stamp duty, will be directly credited to the expenses at the time of obtaining the vouchers).
2. Business invoice processing
The invoices will be filled out and obtained during the month are categorized into the accounts, according to the nature of the invoice through the inventory, cash, bank deposits, current accounts, taxes and fees payable and expense accounts for accounting. After all the special invoices are recorded, check whether the total amount of input tax and output tax ledger is consistent with the amount of the anti-counterfeit tax-control invoicing system and the certified amount returned by the online authentication in the same month, and then calculate the amount of tax paid in the same month.
3. Expense invoice processing
Do a good job of the internal document reimbursement system, stipulate the time of reimbursement, timely collection of expense documents in the hands of the company's employees, and categorize them into accounts. Carefully check whether the expense documents are legal, without obtaining legal evidence of the expense is not recognized by the tax authorities. Usually, we should also do a good job in controlling the amount of expenses recorded, and we should check the amount of expenses incurred in a timely manner for the expense accounts such as hospitality expenses and advertising expenses, etc., which are subject to deduction limits, and we should reduce the amount of expenses recorded for expenses exceeding the deduction standards.
4. Costing and booking
For productive enterprises, the internal documents should be properly transmitted to the provisions of the company occurred all production-related internal documents timely and effectively transmitted to the hands of the financial costing, to ensure the accuracy of costing. Timely preparation of manufacturing overhead collection and allocation vouchers; production cost collection and allocation vouchers; product warehousing vouchers and cost of goods sold carryover vouchers.
5. Do a good job of expense accruals and amortization
Do a good job of fixed monthly accruals, such as depreciation of fixed assets, amortization of intangibles, utilities accruals, salary accruals, and wages as a base for the welfare, education, labor union funds, etc., so as not to omit mentioning or not mentioning more; there is a need to amortize the costs of the monthly amortization of expenses, such as start-up costs, material cost differences, etc. expenses, the monthly amortization of amortization vouchers in a timely manner.
6. Collect profit and loss accounts, carry forward the current year's profit
After all the documents should be carefully collected after the amount of profit and loss accounts occurring in the month, will be categorized into the "current year's profit" account, to see the realization of profits in the month.
(Specific filling of vouchers for the processing of the second chapter of the voucher filling and requirements).
The second step: the first step is to organize the production of statistical reporting, according to the relevant figures declared by the statistician to carry out all kinds of data accounting, to ensure that the relevant accounts accounting. Secondly, according to the enterprise purchased raw materials (VAT invoice) for bookkeeping voucher processing and registration of the relevant VAT ledger, and reflect the VAT input situation in a timely manner, for the use of input tax VAT invoices, in strict accordance with the "Provisional Regulations for the Management of Value-added Tax" for the use and operation of the determination of input tax certification. Input tax identification time according to the requirements of the tax department must be certified within 90 days from the date of the invoice, otherwise as a waiver of identification, the end of the month (30 days) before the end of the invoice must confirm the certification of the situation, and to determine the actual need to pay the VAT this month, before the end of the month to deal with the incomplete, the next month out of unable to modify the data, at present, the certification of invoices there are two ways, one is the online authentication, one is to the local tax authorities to certify. However, all must ensure that the need to certify the invoice layout of the credit union neat, belonging to the recognized period, or certification can not be passed, resulting in unnecessary losses.
The third step: the enterprise according to the order contract issued sales VAT invoices for sales, (the specific invoicing operation in strict accordance with the anti-counterfeit tax-control invoicing system for the operation) only with the shipment of warehouse receipts (and invoices consistent with the business), after the issuance of the calculation of sales revenue as well as the sales, (anti-counterfeit invoicing system automatically produces the data) in a timely manner for the voucher, the registration of the sales revenue ledger and the current account ledger The company also provides the boss with timely and accurate sales data and the recovery of current accounts.
The fourth step: the end of the month before the closing (30 days ago) cut into the anti-counterfeit tax-control invoicing system to check the actual number of invoices issued in the month, invoice sales, invoice use, and secondly, be sure to check the number of invoices that have been invoiced for nullification, to check the invoice corresponding to nullified invoices, whether there is a leakage of nullification or nullification of the wrong, and the budget quasi-monthly value-added tax realized to make good reports to avoid the quart months cause unnecessary trouble. The trouble will be avoided in the next month.
The fifth step: the end of the month to summarize the accounts must be approved books and statements of the balance of each account data, to prevent errors in business processing in order to modify or adjust the data in a timely manner.
Sixth step: the month of business vouchers are all processed, the summary of accounts, according to the summary chart of accounts to fill in the general ledger and ledger to prepare the balance sheet and income statement, cash flow statement and other needs of various types of declarations. The general scale of the large, according to the actual situation of the enterprise and the boss needs a week or a quarter at any time to prepare the relevant financial statements for the business owner to reflect the financial situation of the enterprise, the report of the statement in addition to (balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement, value-added tax declaration form), according to the boss of the enterprise usually need the figures, our financial staff according to the needs of their own design of the financial statements. Small enterprises, the end of the month closing a one-time summary, do the financial statements about the need to declare the business, note: monthly summary of the accounts, be sure to anticipate the general situation of the statement, reporting boss, especially to the tax authorities to declare the various types of statements, once our financial staff at the end of the month has been out of the statement, the figures have been determined, at the end of the month, to the boss to report on the work of the boss to report on the declaration of the figures are not complete enough not in line with the boss's mind. For example: the enterprise reflects the profit situation, tax situation, etc., that is the boss let us need to modify, the boss's words, we can be busy for a while, before doing useless work, the statement is done before declaring must ask the boss to sign the statement preparation and audit, the legal person signed the audit, enter the declaration system for tax returns, and to the boss to analyze the recent financial situation of the enterprise, the purpose of the signatures to reduce the The purpose of the signature is to reduce the unnecessary responsibility of our financial staff. (Specific preparation of financial statements see Chapter 3: production enterprise financial statements fast preparation method (practical).
Seventh step: tax declaration
Currently with the development of high-tech, tax declaration using electronic declaration, due to the declaration of software is not the same, not here to make a one-by-one description of the previous work is done, the declaration is very simple.
The work done in front is basically for the preparation of the tax return, because the enterprise only tax declaration, the tax authorities can be taxed on the enterprise, and the traditional sense of the accounting statement is only a record of the business situation of the statement, not the basis of the tax authorities to collect taxes, the enterprise should be based on the declaration of the different types of taxes to fill out and declare the corresponding tax return.
Enterprises should determine the type of tax according to their own business nature, and make the declaration on time according to the declaration method required by the local tax authorities. After the successful tax declaration should print the tax completion certificate in time, after obtaining the tax completion certificate, a month of accounting work is considered to be over.
Second, the end of the month closing a few points of attention
(a) cash, bank deposits detailed check
Money funds are the most liquid assets are also the most likely to be problems with the assets, so companies should be carefully checked every month, each amount of expenditure, income records. At the end of the month to take all or play the bank statement with the enterprise bank ledger carefully check the current, the existence of errors in a timely manner, to ensure the accuracy of the enterprise monetary funds, to avoid unnecessary situations.
In the usual handling of accounts, bank deposits basically can be checked accurately, most enterprises (especially private sole proprietorships) of the amount of the cash journal and cash on hand is not consistent, can not match the actual business, in this case, we have to do the accounting staff to report to the business corporation, sometimes because of the improper handling of the cash balance at the end of the month negative balance, so the monthly closure of the cash balance is very necessary before The reconciliation of the money funds is very necessary, found that the problem is dealt with in a timely manner. Collect all the documents and expense items of the month, budget accurately in advance, to ensure that there is enough cash on the books to be able to pay, to prevent the negative cash balance on the books.
(ii) business transactions reconciliation
Business transactions must be checked for accuracy before doing the accounts, a quarter or half a year with the actual occurrence of customer reconciliation, and the bank bill of entry back to get back in a timely manner, or hang the current account inaccurate, resulting in the settlement of the current account in a chaotic manner, so the current account ledger to do the tracking of the registration, registration in a timely manner, timely reconciliation of the principle of the boss in case the boss At any time you let you report the balance of the customer.
(c) at the end of the month, must do a good job of each subject statistics, to ensure that the month's actual invoiced sales, realization of taxes, the actual sales of product names, quantities, and other figures, to do a general prior budget for the month overall situation.
(d) inventory cost accounting
Monthly accounts before the best will be last month's inventory ledger registration, checking is complete, to ensure that the name of the book of inventory goods, unit price, the amount of figures are accurate, and calculate the impact of changes in the cost of the book of inventory after the book on the profitability of the book, resulting in a negative book of inventory or the cost of changes in the fluctuation is too large, affecting the profitability of the current period. According to the actual sales of the month, timely collection of inventory entry and exit documents, calculate the cost of products or cost of goods sold, and estimate the profit for the month.
(E) the end of the month the most important accounts processing vouchers
1. Monthly usual business processing is completed (see Section IV for details of the processing of business accountants need to be done every month of the routine processing)
2. End of the month to summarize the accounts should be based on the balance of the relevant accounts in conjunction with the actual situation of the enterprise to make adjustments or carry forward, for example: the need to withdraw depreciation, amortized expenses, accrued expenses, Manufacturing costs, and other related subjects (the specific general need to adjust or carry over the subject is based on the actual situation of the enterprise and the need to close the books, (the general handling of the situation with reference to the following simulation processing), if the start-up costs of the newly established enterprises in the first month of the full transfer to the cost. Specific depreciation of the accounting entries (see Chapter 2: the preparation of production enterprise vouchers (practical)), the extraction of taxes and surcharges, the actual piece of the local tax. It is the extraction of taxes and surcharges, urban construction tax, education surcharges, etc., there is a tax decision (see Chapter 2: Preparation of production enterprise vouchers (practical).
3. According to the actual situation of the enterprise, the accountant first combined with the book of figures to do all the vouchers, registration is completed and checked for accuracy, summary of the flat, and finally according to the actual date of the actual business sequence, fill in the voucher number, in order to prevent the loss of vouchers after the determination of the accounts or draw back.
①First, according to the vouchers that have been made need to carry forward the manufacturing costs, as well as to determine (statistics) the manufacturing costs of the production process.
Carry forward manufacturing cost vouchers:
Borrow: Manufacturing Expenses
Credit: Production Costs
1. Wages of employees in the production plant that need to be accrued in advance.
Accounting for employee wages:
Borrow: administrative expenses (logistics personnel, technical consultants and other wages belong to the administrative expenses)
Manufacturing expenses (shop front-line staff wages, do the outside accounts generally not more than 10% of the month billed for accruals)
Loan: wages payable
According to the procedures of the production company's accounting for wages, first of all, the wages of the current month by Proportion of the proposed, the general situation is delayed after the release of January, so the accruals should be well budgeted, can not exceed the actual release of about 10%, (Note: wages involved in the labor department, trade unions, local tax departments and other requirements, to avoid paying some of the departmental costs.) 100% of the base salary, 14% for welfare, 2% for trade union funds, 0.15% for employee education, (tax law: the establishment of trade union organizations of enterprises, institutions, social organizations, according to the monthly total wages of all employees 2% of the total wages paid to the trade unions, with the trade union organization issued by the "trade union funds allocation of special receipts," in the pre-tax deduction. (For those who cannot issue the "Special Receipt for the Allocation and Payment of Labor Union Funds", the funds withdrawn from the employees' labor union shall not be deducted before the enterprise income tax). Three insurance and one pension: housing fund, pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance
Accounting entries for the actual disbursement: Debit: Wages payable
Credit: Bank deposits, cash
2. Employee welfare expenses are accrued according to the accrued wages.
Borrow: Manufacturing overhead (14% of the wages of the first-line workers on the accrual)
Administrative expenses (14% of the wages of the logistics management personnel on the accrual)
Credit: Welfare Payable
3.
Borrow: manufacturing costs (based on accrued wages of the first-line workers 15%0)
Administrative expenses (based on accrued wages of logistics management personnel 15%0)
Loan: other payables (vocational education fees)
4. According to the accrued wages of the workers accrued staff union fees.
Borrow: Manufacturing Expenses (Union Fee)
Loan: Other Payables (Union Fee)
5. Accrual of electricity charges based on actual electricity consumption.
Borrow: manufacturing expenses ----- electricity (production electricity)
Administrative expenses --- -Electricity (lighting electricity)
Credit: Withholding expenses - electricity
6. Withholding bank interest: (If the month to do the accounts have not been budgeted for, the profit is reflected in more than one, you can first withhold interest.)
Borrow: finance costs ---- interest
Credit: Withholding expenses -- -interest
7. Depreciation of fixed assets:
Borrow: administrative expenses - depreciation expense (office, car fixed assets depreciation expense)
Manufacturing costs - -- depreciation expense (depreciation expense for fixed assets used in production)
Operating expenses -- depreciation expense (depreciation expense for fixed assets used in the sale of vehicles)
Credit: Accumulated depreciation -- depreciation expense -- Depreciation Expense
8. Accounting Methods for Accumulated Depreciation:
Enterprise fixed assets should be depreciated:
1. Houses, buildings, machinery and equipment, meters and instruments, means of transportation, tools have to be depreciated regardless of whether they are in use or not in use.
2. Fixed assets leased in on finance lease and leased out on operating lease.
3. Fixed assets started to be used in the current month are not depreciated in the current month and are depreciated from the next month. Fixed assets reduced or taken out of service in the current month continue to be depreciated in the current month and are not depreciated from the next month.
4. Enterprises generally use the average annual depreciation method, he is based on the original value of the fixed assets minus the residual value of the balance, (the residual value of fixed assets is generally based on the original value of the fixed assets is expected to be 3% of the original value of the general construction class used 20 years, equipment class used 15 years.) .
The formula is as follows: the original value of fixed assets - net salvage value
Annual depreciation of fixed assets = the estimated useful life of fixed assets
Annual depreciation divided by 12 = monthly depreciation
9. Carry forward vouchers for all manufacturing overhead vouchers:
Borrow: production costs
Credit; manufacturing overhead (the above each of the manufacturing overhead and) Summarize the manufacturing overhead of the flat so as not to miss the transfer.)
10. According to the enterprise's actual consumption of raw materials in the month of the figures carried forward, (raw materials out of storage statistics).
Borrow: production costs
Credit: raw materials (if the enterprise usually consume raw materials statistics are not accurate enough,
The number of raw materials out of the warehouse according to the company's accounting requirements for the operation.)
Note: As most companies in the purchase of raw materials, some do not have VAT invoices, or raw materials have been used invoices are not in place, this time to be based on the cost of production carry-over, raw materials out of the warehouse for the negative, should be in advance in accordance with the "Enterprise Accounting System" to do the pre-inspection process, the beginning of the next month to obtain invoices to write off the business, the specific accounting entries:
Borrow: Raw Materials
Credit: Accounts Payable11. According to all the production cost accounts carried forward this month, (the amount of inventory goods actually produced this month).
Borrow: inventory goods (the account figures from the workshop this month the actual number of products warehoused, if the workshop's usual production statistics are not accurate enough, the accountant combined with the amount of the books of the situation to operate.)
Credit: production costs
12. Carry forward the cost of goods sold (the number must be based on the actual number of invoiced sales, the unit price according to the inventory ledger (which must be registered, including the production of this month's warehousing of inventory commodities unit price shall prevail.) Generally use the weighted average method to determine the unit price.)
Borrow; the cost of doing business
Credit; inventory goods
13. Carry forward the actual invoiced sales revenue for the month.
Borrow: main business income
Loan: profit for the year
14. Carry forward the actual realization of the VAT payment for the month, (this account is more complex, can be handled in accordance with the requirements of the tax department, such as: there are retained, overpayment, exemptions, exemptions, and so on, the specific export tax refunds are detailed in the operation of the export tax refunds.)
Borrow: Taxes Payable (Transfer Out Unpaid VAT)
Credit: Taxes Payable (Unpaid VAT)
Setup of Tax Payable Accounts: Setup two detailed accounts under the Tax Payable Accounts, namely, "Value Added Tax (VAT) Payable" and "Unpaid VAT", for the purpose of setting up the "VAT" and "Unpaid VAT" accounts. Payable VAT account set up: input tax, paid tax, transfer out unpaid VAT, tax relief, output tax, export tax rebate, input tax transfer out, export credit against tax payable on domestic products, transfer out overpayment of VAT and other items, in the middle of the month, will be the amount of unpaid or overpayment of VAT payable in the month from the payable tax (payable value added - transfer out unpaid VAT or transfer out overpayment of VAT). The closing debit balance of the tax payable (VAT payable) line item after the transfer from tax payable (VAT payable - transfer of unpaid VAT or transfer of overpaid VAT) to tax payable (unpaid VAT) reflects the VAT that has not yet been deducted