The "three rural" problems are still prominent
Central China is an important agricultural production base, but also the country's most concentrated agricultural population, the "three rural" problems are more prominent.
The problem of food production. "The key to governance, the first in sufficient food". 2004, the six provinces in central China's total grain 148 million tons, accounting for 32.6% of the country, 56% of the country's grain production from the central region, the central region is responsible for China's food security burden. Last year, the central government introduced "two exemptions, three subsidies" and other policies, coupled with rising food prices, farmers in the central region to get more benefits, in 2005, the price of agricultural means of production, food prices and a downward trend, farmers to further increase their income is difficult. In addition, the grain loss of pending accounts unbearable.
County and village debt burden. According to statistics, at present the central region township level average debt of about 5-7 million yuan, the village debt of about 200,000-500,000 yuan. By the end of 2003, Anhui county-level debt of 27.8 billion yuan, the county average debt of 174 million yuan, the township average debt of 8.28 million yuan, the village average debt of 222,000 yuan. In Henan Province, debts at the village level amounted to 41.8 billion yuan, with an average liability of 10.1 million yuan for the townships and nearly 400,000 yuan for the villages. In Hubei Province, village-level debts alone amounted to 17.793 billion yuan, with an average village debt of 640,300 yuan. Jiangxi Province *** Qingcheng debt amounted to more than 2.9 billion yuan, per capita debt of 50,000 yuan. County and village heavy debt, so many grass-roots power organizations become "empty shell".
Water conservancy facilities and farmland water conservancy infrastructure is a serious problem. The six provinces generally reflect that the development of new water conservancy projects is slow, and most of the old projects were built in the 1960s and 1970s, and are in disrepair, and there are a lot of hidden dangers. Jiangxi has 9,286 reservoirs of various types, of which 3,428 are in danger of falling ill, accounting for 37.6% of the total number of reservoirs; Henan has 795 reservoirs operating with diseases, accounting for 33.9% of the total number of reservoirs in the province; Hunan has 13,000 reservoirs, and the number of reservoirs in danger of falling ill is as high as 40%. More seriously, a large number of river embankments, ponds and their field channels have been damaged, with landslides, cracks and seepage in many places, washed-out and collapsed spillways, and the problem of farmland water conservancy facilities is very prominent.
There is still a large number of poor people. At present, the absolute poverty population in the central region accounts for 26% of the country, and the relative poverty population accounts for 31% of the country. These people are concentrated in the old revolutionary areas, mountainous areas, reservoirs, lakes, the banks of the Huaihe River and geologic disaster-prone areas, most of which are "difficult to raise a side of the water and soil," the place. Hubei more than 5 million poor people, 1.1 million absolutely poor people are mainly concentrated in the Exi region, Dabie Mountain area, Mufu Mountain area and Shennongjia; Shanxi 1.46 million absolutely poor people, most of them are concentrated in the Taihang Mountain, Luliang Mountain area; Anhui 1.42 million absolutely poor people, mainly distributed in the Huaihe River basin and the mountainous areas; Jiangxi 900,000 absolutely poor people, 250,000 people are living in the reservoir area and the lake area; Hunan The 22 poor counties and 600,000 poor people in the western Hunan region all account for about 60% of the province's total. It is worth paying attention to the fact that among the people who have been lifted out of poverty in the past, some of them have returned to poverty again due to illness, schooling of their children, and disasters, etc., of which the proportion of those who have returned to poverty due to illness reaches 40-60%.
Constraints on industrial development of the "bottleneck" has not been broken
Industrial structure is abnormally light and heavy. Super-heavy, raw materials, primary type is the main feature of the industrial structure of some central provinces. Such as Shanxi 10 years ago, the proportion of heavy industry and light industry for 78:22, the current proportion of 92:8, coal in the heavy industry accounted for more than 80%. Henan extractive industry, raw materials industry accounted for more than 60% of the total industrial output value, low-end products accounted for 74%, light industry in the processing industry of agricultural products as raw materials accounted for more than 70%. Jiangxi, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei and other provinces also feel that the province's industrial level is still relatively low, manufacturing, energy, raw materials and other heavy industry and primary processing products than the major lack of strong driving force, the extension of the industrial chain of the high degree of processing, high technology content products and final consumer goods, industrial growth is mainly dependent on the factors of production of high inputs and high consumption of resources.
Industrial growth is still relatively crude. Jiangxi tungsten, rare earth, gold, coal and other mines, small mines up to 99%. Hunan per million yuan of industrial output value of steel, cement consumption is 5-8 times and 10-30 times the amount of developed countries. Shanxi's comprehensive energy consumption per unit of GDP exceeds the national average by 1.6 times, the average recovery rate of mineral resources is 44%, and the recovery rate of 3,368 small coal mines in townships is only 10-15%. Every year, the coalbed methane emitted in vain due to coal mining is as high as 6 billion cubic meters, which is equivalent to 50% of the volume of "West-East Gas Transmission". The total number of mines in Henan is 5,188, with small mines accounting for 96%. The bauxite mining rate is less than 40 percent.
Some resources are not sufficiently sustainable. Jiangxi 11 wolfram mines, 8 have been included in the closure of the bankruptcy program. Anhui copper resources have been basically depleted, copper production of more than 80-85% of the ore is mainly imported. Hunan 32 large and medium-sized non-ferrous metal mines, of which 25 near resource depletion. Shanxi is expected to 2005-2020 16 years, the annual attenuation production capacity will reach 80 million tons.
The economic transformation of resource-based cities is imminent. Henan's Zhengzhou, Luoyang, Kaifeng, Pingdingshan, Jiaozuo, Anhui's Huainan, Huaibei, Maanshan, Tongling, Jiangxi's Nanchang, Pingxiang, Jingdezhen, Yingtan, Hubei's Wuhan, Huangshi, Xiangfan, Shiyan, Yichang, Jingzhou, Hunan's Zhuzhou, Xiangtan, etc., are the country's past to promote the process of industrialization of the towns and cities in the urgent need for economic transformation or to cultivate alternative industries, and these cities rely on their own strength difficult to complete! The problem of extractive subsidence area can't be solved only by local financial resources. Such as Shanxi mining area of 5000 square kilometers, involving 1900 natural villages of 2.2 million people, and the collapse of the area is also 94 square kilometers per year rate of increase. Jiangxi all kinds of mine collapse point 1366, collapse area of 35,187 hectares. In Tongling City, Anhui Province, 60%-70% of the old city center is an empty mining area, and nearly 3,000 households live in the collapse area.
Ecological damage and environmental pollution are relatively serious
Water pollution is very common. Shanxi's polluted rivers are up to 3,753 kilometers long, of which 67.2% are polluted by super-five types of polluted rivers, mainly caused by coal gangue and mine wastewater. Henan province, several major water systems are seriously polluted river section of 2938 kilometers, accounting for 36.9%. Jiangxi annual average discharge of 59 million tons of acidic wastewater. The rate of harmless treatment of urban garbage is 40.3%, about 50% of the established towns have not built water supply facilities that meet the standard requirements, and the sewage treatment rate is only 10%. In Hunan, 40% of the water is of poor quality in the fourth and fifth categories, which is seriously polluted during the dry season. Nearly 70% of the polluted water bodies in Hubei's major lakes and reservoirs are of category III or above. In the Three Gorges reservoir area, the centralized treatment rate of domestic sewage is less than 10%, the rate of harmless treatment of domestic garbage is less than 7%, and domestic sewage and garbage in towns along the rivers of various tributaries are basically not treated. The Huaihe River has made great efforts to control pollution in recent years, but the pollution is still very serious. The Yellow River and Huaihai region also almost all rivers are polluted.
Air pollution in cities and mining areas is serious. Shanxi 13 cities were included in the country's 30 cities with serious air pollution. Henan's annual emissions of sulfur dioxide ranked first in the country, sulfur dioxide per 1,000 U.S. dollars of GDP emissions of pollutants is more than 7 times that of developed countries, is more than 1 times that of Jiangsu, Guangdong and Zhejiang. The frequency of acid rain in Hunan cities is as high as 76.4%, and all but one city is polluted by acid rain. Jiangxi Ganzhou, Yingtan, Fuzhou, Shangrao, Jingdezhen and other cities, the frequency of acid rain also reached 60-80%.
Erosion or soil destruction. The Yellow River has serious soil erosion. Many rivers and lakes sedimentation, dongting lake sediment deposition rate as high as 74%, "800 miles of dongting" only 500 kilometers, the lake area by the beginning of the founding of the 4350 kilometers to the current 2625 kilometers, a reduction of nearly 40%. In Shanxi Province, during the 10-year period from 1993 to 2003, more than 400,000 mu of irrigated land were turned into dry land as a result of coal mining. In Jiangxi Province, in the development of mineral resources, the cumulative amount of waste rock piled up was 1.285 billion tons, 1.153 billion tons of tailing sand, and the area of land and vegetation destroyed amounted to 94,000 hectares.
Education, health and other social programs lagging behind
Education problems. Basic education conditions in central rural areas are still very backward. First, the investment in education is insufficient. After the implementation of the "county-based" management system, as most counties are "eating" financial, county-level available financial resources for basic education accounted for more than 30% of the funds, some counties even more than 50%. It has been reported that, after the implementation of the "one-fee system", school fees are insufficient to cover the basic costs of maintaining teaching. Second, the task of improving school conditions is arduous. Hubei rural primary and secondary school buildings in the proportion of dilapidated buildings up to 30%, the end of last year, the province's primary and secondary school buildings in the area of 4.01 million square meters of dilapidated buildings. Anhui existing 6.15 million square meters of dangerous buildings have not been renovated, accounting for 21% of the total area of the school building, will increase by 1 million square meters each year. Henan in the past two years, although the transformation of 216 square meters of primary and secondary school buildings, there are still 4.59 million square meters need to be transformed. Third, the overall quality of the teaching force is not high, the structural contradiction is prominent. The total number of teachers is overstaffed, but there are still large gaps in local areas, not enough teachers who can go to the podium, not enough young teachers, and there is a serious lack of music, physical education, art, English and computer teachers.
Medical and health problems. Rural health care is even more difficult, medical resources from hardware to software are very poor. First, there is a serious shortage of medical resources. On average, 1,600 people in rural areas of Henan Province have one bed in a township health center, and 1,200 people have one health technician. Among the 2,500 township health centers, basic medical equipment such as ambulances, ultrasound machines, X-ray machines, and examination beds are less than one per township health center on average. Among the township health centers in Anhui Province, 2/3 of them can barely maintain or even survive. Secondly, the cultural and professional level of rural doctors is low. A large number of medical technology backbone serious loss, township (township) health center personnel quantity and quality decline. In rural medical teams in Hubei, Henan, Hunan and other provinces, undergraduates account for only about 1 percent of the total, specialists account for only 10-20 percent, and the rest are below the junior college level. Third, the number of patients with AIDS, schistosomiasis, tuberculosis, hepatitis B and other diseases is still increasing. Henan is the high incidence of AIDS, Hunan, Jiangxi schistosomiasis resurgence. In Jiangxi Province, there are 1.184 million mu of snails, and there are still 197 townships in 20 counties (cities and districts) that have not met the standard of schistosomiasis transmission interruption. Life expectancy in the rural areas of the six central provinces is nearly six years lower than that in the cities, and the maternal mortality rate, infant mortality rate and mortality rate of children under five years old are three times higher than those in the cities.
Social security problems. The main problem is that the coverage of social security is too narrow, and the number of insured people has increased slowly or even decreased. The main participants in the insurance are still state-owned enterprises, institutions and non-public enterprises to participate in a lower proportion. According to six provinces, the number of participants in basic medical insurance, work-related injuries, and maternity insurance has all declined. Pension insurance history of debt and personal accounts "idle" operation, has become the biggest obstacle to deepen the reform of the pension insurance system.
The construction of the transportation system is still weak
The six central provinces are in the north-south, east-west transportation corridor, the Eurasian Continental Bridge, the Yangtze River golden waterway "big cross", railroads accounted for 22.8% of the country, highways accounted for 24.4%, freight accounted for 23.1%, passenger transport accounted for 23.7%, and the central part of the country through the country. If the center of the country is open, the whole country is open. From the survey, although the construction of the transportation system in the past few years has been very strong, but there are still weak links.
Some highways are open but not accessible. First, the central inter-provincial, central provinces and the Yangtze River Delta and other economic regions between the highway through but not reach. Provinces have long had highway construction plans between provinces, but never built. There are many broken roads between the roads that have been built. For example, the Jiangxi-Guangdong Expressway in Jiangxi, the Jiangxi section has been opened to traffic, but the Guangdong section is still not opened; the highway from Jiujiang to Wuhan is also not opened. There are nine radial highways in the Yangtze River Delta region leading to Anhui and Jiangxi, but they are all disconnected and not yet connected. Second, many sub-county highways are open but not accessible. Surveys show that in administrative villages in six provinces, 50-70% of villages have difficulty traveling after rain, and 60-80% of rural roads are not yet paved with oil. The total size of rural roads in Henan province that need to be upgraded amounts to more than 75,000 kilometers.
The development of water transportation is seriously constrained. The Yangtze River is 6300 kilometers long, and has been the "golden waterway" in the east, middle and west of China since ancient times. But at present, the Yangtze River trunk channel continuity is poor, poor access and backward shipping facilities, water transportation in different sections of the utilization degree is only 30-70%. The Yangtze River is generally "deep at both ends (upstream and downstream), shallow in the middle (middle reaches); both ends are open, and the middle is blocked". The western part of the upper reaches of the strongest dependence on water transport, but the channel grade is low; the central part of the dry season 10,000 tons of fleet can not be fully loaded operation, the potential of water transport can not be developed. At present, there are 75 bridges on the Yangtze River***, and the height of the bridges has also become a bottleneck restricting the development of water transportation on the Yangtze River. Such as 37 years ago the completion of the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, the bridge height of only 24 meters, 10,000 tons of ships simply can not pass. In addition to the main channel water transport capacity utilization problems, the Yangtze River and tributaries and other water system connectivity and utilization has not attracted attention. In addition, the Three Gorges Reservoir design capacity of 50 million tons in 2030, the actual capacity demand has reached 40.3 million tons. A large number of cars have to be transferred over the dam, in Yichang's dock a few on and off the roll-on/roll-off ship, plus waiting time through the five-stage locks, each car through the time than the original about 10 hours more than the original more than the cost of the dock fee and transfer fees.
The lack of overall planning and design of various modes of transportation and capacity makes it difficult to form a modern logistics system with reasonable resource allocation. Airport air transport, rail transport, road transport and water transport how to configure, how the distribution of modern logistics nodes, a variety of logistics modes how to achieve seamless linkage, urban agglomerations and urban agglomerations between the road how to docking, the central and Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta and the Bohai Sea Economic Circle and have close economic ties with the region of the road how to access, but also the lack of overall planning and design programs.