The main measures of standard prevention are:
1, hand washing: contact with blood, body fluids, excreta, secretions may be contaminated after taking off gloves, to wash hands or use rapid hand disinfectant hand washing.
2, gloves: when in contact with blood, body fluids, excretions, secretions and broken skin mucous membranes should wear gloves; gloves can prevent the possibility of transferring the flora on the hands of medical personnel to patients; gloves can prevent the medical staff to become infectious microorganisms when the medium, that is, to prevent the medical staff will be contaminated from the patient or the environment in the spread of pathogens in the crowd. Always change gloves between patients; gloves are not a substitute for hand washing.
3, masks, goggles and masks: wearing masks and goggles can also reduce the patient's body fluids, blood, secretions and other liquids of infectious substances splashed into the eyes of the health care workers, the oral cavity and nasal mucosa.
4, isolation clothing: wear isolation clothing to prevent contamination by infectious blood, secretions, exudate, splash water and a large number of infectious materials only when used. Wash your hands immediately after removing the isolation garment to avoid contamination of other patients and the environment.
5. Reusable equipment: (1) Reusable medical supplies and medical equipment are disinfected or sterilized as needed when used on the next patient. (2) When handling instruments and equipment contaminated by blood, body fluids, secretions and excretions, it is necessary to prevent exposure of skin and mucous membranes of staff and contamination of work clothes so that pathogenic microorganisms can be transmitted to patients and contaminate the environment. (3) Sharps that need to be reused should be placed in puncture-proof containers for transportation, handling and prevention of puncture wounds. (4) Single-use sharps, such as needles, are placed in puncture-proof, leak-proof containers for harmless disposal.
6, object surfaces, the environment, clothing and food and beverage utensils disinfection (1) the environment of the general hospital wards, object surfaces, including bed rails, bedside, bedside tables, chairs, door knobs and other frequently contacted surfaces are regularly cleaned, and disinfected at any time in case of contamination. (2) When handling and transporting bedclothes and clothing contaminated by blood, body fluids, secretions, and excretions, it is important to prevent skin exposure of medical personnel and contamination of work clothes and the environment. (3) Reusable eating and drinking utensils should be cleaned and disinfected before reuse, and disposable eating and drinking utensils should be used as much as possible for isolated patients. (4)Reusable clothes are placed in a special bag and transported to a designated location to be cleaned, disinfected and prevented from contamination during transportation.
7, first aid places may appear to need resuscitation, with simple breathing bag (resuscitation bag) or other ventilation devices to replace the mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration methods. 8、Medical waste should be treated harmlessly in accordance with the "Regulations on the Management of Medical Waste" promulgated by the state and its relevant laws and regulations. Contact isolation1 Contact transmission refers to the disease spread through contact, contact transmission is the main and common way of transmission of hospital infections, generally including direct transmission and indirect transmission.
For patients diagnosed or suspected to be infected with contact-transmitted pathogenic microorganisms such as intestinal infections, multi-drug-resistant bacterial infections, skin infections, etc., contact transmission isolation prevention should be used in addition to the standard prevention.1. Patient isolation (1) The patient should be placed in a single isolation room, and patients infected with the same pathogens can be placed in the same room when there are no conditions. (2) Limit the patient's range of activities. (3) Reduce transfer, if transfer is necessary, minimize contamination of other patients and environmental surfaces. Contact isolation 22. Protective isolation (1) Gloves should be worn when entering the isolation ward to contact the patient, including contact with the patient's blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions and other substances. (2) Remove gloves, wash hands and/or disinfect hands after contact with contaminated items before leaving the isolation sickroom. (3) When entering the sickroom and engaging in operations that may contaminate work clothes, wear isolation gowns; before leaving the sickroom, remove isolation gowns and hang them according to requirements or use disposable isolation gowns, and dispose of them after use according to the requirements of medical waste management. (4) The isolation room should have an isolation sign and restrict the access of personnel. Air isolation1 Airborne transmission refers to pathogenic microorganisms suspended in the air by particles (particle size less than 5um) an aerosol to spread the way, this particle can be suspended in the air for a longer period of time, and can be floated with the airflow to the farther away, so it can cause more than one person infected, and even lead to outbreaks of hospital infections epidemic. Therefore, patients need to be shielded from the environment, and single-person rooms, specialized air-handling systems and ventilation equipment can be used to prevent airborne transmission.
Respiratory protection should be used by medical staff and those entering the environment. If a patient is diagnosed or suspected of being infected with an airborne disease, such as tuberculosis, epidemic meningitis, mumps, chickenpox, measles, pneumonic plague, pulmonary hemorrhagic fever, etc., airborne isolation prevention should also be used on top of standard prevention, and the following isolation measures are to be used: 1. The patient should be housed in a single room, with enhanced ventilation, and attention paid to wind direction. (2) When unconditional, patients infected with the same pathogenic microorganisms can live in the same room. (3) As soon as possible to transfer to the conditions of admission of infectious diseases hospitals or health administrative departments designated hospitals for admission, and pay attention to the transfer process of medical personnel protection; when the patient's condition permits, should wear a medical protective mask. (4) Limit the scope of activities of infectious patients. (5) Do a good job of air sterilization. (1) Medical personnel should wear hats and medical protective masks when entering the rooms of confirmed or suspected infectious patients. (2) When carrying out diagnostic and therapeutic operations that may produce splashes, isolation gowns should be worn. (3) Gloves must be worn when contacting patients, their blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions and other substances. Droplet isolation1 Droplet transmission refers to the spread of disease via larger droplet aerosol particles (particle size greater than 5um). Suspended in the air for a short period of time, the spraying distance is but about 1m.