The reorganization of industries in accordance with the principle of specialized collaboration can greatly save land and construction investment, maximize the comprehensive utilization of raw materials and
"three wastes", improve the city's sanitation, and more importantly, facilitate the use of advanced technology and equipment, improve the degree of automation of
production, thus greatly increasing labor productivity. greatly improve labor productivity. Unified arrangement of industry, can also make the building layout complete, from
and change the face of the industrial area.
Several aspects of industrial cooperation
(1) products, raw materials, mutual cooperation: products, raw materials have mutual supply relationship of the factory, it is appropriate to be arranged in the same industrial area
in order to avoid long-distance round-trip transportation, resulting in waste. For example, in Shanghai Petrochemical Plant, Chemical Plant I and Chemical Plant II
provide raw materials for other nearby plants.
(2) by-products and waste recycling collaboration: can use each other's by-products and waste production plant can be arranged in
the same industrial area, such as phosphorus fertilizer plant and nitrogen fertilizer plant by-product recycling between.
(3) production technology collaboration: some plants in the smelting and processing of the production process requires more than two factories to carry out technical
collaboration, these factories should be arranged as far as possible in a region, such as automobiles, tractor industrial system, power industrial system.
(4) outside the plant engineering collaboration: industrial area of the plant, outside the plant should be collaborative engineering, *** with the construction of railroad lines, industrial
industrial grouping stations, water supply projects, sewage treatment plants, substations and high-voltage lines, can reduce the number of equipment, facilities, saving investment.
(5) the collaboration of power facilities: industrial zones can be unified construction of thermal power stations, gas generation stations and boiler houses and other power facilities.
(6) preparation workshop and auxiliary facilities: general industry have casting, forging and heat treatment and other thermal processing workshop, also
organic repair, electrical repair, carpentry and other auxiliary workshops, such as factories into a set, often due to the production of small tasks, so that the equipment can not be fully
utilization of production technology is not easy to improve the construction of decentralized. If several factories of such facilities centralized construction, can save investment, and
can improve equipment utilization, reduce production costs, improve product quality.
(7) Collaboration of the local industrial sector: the local industrial sector can set up satellite factories and service factories to serve the large factories in the area,
providing various semi-finished products and parts for the large factories, using the marginal waste of the large factories to produce a variety of daily necessities, and making full use of the waste materials to increase
production.
(8) Collaboration of pre-factory buildings: offices, canteens, health centers, fire stations, garages, etc. can be built jointly to save land
and investment.
Organization of industrial zones
In the planning of the strategic level of urban development, it is necessary to identify various industrial sites of different natures, such as machinery, chemical industry, manufacturing
manufacturing industry, and arrange all kinds of industries in different lots to form various industrial zones. Industrial zones should have a unified
planning, the layout of the area should be compact, the factories should not be self-contained set, each in its own way, pay attention to saving land.
3. The composition of the industrial zone
① production plant; ② warehouse; ③ power and municipal facilities; ④ maintenance and auxiliary enterprises; ⑤ comprehensive utilization and processing
industry; ⑥ transportation facilities; ⑦ plant public **** service facilities; ⑧ scientific experimentation centers; ⑨ sanitary protection zone.
4. Scale of industrial areas
The scale of industrial areas with the nature of the city, the content of industry, the nature of the distribution of industrial areas in the city, the composition of the city, in order to
And the construction conditions and the natural conditions of the different and different. Industrial areas are too small, it is impossible to improve the degree of collaboration
of various facilities; industrial areas are too large, it causes the concentration of transportation and pollution. Therefore, the organization of industrial zones in the city should pay attention to
study its reasonable size.
Industrial land arrangement
The arrangement of industrial land directly affects the functional structure of the city and urban form. In the urban master plan, it is very important to focus on the arrangement of
good industrial land, and comprehensively consider the relationship between industrial land and residential, transportation and other land, so that each of them
is very important.
1. Industrial classification
By industrial nature can be divided into metallurgical industry, electric power industry, fuel industry, machinery industry, chemical industry, building materials industry
and so on, in the industrial layout can be divided into mechanical industrial land by industrial nature, chemical industry land and so on.
According to the environmental pollution can be divided into isolation industry, serious interference and pollution of industry, there is a certain interference and pollution of industry, a
general industry and so on. Isolated industry refers to radioactive, highly toxic, explosive hazardous industries, this type of industrial pollution is extremely serious, generally
generally arranged in a separate lot away from the city. Seriously disturbing and polluting industries refer to the chemical industry, metallurgical industry and so on. This kind of
industrial wastewater, waste gas or waste residue pollution is serious, on the residential and public **** facilities and other serious interference with the environment, generally should be with the city
to maintain a certain distance, the need to set up a wider green protective belt. There is a certain amount of interference and pollution of the industry refers to certain machinery industry, spinning
weaving industry and so on. This kind of industry has waste water, exhaust gas and other pollution, there is a certain interference with the environment such as residential and public **** facilities. It can be arranged
on a separate lot on the edge of the city. General industry refers to electronic industry, sewing factories, handicrafts, etc. This type of industry is basically no interference to the environment of residential and public
*** facilities, etc., and can be dispersed in the independent lot of the living and residential land.
2. The proportion of industrial land in the planning and construction of land
Industrial land in the urban construction of a certain proportion of urban construction land, generally accounting for 1500 \'250,000 for urban construction land
appropriate; but has a large and medium-sized industrial enterprises in small and medium-sized industrial and mining cities, the proportion of its industrial land can be greater than
25% of the urban construction land.
Planning per capita industrial land area index is generally in 10}-25m2, but with large and medium-sized industrial projects in small and medium-sized industrial
mining cities, its planning per capita industrial land index can be appropriately increased, but should not be greater than 30mZ. mega-cities, due to the city's total
compact land, the area of industrial land roughly in the 18m/person below.
3. General principles of industrial layout in the city
The basic requirements of industrial land layout in the city should meet the need to create good production and construction conditions for each industrial enterprise
and to deal with the relationship between the industrial land and the rest of the city, especially the relationship between the industrial area and the residential area. The
general principles of its arrangement are as follows:
(1) There is enough land area; the land basically conforms to the specific characteristics and requirements of the industry; it reduces the cost of pioneering, and there are
convenient transportation conditions; and it can solve the problem of water supply and drainage.
(2) The residential sites of the workers should be distributed on the lots with better sanitary conditions, as close as possible to the industrial area, and have convenient
transportation links.
(3) Industrial areas and parts of the city, in all stages of development, should be kept compact and centralized, without interfering with each other, and due
attention should be paid to saving land.
(4) The related enterprises should obtain better contact with each other, carry out necessary collaboration, consider the comprehensive utilization of resources, and reduce
intra-city transportation.
4. Forms of industrial layout in the city
Industrial layout in the city can be divided into three situations according to the type of production of WeiXi, the amount of freight and the size of the land:
Located far from the city of the industry, the edge of the city of the industry and the layout of the industry within the city and the residential area.
A comprehensive analysis of the various characteristics of industry, such as raw material sources, production collaboration, transportation, energy, water, labor, harmful effects
, etc., to determine the main factors affecting the layout of the industrial land, the industrial land in the city in different parts of the
section. In particular, it is important to point out that various types of industries have many different characteristics, in the market economy must be in accordance with the city's development
strategy to ensure that a variety of industrial development of the elasticity of the possibilities, in order to make the layout of the truly scientific and reasonable. The Czech Academy of Architecture has compiled
a table of permanent and suitable locations in the city for various types of industries of different natures (Table 4-4-4) and a table of determinants of the location of textile, clothing and tanning industries
as well as the suitable location of the industries in the city (Table 4-4-5), which shows that the determinants of the location of similar types of industries are not the same.
(1) Industry located far away from the city and keep a certain distance from the city
Because of economic, safety and health requirements, some industries should be located far away from the city, such as radioactive industries, highly
toxicity industry, and industries with the danger of explosion. Some industries are suitable to keep a certain distance from the city, such as seriously polluted steel
iron joint venture, petrochemical joint venture and non-ferrous metal smelters. In order to ensure the environmental quality of residential areas, these
factories should be arranged according to the smallest local wind direction in the wind side of the residential areas, industrial areas and residential areas must be retained between sufficient
protection distance. To the city pollution is not big industry, the scale is not too large, it is not suitable to be arranged in a lot away from the city; otherwise
then due to the limited number of residents, public **** facilities can not be supported, resulting in inconvenience in life.
(2) arranged at the edge of the city's industrial zone
The city has a certain interference with pollution, large land, large freight traffic, the need to use rail transportation factories should be arranged at the edge of the city
, such as certain machinery factories, textile factories, etc.. These factories have production, technology, raw materials, transportation and other aspects of the link,
It is appropriate to concentrate in a few specialized lots to form industrial zones of different nature.
According to the different sizes of the city, the city can set up one or more industrial zones, respectively, arranged in various parts of the city. Smaller
Smaller cities sometimes have only one industrial zone, often resulting in peak traffic flow is concentrated on the roads leading to the industrial zone (Figure 4-4-24).
Cities can form two industrial zones, the industrial zone can be arranged in different directions in the city, such as industrial composition
for different nature of industrial zones, according to its pollution situation in the river upstream, downstream, or the wind frequency of the smallest upstream and downstream
position. This arrangement is conducive to reducing industrial pollution of the environment, but also conducive to the organization of traffic, shorten the workers to and from
shift distance, but in the arrangement should be careful not to impede the redevelopment of residential areas.
Urban industrial zones are often arranged along the radial external transportation routes, so that the industrial zone and residential areas interlaced. This layout should pay attention to
Intention, if the industrial area according to the local maximum frequency of wind direction is located in the upwind side of the residential area, the industrial area and the residential area between the
Sufficient protective distance, and should pay attention to with the development of the city has to open up the loop road for lateral contact may be.
(3) arranged in the city and residential areas within the industrial
Basically no interference with pollution, small land, not too large cargo volume of industry can be arranged in the city and residential areas. This kind of
Industries include:
1) small food industry: such as milk processing, bread, pastry, confectionery and other factories.
2) Small-scale garment industry: such as sewing, clothing, embroidery, shoes, hats, knitting and other factories.
3) Small hardware, small general merchandise, daily industrial goods, small service repair factories: such as small wood, rattan, weaving, enameling
and other factories.
4) culture and education, health, sports equipment industry: such as toys, musical instruments, sports equipment, medical equipment and other factories. Among them, mechanical
and semi-mechanical operations, foreign collaboration, freight volume of 3000 - 4000t, noise, combustion and trace smoke,
land up to 30hm "or so small and medium-sized factories (food factories, food processing plants, yarn mills, knitting mills, wood processing factories, pharmaceutical
factories, machinery repair factories, radio factories, etc.), then should be The formation of such lots should be close to the neighborhood
near the traffic road, should not be arranged in the residential area.
There are few industries that do not interfere with residential areas. General factories have a certain amount of traffic and noise, due to the factories
smaller scale, properly arranged, can make the residential area basically unaffected.
5. Industrial land layout and the relationship between the city
(1) the location of industrial land and residential land relationship
Industrial land and residential land location, generally there are three types of layout forms: one is the parallel layout of industrial land and residential land
Location, the advantages of this arrangement is: industrial and residential areas accordingly presented in the belt-shaped development, do not interfere, industrial land and residential
Location, the advantages of this arrangement is: industrial and residential areas accordingly presented in the belt-shaped development, do not interfere, the industrial and residential land and residential
Location. The relationship between industrial land and residential land
is better. Another type is the vertical arrangement of industrial land and residential land, the advantages of this arrangement are: workers
commute to and from work are not separated by the railroad line in the industrial area; thermal power stations, thermal processing workshops and workshops discharging hazardous substances are farther away from the residential
area, and workshops not discharging hazardous substances can be nearer to the residential area, so as to reduce the width of the protective belt and save the construction
facility costs. The cost of construction. This kind of arrangement is more suitable for the smaller industrial area, but for the large industrial area, using
this arrangement will increase the distance of workers to and from work. The third is a mixed layout, which has the advantages of parallel layout, but also has the advantages of vertical layout, is a more commonly used form (Figure 4-4-25)a
(2) Industrial layout and the relationship between the overall layout of the city
Industrial zones in the overall layout of the city have the following layout:
1) industrial areas surrounding the city Industrial zones are scattered around the city, and according to the nature of industry and the degree of pollution, evenly and
reasonably arranged around the city; there are a number of industrial districts and scattered industrial sites within the city (Figure 4-4-26). This form of layout
placement can avoid the disturbance of the city by the large amount of transportation of industry. However, as the industry surrounds the city, there is no
gap left in the city's land, leaving no room for the city to develop, or the city develops and then forms a new industrial encirclement, resulting in a
situation of mutual interference.
2) industrial area and other land is cross-layout industrial area layout combined with the terrain, and other land is spaced cross-layout
set (Figure 4-4-27). This form is favorable to Ding make full use of the terrain, and according to the different pollution of industrial enterprises, respectively, taking into account the wind direction and the relationship between upstream and downstream of the river, can be a serious water pollution of the industrial zone according to the direction of the river downstream of the city,
serious pollution of exhaust gas according to the maximum frequency of the wind direction of the layout of the city downwind, so that the various industrial enterprises to have their own place. But
This form of arrangement should also pay attention to the organization of the traffic, otherwise crossing each other, the formation of mutual interference.
3) group layout in the overall layout of the city, according to the planning intention of the layout of the city into several planning zones, each
a sub-district group of both industrial enterprises, but also residential areas, so that the production and life organically combined, such as Figure 4-4-280
4) group combined layout in the industrial land layout, some of which will be divided into downtown industrial land, suburban industrial