1, Mars moon found to have water?
January 4, 2004 and January 25, the United States "Courage" and "Opportunity" Mars rover were landed on Mars. The greatest achievement of the two rovers was the discovery of evidence that there was once water on Mars. Meanwhile, the European Mars Express rover, orbiting Mars, also found frozen water at the planet's south pole.
This is the first time humans have found water directly on the surface of Mars. After more than nine months of space travel, the U.S. "Phoenix" Mars rover on May 25, 2008 successfully landed in the area near the north pole of Mars, which is the first human probe to land near the north pole of Mars. According to the plan, "Phoenix" landed after the launch of a three-month Mars ground exploration.
On July 30 of the same year, Phoenix's robotic arm delivered a soil sample to the Heat and Release Gas Analyzer. As the sample heated up, the analyzer identified the presence of water vapor. This is the most direct evidence of the presence of water on Mars.
In November 2009, scientists stated with certainty that there was water on the moon and in significant quantities.On Oct. 9, 2009, NASA used a rocket to crash a 100-foot-diameter crater into the moon's surface and measured 25 gallons of water in the form of water vapor and ice in the resulting debris.?
2. Sequence map of the human genome completed?
On June 26, 2000, U.S. President Bill Clinton and U.K. Prime Minister Tony Blair jointly announced that the first ever sketch of the human genome had been completed.?
On February 12, 2001, scientists from six countries, including China, the United States, Japan, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom, and the U.S.-based Celera Corporation, jointly announced the mapping of the human genome and the results of the preliminary analysis.?
The most substantial content of the human genome project is the DNA sequence map of the human genome, and the beginning of the human genome project, the focus of the debate, the main differences, the main battlefield of the competition, etc. are all centered around the sequence map. Before the completion of the sequence diagram, all other diagrams are the padding of the sequence diagram. In other words, only the birth of the sequence diagram marks the completion of the work of the entire human genome project.?
On April 15, 2003, on the eve of the 50th anniversary of the publication of the double-helix model of DNA structure, the heads of state or government of six countries, China, the United States, Japan, Britain, France and Germany, signed a document in which scientists of the six countries jointly declared that the sequence map of the human genome was completed.?
The mapping of the human genome is an important milestone in the history of mankind's exploration of its own mysteries, and it is considered by many analysts to be the sign of the birth of the biotechnology century. In other words, the 21st century is the century in which biotechnology dominates the world, just as the birth of quantum theory a century ago is thought to have unveiled the 20th century, which was dominated by physics.?
The human genome contains the vast majority of genetic information about human life, ageing, illness and death, and deciphering it will bring a revolution in the diagnosis of diseases, the development of new drugs and the exploration of new treatments.
In 2007, scientists for the first time articulated just how different human DNA is from person to person. It was a huge conceptual leap that will affect everything from how doctors treat diseases to how humans see themselves and protect their privacy.?
3. Cell reprogramming technology?
Science magazine selected the top 10 scientific advances in 2008, and progress in reprogramming cells to "customize" cell lines ranked first.
Science says these cell lines, and the methods involved in "customizing" them, provide researchers with the tools to understand and even cure some of medicine's most persistent diseases in the future, such as Parkinson's disease and type 1 diabetes, etc.
Science says these cell lines, and the methods involved in "customizing" them, provide researchers with the tools to understand and even cure some of medicine's most persistent diseases in the future.
The so-called cell reprogramming refers to the implantation of new genes to change the developmental "memory" of the cells, so that they return to the most primitive state of embryonic development, and they can be differentiated like embryonic stem cells, which are called "induced pluripotent stem cells. "
2008
In 2008, two teams of researchers took cells from patients with different diseases and reprogrammed them to "transform" them into stem cells. Most of the diseases they selected were difficult or impossible to study using animal models, making the need for human cell lines even more urgent.
Science suggests that these new cell lines will be an important tool for researchers to understand how diseases occur and develop, and in addition may be useful for the medical field to screen for potential drugs. If scientists fully master cell reprogramming in the future and are able to control the technique more accurately to make it more effective and safer, it will be possible for patients with different diseases to be cured with their own healthy cells.?
4, the earliest human ancestors to determine?
The 4-foot-tall (1.21 meters) "Aldi" has become the oldest primitive human discovered so far. She lived 4.4 million years ago until 1992 when she was discovered. After 17 years of searching and research, scientists pieced together more than 100 fragments unearthed in Ethiopia and succeeded in recovering a model of her skeleton.
In October 2009, scientists announced the results. Surprisingly, Aldi, the ****same*** ancestor of both humans and chimpanzees, is very different from a chimpanzee. In addition, the fact that he was able to walk upright despite living in the forest disproved previous theories that open grassland terrain was crucial to the development of bipedalism in humans.
5. Confirmation of the existence of cosmic dark matter?
In 2003, a multinational team of scientists led by Dr. Scranton of the University of Pittsburgh in the United States drew on observation data from the U.S. Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) satellite as well as results from another observational program called Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS).
The analysis concluded that only 4 percent of the universe is ordinary matter, 23 percent is dark matter, and 73 percent is dark energy. 2006 saw the most direct evidence for the existence of dark matter in the universe, when a team of U.S. astronomers observed the collision of distant galaxies through NASA's Chandra X-ray Space Telescope and other equipment. In 2007, scientists from Europe and the United States published the first three-dimensional map of cosmic dark matter in the journal Nature.