One, biotechnology
--Biological science
(1) In 1965, our scientists succeeded in synthesizing bovine insulin artificially after deciphering its gene for the first time in the world. Tiselius, chairman of the Nobel Prize Committee, commented on this: "What is more convincing than nuclear power is insulin. Because, people can learn to make proto - bullets from books, but can not learn to make insulin from books ......"
(2) April 15, 1998, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and another successful use of genetic methods to recombine human insulin.
(3) On March 9, 1984, China's young scholars Xu Rigan, in cooperation with Japanese scholars, bred the world's first "test-tube goat", and in 1989, "test-tube sheep" was successfully bred.
(4) Yuan Longping, known worldwide as the "father of hybrid rice", was the first in the world to breed indica-type hybrid rice in 1973. The impact of hybrid rice continued into the 1990s.
--Genetic engineering
(5) Since 1980, the Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics and the Institute of Genetics of Fudan University cooperated in the research of transgenic sheep with human coagulation factor IX in their milk to obtain a major breakthrough, so that China's technology of transgenic sheep is in the international leading level.
(6) A kind of transgenic pig with low growth consumption, good meat quality and strong disease resistance has been successfully cultivated by the Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the Institute of Animal Husbandry, and the total efficiency of its gene introduction is 2.1%, which is more than double that of foreign countries and exceeds the international advanced level.
(7) in the gene drug, in 1988, China successfully developed a genetic engineering vaccine for hepatitis B; in 1992, the successful development of a number of genetic engineering drugs for the treatment of hepatitis A and hepatitis C have special therapeutic effects of synthetic artificial interferon, and some of these drugs have entered the market.
Agricultural technology
(8) As early as 1956, farmers in Guangdong Province, breeding experts bred China's first large-scale dissemination of short-straw indica varieties. Since then, with a series of short straw varieties of breeding and promotion, in 1965, China's southern rice areas basically realize indica rice short straw, per mu yield from 200-250 kg to 300-350 kg.
(9) In the 1990s, China's agricultural scientists and technicians used modern biotechnology to isolate and clone the gene for photosensitive nuclear sterility, and further developed the two-lines hybrid rice technology, which used only male sterile lines and maintained lines. In the large-scale trial planting, it has shown high yield, high quality and multi-resistance, with an average yield of 11,250 kilograms per hectare.
(10) In November 1995, the State Key Laboratory of Plant Protection of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the Department of Biology of Shandong University jointly bred the world's first transgenic wheat variety resistant to barley dwarf virus.
(11) In July 1997, Huang Dainian, a researcher at the China Rice Research Institute, and his research collaborators succeeded in transferring a herbicide-resistant gene into rice and applying it to hybrid rice after years of research.
(12) In October 1997, Guo Sandui of the Biotechnology Center of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences succeeded in developing China's first bivalent insect-resistant cotton.
(13) In September 1998, Gao Mingyu, a professor at the Institute of Nuclear Agriculture of Zhejiang Agricultural University, led a group that successfully bred a transgenic stem borer-resistant strain of rice for the first time in the world by using the Agrobacterium-mediated method.
In addition, China has also made great achievements in the field of laser breeding, radiation mutagenesis breeding, space breeding and other advanced technologies.
Three, communication technology
--Large-scale computers
(14) In December 1983, the Computer Research Institute of the National University of Defense Technology (NUDT) developed a large-scale computer system named "Galaxy". Since then, China has entered the ranks of the world's development of giant machines.
(15) In October 1993, the Dawning One large-scale parallel computer was successfully developed.
--Microelectronics Technology
(16) Since the successful research and development of the first monolithic integrated circuits in 1965, several key research and production bases for integrated circuits have been established. Now the annual production of 250 million circuits, an increase of 45%. "At the end of the Ninth Five-Year Plan, the level of mass production of integrated circuits will be 1-1.5 microns, and the level of research will be 0.8 microns, with results achieved in the pre-production of 0.5-0.6 micron process technology.
--Intelligent robots
(17) At present, China has successfully developed intelligent robots are: nuclear industry mobile work robots; wall crawling robots; outdoor work in harsh environments, mobile robots; underwater 1,000 meters and 6,000 meters of cable-free robots. ......
--Laser Technology
(18)After more than 10 years of research, China's research in X-ray, oxygen-iodine chemical laser, free electron laser, high-power solid titanium glass laser and excimer laser reaches or close to the international advanced level. International advanced level.
--Three major high-energy physics research devices
(19) In the 1980s, China successively built three major high-energy physics research devices--Beijing Positive and Negative Electron Collider (BPEC), Lanzhou Heavy Ion Accelerator (LHIA), and Hefei Synchrotron Radiation Facility (HSRF).
--New material technology
(20) After the United States, Germany and a few other countries, Chinese scientists developed microalloyed steel.
(21) China is now able to pull out the diameter of 300 millimeters, weighing 81 kilograms of large-diameter silicon single crystal. The actual information written in the international leading level.
(22) Energy, ceramics, superconductivity and other materials in the performance of the world's advanced level.
Four, two bombs and one star and space technology
-Two bombs and one star
(23) October 16, 1964, China's first proto-bullet exploded successfully, the world was shocked; in 1967, China's first hydrogen bomb exploded successfully. This is China's famous "two bombs".
And on April 24, 1970, China's first artificial satellite sang "The East is Red" and flew out of the earth into space. Since then, "two bombs and one star" has been written into the annals of new China's scientific and technological history.
(24) In 1960, China's first short-range surface-to-surface missile was successfully developed.
--Long March series of rockets
(25)In the early 1960s, China began to develop large-scale launch vehicle technology. In May 1980, the launch of a large-scale launch vehicle to the Pacific Ocean was a success, marking a new level of China's launch vehicle technology.
(26)According to the needs of space transportation, China has successfully developed the "Long March I", "Long March II" and "Long March III", "China has successfully developed four series of Long March rockets, including Long March I, Long March II, Long March III and Long March IV. At present, China's Long March rocket family has developed into a series of nine types of rockets, making foreign countries realize China's aerospace capacity and level, and marking a solid foundation for China's aerospace technology.
-- Artificial Earth satellites
(27)On April 24, 1970, China carried out the first launch of artificial Earth satellites, and successfully put the first satellite into a predetermined orbit.On March 3, 1972, China launched the second scientific and technological experimental satellite.On November 16, 1975, China's first satellite was launched. On November 16, 1975, China's first return remote sensing satellite was successfully launched.
(28)In November 1999, the first unmanned test spacecraft of China's manned space program, Shenzhou, flew with complete success. From 2001 to 2002, the unmanned test spacecrafts Shenzhou 2 to 4 were developed and launched successively, obtaining valuable test data. Shenzhou 5 is China's first manned spacecraft developed on the basis of unmanned spacecraft, a high degree of cohesion of the wisdom and spirit of the Chinese nation, and a new milestone for China's space industry in the new century.
V. Energy Technology
-Peaceful Utilization of Nuclear Energy
(29) In October 1966, China's first experimental launch of a missile nuclear weapon was successful.
(30)In August 1971, China launched its first nuclear submarine of its own manufacture.
(31) In June 1958, with the help of the former Soviet Union, China built its first experimental protonuclear reactor. Qinshan Nuclear Power Station in Zhejiang Province is the first nuclear power plant designed and built by China itself. It adopts the world's mature technology, safe and reliable pressurized water reactor type, and adopts the safety design standards that have been tested in practice. Construction began in 1984, and it was completed in December 1991 and connected to the grid for the first time.
So far, China has two nuclear power plants in Qinshan and Daya Bay, Guangdong, and the country intends to build four more nuclear power projects in the near future.
(32) In addition, China is also developing several other nuclear reactors: 1, Tsinghua University Nuclear Energy Design and Research Institute has successfully developed a 5 MW nuclear heat reactor; 2, 600,000 kilowatts of advanced pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant AC600, is currently being developed by the China National Nuclear Power Research and Design Institute; 3, 10 MW of high-temperature gas-cooled reactor experimental research and development is currently being carried out at the Institute of Nuclear Energy Design and Research at Tsinghua University; 4, fast medium-sized nuclear power plants, the development of nuclear power plants in China, the development of nuclear power projects in China. Research Institute; 4, fast breeder reactor nuclear power plant is expected to be put into commercial operation in 2020 or so; 5, fusion reactor nuclear power plant manufacturers since 1958, is now included in the "863 program".
--Other new energy
(33) magneto-current power generation since the 60's research, the 80's has established a certain scale of the three research bases, this project has been included in the "863 program", plans to build a 2 megawatt power plant by the end of this century, the project has been included in the "863 program". The end of this century to build a 2 MW coal-fired magnetic fluid power generation of a steam combined cycle experimental device.
(34) solar power development began in 1958, there are about 38 units and universities engaged in photovoltaic research and development work. Since the commercialization of terrestrial solar cells began in 1976, there are now 12 production lines or factories for terrestrial solar cells.
(35) wind power generation in the northern region of the three northern and southeastern coastal and island development is rapid, in 1986, Shandong Rongcheng City, the introduction of three generating units, composed of China's first wind power plant, in 1991 and Germany *** with the completion of the construction of wind power station in Shengsi, Zhejiang Province, and grid power are running well.
(36)Biomass energy is in recent years, the Chinese government to take "local conditions, multi-energy complementary, rational use, seek efficiency" policy, vigorously develop the rural energy, has achieved significant results.
(37) geothermal energy, China's Tibet has built the use of geothermal power generation Yangbajing geothermal power station, power generation capacity of 27,000 kilowatts.
(38) China's southeast coastal area has built several experimental tidal energy power plant, installed capacity of 40-640 kilowatts.
Fifth, scientific investigation
--Tibet scientific investigation
(39)Since the 1960s, China's scientific investigation of the Tibetan Plateau region has been uninterrupted. The two scientific expeditions to the Mount Everest area in the 1960s and 1970s and the comprehensive scientific expedition to the Tibetan Plateau by the Chinese Academy of Sciences in the 1970s have made comprehensive and systematic investigations to the Tibet Autonomous Region, and published 46 ****56 volumes of works.
Since 1973, several generations of Chinese scientists have gone to the Grand Canyon for eight times to carry out scientific investigations, and have gained a new understanding of the history of the formation of the Grand Canyon, its resources and environment, and its interrelationship with human beings and natural resources.
--Oceanic and Polar Scientific Expeditions
(40) In 1970, the ship "Xiangyanghong 5" carried out the first comprehensive survey of a specific oceanic area in the Pacific Ocean, obtaining valuable data on gravity, magnetism, water depth, geology, hydrology and other disciplines of the ocean. In May 1980, Xiangyanghong No. 5 went to the Pacific Ocean again to carry out the mission to explore the "El Ni?o" phenomenon, and made contributions to China's marine cause, national defense construction and international marine cooperation.
(41)In the mid-1980s, China began polar expeditions. On December 30, 1984, China's first Antarctic expedition boarded Georges Island and set up China's Antarctic Changcheng Station, which was inaugurated on February 20, 1985, and on September 26, 1989, China's Antarctic Zhongshan Station was inaugurated on the Antarctic continent.
(42) In June 1999, China made its first expedition to the North Pole.
--Paleontological Fossil Expedition
(43) From 1984 to 1995, Chinese scientists discovered a large number of fossilized fauna in Chenggang, Yunnan Province, which revealed the suddenness of biological evolution and the evolutionary nature of the traditional theory of gradualism, which is represented by Darwin's theory of "gradualism" and his theory of the evolutionary nature of the world.
The discovery of a large number of fossilized fauna in Chengjiang, Yunnan Province, revealed the suddenness of biological evolution and challenged the traditional "gradualism" theory of Darwinian evolution, and was called one of the most astonishing discoveries of the 20th century by the international scientific community.
(44) In 1997, scientists in China examined the Precambrian phosphorus-containing strata in urnan, Guizhou province, and found a large number of micro-multi-cellular animals and grater embryo fossils, which pushed the time of the origin of the animals forward by 50 million years, and once again made a major breakthrough in the study of early animals.
--Summer, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Discontinuity Project
(45) The Summer, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Discontinuity Project is a large-scale project that combines natural science with social and human science to solve the problem of the three generations of chronology. The project set up nine subjects, 40 topics, 170 scholars after a joint investigation, in literature, astronomy, archaeology and paleography and other aspects of the fruitful results, these achievements will become the 21st century towards the study of China's ancient civilization of a new starting point.