Chassis power supply power supply principle is the utility power into the power supply, through the EMI will be converted to DC power and then through the primary side, the main transformer to the last part of the secondary side of the pure electricity provided to the hardware to ensure the stability of the use of the long term, the chassis power supply materials and design related to its quality and performance. Here let me take you to see the chassis power supply basic knowledge of the book Detailed, I hope to help you!
What's wrong? Why chassis power supply can not be cheap
First, the chassis chapter:
> > > > plate thin *** vibration
Not only physics *** vibration phenomenon, management also has a *** vibration phenomenon of the use of human beings (do not understand the words of the people can watch the lecture of the Jiangsu Province Postal Service of the Yu Shih-wei, mentioned this point, a very classic), even the chassis has *** vibration phenomenon. However, the **** vibration phenomenon here is a bad word.
I believe we have a visual sense of *** vibration, but to express it in words, it is more difficult. I'll simply discuss it, that is, you are using the computer, there is no wire stuck, but then buzzing vibration sound, very annoying. The vibration phenomenon can only be well relieved by holding the chassis with your hands. At this point, you meet the chassis **** vibration.
Chassis **** vibration noise mainly from the following aspects: plate thickness is not enough, hard disk and optical drive vibration in the work, as well as side panels, front and rear panels because the fan rotation **** vibration. The thickness of the plate is the most likely cause of *** vibration, because the thin plate vibration frequency, and hard disk, fan and other work produced by the amplitude of the vibration is about the same, often easy to *** vibration phenomenon.
Such as 0.5mm or even 0.4mm below the specification of the poor quality chassis, easy to produce *** vibration, the resulting noise, greatly undermining the mood of people using the computer. If people are in a strong noise environment for a long time, it will seriously affect people's mental and physical health, reducing work efficiency. So, when you get into a poor quality chassis and encounter *** vibration phenomenon, I believe you know how to write two words of regret.
>>>> easily lead to hardware failure
Poor quality chassis packaging gorgeous hardware, dare I ask you will have a solid feeling? The answer is no.
Poor-quality chassis not only in the thickness of the plate to shrink, but also in the material on the reduction again and again. What's more, these poor-quality chassis tend to use "piano baking paint", welded to the perfect interpretation of the process to the outside of the gold floss. We know that an important function of the chassis is to support. Now the motherboard, graphics cards do more and more gorgeous. The heavy weight is loaded in a paper-thin chassis, so you'll feel at ease?
A simple example, a high-end graphics card, without PCB protection, is mounted in a poor quality chassis in the PCI-E position. As we know, the graphics card in a tower chassis is suspended horizontally. The force requirements for the motherboard and PCI-E plate are very high. But because the inferior chassis plate is thin, the material is poor, and it is easy to deform. This leads to increased pressure on the motherboard PCI-E slot, and over time it is easy to deform the graphics card, the motherboard slot distortion phenomenon, the failure rate is greatly enhanced.
The chassis is not just for aesthetic purposes, it is the patron saint of all hardware accessories inside, and if even the role of protection is not up to the task, then the chassis is really just an empty shell with a futile appearance.
Poor quality chassis, but also the user's health killer. We know that the chassis is not only used to place in the protection of accessories, but also has a positive effect on our health. But when it comes to poor-quality chassis, it's only counterproductive.
The principle of poor quality chassis is to save as much as possible, so not only can't see the EMI shrapnel, but even the front panel doesn't have a metal stopper. 0.5mm thickness of the thin plate can't block much electromagnetic radiation, which is a serious threat to the user's health.
At the same time, poor quality chassis often do not pay attention to the process of production, and even do not use engineering plastics. The chassis frame and cutting edge burrs are like a sharp knife, always threatening the user's safety. Often, after installing a computer, the user realizes that there are many more scars on their hands, but they don't know when they are left.
Second, the power supply
To be honest, the power supply industry is now too competitive, technology, price, the market is very transparent, so now e-commerce basically did not dare to do a low-priced inferior power out of the sale, because the cottage, inferior power supply market has long been branded low-priced power supply to occupy, resulting in the price of inferior cheap power supply is only 40, 50 yuan.
As an e-commerce, the most troublesome thing is to encounter because of poor quality power supply and lead to host failure after-sales, is simply a matter of a little bit of the whole body, which dozens of power supply simply can not make money. So generally will not be poor quality power supply on the Internet shopping shelves, will only be found in the second-hand market, Taobao sellers.
Let's talk briefly about the consequences of buying a poor quality, fake power supply too cheaply.
>>>> jerry-built
As we all know, the power supply belongs to a heap of products, its performance and price is directly linked to the material. Ultra-low-cost products must be material shrinkage, shrinkage does not only lead to power supply rated power low, poor conversion efficiency, more likely to lead to dead, power outages and other phenomena. The power supply will be GG for a long time.
In the online community, many of our friends have already given us a statement: "foreign garbage" power supply in the use of the sudden hanging without warning, the business encountered after-sales service and warranty directly stealth and black, which is typical of the greed of the big.
>>>> +12V output is limited
The +12V of the power supply is for the CPU and graphics card power supply, the CPU and graphics card accounted for most of the host's power consumption, so the 12V output power is a very important indicator of the power supply's output capability.
We know that cheap, low-quality power supplies are often falsely labeled as specifications for gimmicks, especially in terms of power, such as 650W power, without mentioning the rated or peak. And here also hide the output power value of each way, in order to cheat the rookie. Once you buy this poor quality power supply with limited +12V output. Even if you have enough auxiliary power supply ports, it always appears to be unable to carry the graphics card and CPU. Downclocking and crashes abound. This is the reason for the shrinking +12V output.
>>>> Power supply life is worrying
Poor quality materials brought about by the consequences of depreciation of life, this point we all have some **** knowledge. Looking at their own dozens of cheap geologic power supply frequent replacement frequency, looking at others hundreds of brand certified power supply staying power, cheap really can save money?
Introduction to the structure of the chassis power supply
EMI filter
EMI filtering system in the power supply is to filter out the impurities in the utility power, mainly filter out the high-frequency noise and interference with the signal. If there is no EMI filtering power supply, the power supply will produce electromagnetic radiation affecting the use of the entire platform. EMI filtering system makes the input current more pure and does not interfere with the work of the hardware. General common power supply will have one or two EMI filter. Some power supplies put a level of EMI filtering in the input power line legs, some power supplies will be done on the PCB board. A complete two-stage EMI filter circuit can effectively filter out the current noise and reduce the power supply internal electromagnetic interference. The connection between the primary EMI and secondary EMI circuits adds a magnetic ring to suppress EMI.
Rectifier Bridge
After the current is filtered and enters the PFC, it first passes through the rectifier bridge, which converts the AC power into DC power. Rectifier bridge in the work will have a lot of heat, the design of the power supply will be excellent rectifier bridge will be locked in the heat sink, some power supply will be two rectifier bridge directly designed in the PCB board, this does not take into account the adequate heat dissipation, is not reasonable.
PFC
The current coming out of the rectifier bridge goes into the PFC (Power Factor Correction). AC power becomes wave-like, and power supplies with PFC can utilize power not only near the peaks and valleys, but also near the peaks, improving utilization. The main capacitor (PFC capacitor) in addition to filtering, but also plays a role in storing power to ensure that a sudden power outage when there is a certain amount of power to support the role of computer hardware to respond. The main capacitor is generally labeled with capacity, temperature and voltage three values, the most important is the capacity specifications. Passive PFC is a larger inductor coil, its power correction factor can only go up to 0.8, and the input voltage range can not be too wide. Its power correction factor can easily reach more than 99%, the input voltage range can also reach 90-240V, but the cost is also correspondingly higher.
Transformer
Now the transformer is mainly used in the dual-tube forward structure and LLC structure, in the 400W power supply in the dual-tube forward structure is better than the performance of the LLC structure; in the 400W more than the use of LLC structure design, LLC is divided into the LLC half-bridge and the LLC full-bridge. LLC resonant structure of the power supply with the DC-DC module **** with the same, DC-DC module is very easy to use. DC-DC module is easy to recognize, most of the DC-DC module is in the power supply secondary side of the circuit part, and are placed with two PCB version of the vertical. Generally speaking, the power conversion rate of this structure can achieve the platinum standard, compared to the dual-tube forward structure, it is less costly, the dynamic performance is weaker, and you can make up for the defects by adding capacitors through a brainless pile of materials.
Voltage regulator system
Power supply voltage regulator structure has a single magnetic amplification, dual magnetic amplification or DC-DC structure. This structure affects the voltage offset of the outputs of +12V, +5V and +3.3V. DC-DC has the best control, followed by dual magnetic amplification, and the worst structure is single magnetic amplification.
Single-path magnetic amplification, which splits the +3.3V into a separate output, is characterized by a small coil near the main transformer. And +12V and +5V are controlled by PWM chip. So +12V high load will have a big impact on +5V output voltage. And there will be two coils at the location of the current stabilization structure to stabilize the +12V and +5V respectively.
Dual magnetic amplification, which separates +5V and +3.3V, is characterized by two small coils near the main transformer, and three large coils at the location of the current stabilizer structure corresponding to +12V, +5V, and +3.3V. Because +5V and +3.3V are independent, the impact of a high load on the other two output voltages is reduced when the +12V is loaded. This is a structure evolved from single-circuit magnetic amplification, which solves some of the defects that occur in the use of single-circuit magnetic amplification.
The DC-DC structure, which takes power from +12V and steps it down directly to +5V and +3.3V and then outputs it, so the +12V rating can be infinitely larger. This structure is the easiest to recognize, and there will be a vertical PCB with two coils in place of the current regulator structure.
Power protection IC chip
Power supplies are designed with protection chips that can monitor the output of +12V, +5V, and +3.3V, and realize the UVP (Under Voltage Protection), OVP (Over Voltage Protection), OCP (Over Current Protection), and SCP (Short Circuit Protection) of each output, and at the same time, some of the control chips provide OTP (Over Temperature Protection) or -
Onboard Power and Reset buttons are accompanied by a LED Debug Display that puts users in the driving seat when experimenting with different hardware configurations.
Three minutes to understand the chassis power supply terminology and related knowledge
Power Supply:
If you want to understand a power supply product, then you absolutely can not ignore the power supply nameplate. Generally speaking, the nameplates of regular power supply products are clearly labeled with parameters such as the power rating, power supply version, power supply output capability table, and relevant certification information. If the nameplate is not standardized, then we have to put a question mark on the quality of this power supply.
Power supply nameplate
Many users in the purchase of power supply often only know how many W power I want to buy, this time it is easy to be JS fooled, in the end, how many W you refer to the rated power or maximum (peak) power? In fact, the power of the power supply has a variety of methods of expression, generally we need to focus on the rated power and maximum (peak) power.
Rated power
Rated power is the power of the power supply manufacturers in accordance with the standards set by INTEL labeled power, there is not a specific formula. Generally speaking, it refers to the effective power that can be continuously output, that is, the power that can be stably output in the normal working environment of the power supply. Power rating is the most important parameter of a power supply, if the power rating of the power supply can not meet the needs of your computer, kind of. This means that you will be able to see the power of your computer's power supply, and you will be able to see the power of your computer's power source.
Power rating and maximum power
Maximum power
Maximum power
Maximum power refers to the maximum amount of power a power supply can deliver in a short period of time. Since a power supply cannot maintain stable operation at maximum (peak) power for a long period of time, it is not very meaningful to consumers.
Product model directly using the peak power
Currently on the domestic market a lot of power supply nameplate labeling is very non-standardized, such as, some of the models for the ______-500, but the rated power is 300W; or some simply printed directly on the maximum power of 400W; there are some even directly do not mark, which allows JS have a "free play" space. Free play" space, often take the "maximum (peak) power" as "rated power" to fool consumers.
Only marked the maximum power 400W
In addition, here we also need to make a special note, familiar with the power supply friends should know, in many Taiwan or foreign brands on the power supply we do not see the word rated power, this is because the current domestic power supply power labeling and they are not the same, can be briefly summarized as follows: rated power (domestic) = Maximum Power (Foreign) English often labeled as ma__ (total) power, maximum power (domestic) = peak power (foreign) English often labeled as peak power. why is this the case? The main reason is that some manufacturers have misinterpreted the meaning of maximum power, peak power, and intentionally confuse attempts to create confusion to fool consumers.
Active / passive PFC
At present, many power supply manufacturers advertise active PFC, conversion efficiency and so on, so for the power supply PFC circuit we also need to know more about. PFC (Power Factor Correction) that is, "power factor correction", the power factor refers to the power factor, the power factor of the power supply, the power factor of the power supply, the power factor of the power supply, the power factor of the power supply, the power factor of the power supply. ", the power factor refers to the effective power and total power consumption (apparent power) relationship between the effective power divided by the total power consumption (apparent power) ratio. Currently there are two types of PFC, a passive PFC (also known as passive PFC) and an active PFC (also known as active PFC).
Active PFC
Active PFC is mainly composed of high-frequency inductors, switching tubes, capacitors, and control IC and other components, can be simply summarized as a step-up switching power supply circuit, this circuit is characterized by the complexity of the construction, but the advantages of a lot of: power factor as high as 0.99, low-loss and high-reliability, the input voltage can be from 90V to 270V (wide range of inputs), and so on. Since the output DC voltage ripple is very small, the power supply with active PFC does not need to use a large capacity of filter capacitors.
Passive PFC
Passive PFC is usually a larger inductor, its internal silicon steel sheet by a number of external winding of copper wires and composition, it is the principle of inductive compensation method to improve the power factor by making the AC input of the fundamental wave current and the voltage between the phase difference between the reduction of passive PFC power factor is not very high, can only reach 0.7 ~ 0.8, so its efficiency is also relatively low. Therefore, its efficiency is also relatively low, the heat is also relatively large. Passive PFC is not useless, its structure is simple, stability performance is good, more suitable for low-end power supply.
However, it is important to note that "power factor" is not the same as "conversion efficiency". Nowadays, some vendors interpret the active 0.99 power factor to mean that they can get 99% power conversion efficiency, which is obviously not true. Although both are describing the concept of power saving, but for individuals the meaning of the two concepts are not the same. PFC "power factor" is high for the country to save money, and "conversion efficiency" is high for the user to save money.
AT__ Power Specification
The AT__ specification is a standard for motherboard and power supply architectures developed by Intel in 1995, and AT__ is an acronym for AT E__tend in English. AT__ 12V series and other stages. Currently, the prevailing power supply standard in China is the AT__ 2V standard, which can be divided into several versions such as AT__ 12V 1.2, AT__ 12V 1.3, AT__ 12V 2.0, AT__ 12V 2.2, AT__ 12V 2.3 and AT__ 12V 2.31.
The latest Intel AT__ 12V 2.31 version of the power supply specification
When we buy a power supply, we should try to choose a higher specification version of the power supply. First of all, the higher specification version of the power supply is fully backwards compatible, secondly, the new specification of the 12V, 5V, 3.3V and other output power distribution is usually more suitable for the current power requirements of computer accessories, at the same time, the higher specification version of the power supply also directly provides the current motherboard, graphics card, hard disk and other hardware required for the power supply interface without the need for additional adapters.
Power supply certifications
Looking at certification information is an important step when purchasing a power supply. To assess the quality of a power supply, start by checking to see if it has passed the necessary safety certifications. In general, the more certified a power supply is, the more reliable it is. Although many certifications are not necessary, but there is a certification is necessary, that is, in the current market sales of power supplies, must pass the national mandatory 3C certification before sales. Whenever the power supply market is rectified, there are many stores will be closed to avoid the wind, one of the point is likely to be part of its sales of power supply did not pass the 3C certification.
CCC(S) safety certification
3C: that is, "CCC", full name "China Compulsory Certification", the existing 3C certificate **** there are four versions: CCC (S) safety certification, CCC (S), CCC (S), CCC (S), CCC (S), CCC (S), CCC (S), CCC (S), CCC (S), CCC (S), CCC (S), CCC (S), and CCC (S). &E) safety and electromagnetic compatibility certification, CCC (EMC) electromagnetic compatibility certification, CCC (F) fire certification. Among them, CCC(S) only means that the safety standard has been passed. Being used is the CCC (S & amp; E) certification standards, it puts forward the power supply safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the two requirements, in the power supply to see the CCC (S & amp; E) logo, can be interpreted as it passed the 3C certification, which is any power supply products must meet the standards. Some of the miscellaneous power supply in the case of not through the 3C certification, may use a fake logo to deceive consumers, we need to pay attention.
The more certified a power supply is, the more reliable it is
In addition to the 3C certification, some high-quality power supplies are also FCC certified, which is a certification for electromagnetic interference. An FCC-certified power supply will be shielded from the electromagnetic interference that occurs when it works, eliminating harm to the human body. CE two words, from the French "Communate Europpene" abbreviation, meaning the European Union. CE mark is a safety certification mark, nature is somewhat similar to the "European 3C", where affixed with the "CE". "The CE mark is a safety certification mark similar to the European 3C mark, which is affixed to products that can be sold within each member state of the European Union without meeting the requirements of each member state, thus realizing the free flow of goods within the European Union member states.
80PLUS certification
In addition, are now advocating energy saving and emission reduction, 80PLUS certification is to accelerate the development of energy saving, is a high power conversion efficiency of a symbol. The certification requirement is to integrate the system's internal power supply so that the power supply can achieve over 80% power usage efficiency at 20%, 50% and 100% load points. Through the 80PLUS certified power supply will have a higher conversion efficiency than ordinary power supply, but also more energy-saving and money-saving, many domestic manufacturers have launched the certified power supply products. Obtained. In addition, the EMI filter circuit and the PFC circuit is particularly false, some power supply completely without EMI, PFC circuit, some PFC circuit is a block of iron, cement forgery, we need to pay attention to when buying, try to choose the higher visibility of the brand products.
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