The difference between capital circulation form and commodity circulation form. Labor force is an important condition for commodities. The use value and value of labor commodities. Capitalist production process and its characteristics. The difference between constant capital and variable capital and its significance. The relationship between the role of production factors such as land, equipment and raw materials in commodity production and the value created by labor. Surplus value rate. Wage is the transformation form of labor value or price.
Absolute surplus value production and relative surplus value production. Excess surplus value.
Capital accumulation. Organic composition of capital. Accumulation and concentration of capital.
Surplus value is converted into profit. Profits are converted into average profits. Commodity value is converted into production price. Commercial capital and commercial profit. Borrowing capital and interest. Bank capital and bank profit. Equity and dividends. Land ownership and rent. Land price
2. The characteristics of monopoly capitalist relations of production
Two stages of capitalist development. Production concentration and the formation of private monopoly. Monopoly has become an important economic base of capitalism. The relationship between monopoly and competition. Monopoly profits. Monopoly price.
The emergence and development of state monopoly capitalism. The essence and dual functions of state monopoly capitalism.
3. The historical process of capitalist development
The development of the basic contradiction of capitalism. The inevitability and long-term nature of socialism replacing capitalism.
Key points:
First, the nature of capitalist relations of production
The essence of capitalist relations of production is the employment system based on private ownership of means of production. It is the premise of capitalist relations of production that labor becomes commodities and laborers become workers.
1, the concept of capital
Capital is the value that can bring surplus value. Money is the initial and general form of capital, but money is not capital. The difference between money and capital is indistinguishable in static state, that is, it is impossible to judge whether it is capital from money itself. If we want to judge, we must look at the process of movement, that is, from the perspective of currency circulation and capital circulation, in order to judge the difference between the two. Capital includes the following meanings:
(1), capital can show various forms of value. It can be something, money, tangible or intangible, but it must be valuable.
(2) Capital is the value that can increase the value. The proliferation ability of capital is the most fundamental feature of capital.
(3), must increase the value in the operation. The ultimate source of proliferation preparation is labor.
The essence of capital must be understood from two aspects: natural attribute and social attribute:
From the point of view of natural attributes, capital is a unique category of commodity economy, and it obtains the value of value proliferation by occupying and controlling surplus labor in continuous movement. It is an indispensable element of social production and management, and capital itself does not reflect social relations;
From the perspective of social attributes, the connection between capital and a certain social system and ownership of means of production will inevitably reflect the essential characteristics of society, social relations and historical relations of production.
Capital has the following characteristics: proliferation, reward, mobility, risk and sociality (capital has the social attribute of production relations). These five characteristics are closely related. For capital owners, return is the premise, proliferation is the purpose, risk is the pressure and motivation, and exercise is the condition to achieve proliferation; But any form of capital is a concrete manifestation of certain social relations of production.
1, simple commodity circulation formula
W (commodity) -G (currency) -W (commodity). This formula represents the exchange of one use value with another. The purpose of commodity producers selling commodities is to buy another use value with money to meet their own needs, and to sell them for purchase.
2. General formula of capital cycle
G (currency) -w (commodity) -g? (multiplication currency). The capital here refers to industrial capital, commercial capital and loan capital (g-g? Just a simplification of this formula).
The connection between simple commodity circulation and capital circulation: both are the unity of buying and selling.
The difference between simple commodity circulation and capital circulation: (easy to test multiple-choice questions)
(1), different forms of movement, different starting points and ending points, and different circulation media.
(2) the purpose of circulation is different, that is, the pursuit of goods is different. The purpose of simple commodity circulation is consumption and the pursuit of use value, while the purpose of capital circulation is the pursuit of exchange value itself.
(3) The contents of circulation are different. The two poles of simple commodity circulation are commodities with different use values, and the two poles of capital circulation are homogeneous currencies with different quantities.
(4) The movement limit of circulation is different. The circulation of simple commodities is buying and selling, with the purpose of possessing some use value, and its movement is limited to meeting some needs. Capital circulation is selling and buying, with the purpose of obtaining exchange value, trying to obtain the most wealth through the continuous increase of quantity, and there is no limit to movement.
(5) The movement of value is different. In simple commodity circulation, the movement of value disappears as soon as the circulation process is over. In capital circulation, the movement of value will never disappear, and capital value will become an automatic subject, self-preservation, self-increase and continuous proliferation.
Capital circulation is different from the most essential characteristics of commodity circulation. It can proliferate in value, and it is endless self-proliferation. It is this movement of value self-proliferation that transforms money into capital.
The contradiction of capital general formula: the contradiction between value proliferation and value law. On the surface, surplus value comes from circulation. In fact, this is an illusion, and the circulation process cannot add value. Because if the exchange is carried out according to the principle of equivalent exchange, any party will gain and lose, and value proliferation is impossible. If the exchange is carried out according to the principle of inequality, what one party gets is what the other party loses, and the total value will not increase, but the distribution of the total value in society has changed. However, the generation of surplus value cannot leave the circulation field. If you leave the circulation, the commodity owner will not have any exchange relationship with others, so there will be no value proliferation. Therefore, value proliferation "cannot be produced from circulation, nor can it be produced from circulation." It must be produced in circulation, not in circulation. "This is the condition to solve the contradiction in the general formula of Capital. (Easy-to-test analysis questions or multiple-choice questions)
The key to solve the above contradiction is that labor becomes a commodity, which is also the premise of converting money into capital. Labor commodity theory is an important part of surplus value theory. Labor force becoming a commodity is the social foundation and prerequisite for the generation and existence of surplus value, and it is also the decisive condition for the establishment of capitalist production relations.
3, labor goods
Labor is the ability that exists in human body, which is different from labor. Labor is the process of labor exertion, which includes both human physical strength and brain power. Labor can only be realized in the labor of producing and using value. It is a waste of labor to be able to work without working. Labor to become a commodity must meet the following two conditions:
(1), workers have personal freedom and can freely control all their own labor; (2) The laborer has nothing on the means of production. You can only make a living by selling your own labor. What the labor force sells is not the ownership of the labor force, but the regular use right of the labor force.
The above two conditions were gradually formed on the basis of polarization of small commodity producers at the end of feudal society. In the labor market, capitalists and workers seem to have an "equal" relationship. But as soon as we entered the production field, the situation changed. At this time, the use value of labor belongs to capitalists. In the process of production, capitalists can use labor at will during working hours, forcing them to create surplus value for themselves. At this time, the veil of "equality" will fall off and the essence of inequality will be revealed.
4, the use value and labor value of goods
The particularity of labor commodity: the value of labor force is determined by the value of means of subsistence necessary for labor reproduction, which includes three parts: (1) the value of means of subsistence necessary for laborers to recover their physical strength and brain power; (two) the value of the means of subsistence necessary for the workers to raise their children; (3) Staff education and training expenses.
In addition, the determination of the value of the labor force also contains historical and moral factors, that is, the types and quantities of the necessary means of subsistence of workers refer not only to the minimum physiological needs of people, but also to the needs of maintaining the normal life of workers under certain social and historical conditions, because it is related to the economic and cultural development level of this country or region. This is an important feature that distinguishes labor commodities from other commodities. Therefore, the value of labor goods is relative and dynamic, and cannot be measured by absolute and static standards.
In labor goods, the use value plays a decisive role for capitalists. The use value of labor commodity is the most important feature of labor commodity-its characteristic is that it is the source of value, which is greater than the value of labor itself. The use value of labor commodity is the source of value. This is different from the use value of other commodities. The use value of other commodities is exhausted after use, but the new value created by the labor force in the process of use is greater than the value of the labor force itself, and the excess is the surplus value. The purpose of capitalist buying labor force is to ask labor force to create surplus value for him. (easy to take multiple choice questions)
Labor commodity theory plays an important role in political economy;
(1), which solved the long-standing unresolved problem in the history of political economy. Marx pointed out for the first time that labor and labor are two different economic categories. It laid a scientific foundation for the theory of surplus value. Scientifically reveals the special use value of labor goods, which is the only real source of surplus value.
(2) The theory of labor commodity reveals the secret of capital proliferation, which is the key to solve the contradiction of capital general formula.
(3) The theory of labor commodity reveals the essence of the relationship between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. The relationship between them is not "freedom" or "equality" at all, but the relationship between exploitation and exploitation, oppression and oppression. Workers are essentially tools to produce surplus value for capitalists.
5. The capitalist production process is the unity of labor process and value-added process (duality).
(1) There are two characteristics that distinguish the capitalist labor process from other social labor processes: first, the laborer works under the supervision of the capitalist, and his labor belongs to the capitalist; Secondly, all the fruits or products of labor are owned by capitalists.
(2) the production of surplus value, that is, the process of value appreciation, is the fundamental purpose of capitalist production. According to the duality of labor, the worker's concrete labor transfers the value of production materials to new products, while his abstract labor condenses on commodities, forming new values. The process of value multiplication is the process of value formation extending beyond a certain point. This determination point is the labor time required for the laborer to compensate the labor value, that is, the necessary labor time. The surplus labor of workers becomes the source of surplus value.
Therefore, there are two key points to understand the process of value multiplication. One is the duality of labor, that is, the combination of specific labor and means of production creates use value, transfers the old value of consumed means of production, and creates new value by abstract labor. Second, the value created by labor is greater than the value of labor itself.
In the process of labor, capitalists require workers to produce some kind of use value, but production and use value are not the fundamental purpose of capitalists, but his purpose is to obtain surplus value. The reason why we must attach importance to the use value is because the use value is the material undertaker of the value. Therefore, the capitalist production process is the unity of labor process and value multiplication process, and capitalists are most concerned about value multiplication, that is, production surplus value.
(3) The essence of surplus value is that the part of the value created by hired workers that exceeds the labor value is occupied by capitalists free of charge. It directly reflects the exploitation of hired workers by capitalists, and the essence of capitalist production is the production of surplus value. The essence of capitalist relations of production is an employment system based on the private ownership of capitalist means of production.
The labor process and the value multiplication process are the relationship between means and ends: the value multiplication process is the purpose of capitalist production. "The labor process is only the means of the value multiplication process, and the value multiplication process itself is essentially the production of surplus value, that is, the materialized process of unpaid labor.