The great inventions of the 20th century
As the New Year bell rang in 2001, people took solid steps into the 21st century. Standing at the threshold of the turn of the century, looking back on the past and looking forward to the future, we are full of excitement and thoughts...
In the 20th century, mankind has made brilliant achievements, from the creation of quantum theory and relativity to the development of atomic energy. application, the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA, the take-off of information technology, and the drawing of the working draft of the human genome, profound changes have taken place in world science and technology. Major breakthroughs have been made in information technology, biotechnology, new material technology, advanced manufacturing technology, marine technology, aerospace technology, etc., which have greatly improved social productivity.
As one of the greatest inventions of mankind in the 20th century, robotic technology has made great progress in 40 years of development since its advent in the early 1960s. After experiencing the birth-growth-maturity period, industrial robots have become indispensable core equipment in the manufacturing industry. There are about 750,000 industrial robots in the world fighting side by side with workers and friends on various fronts. As a rising star in the robot family, special robots have a tendency to catch up due to their wide range of uses. Special robots for various purposes such as humanoid robots, agricultural robots, service robots, underwater robots, medical robots, military robots, and entertainment robots have been launched one after another. , and is moving towards practicality at a rapid speed.
People often ask why we need to develop robots? We say that the emergence and rapid development of robots is inevitable for social and economic development. It is to improve the production level of society and the quality of human life, so that robots can do jobs for people that people cannot or cannot do well. In real life, some jobs can cause harm to the human body, such as spray painting, heavy object handling, etc.; some jobs require high quality and are difficult for people to perform for a long time, such as automobile welding, precision assembly, etc.; some jobs cannot be immersed in the scene. For example, volcano exploration, deep-sea exploration, space exploration, etc.; some jobs are not suitable for humans, such as some harsh environments, some boring and repetitive work, etc.; these are places where robots can show their talents. Service robots can also provide you with medical treatment, health care, cleaning and security; underwater robots can help salvage sunken ships and lay cables; engineering robots can go up into the mountains and dig holes to build roads; agricultural robots can cultivate, sow, fertilize and eliminate insects; military robots can charge into battle. , mine clearance and bomb removal...
There is a lot of confusion about robots in society today. Some people think that robots are omnipotent. These friends know robots from movies, TV, and novels. In their eyes, robots are omnipotent machines with magical powers. When they see real robots, they think that current robots are too ordinary and cannot be called robots. Some people think that a robot is a human and must be shaped like a human. How can it be called a robot if it does not look like a human? However, in reality, the vast majority of robots do not look like humans, which makes many robot enthusiasts disappointed. Some people think that when robots are put on the job, workers will be laid off, and they regard robots as competitors. They do not expect that robots will do many useful things for people, promote the development of industries, and create more job opportunities for humans.
The definition of robot
In the scientific and technological world, scientists will give a clear definition to every scientific and technological term. However, decades after the advent of robots, the definition of robots still differs from person to person. Wisdom, there is no unified opinion. One reason is that robots are still developing, and new models and new functions are constantly emerging. The fundamental reason is mainly because robots involve the concept of human beings and become a philosophical question that is difficult to answer. Just like the word robot was first born in science fiction novels, people are full of fantasies about robots. Perhaps it is precisely because of the vague definition of robots that it gives people ample room for imagination and creativity.
Robot command
In fact, it is not that people do not want to give a complete definition of robots. Since the birth of robots, people have been constantly trying to explain what a robot is. However, with the rapid development of robotics technology and the advent of the information age, the content covered by robots is becoming more and more abundant, and the definition of robots is also constantly enriched and innovated.
In 1886, the French writer Lil Adam named the human-looking machine "Android" in his novel "The Eve of the Future". It consists of 4 parts:
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1. Life system (balance, walking, vocalization, body swing, feeling, expression, regulating movement, etc.);
2. Modeling solution (metal covering that allows joints to move freely, A kind of armor);
3. Artificial muscles (the above-mentioned armor has various forms of the body such as flesh, veins, gender, etc.);
4. Artificial skin (containing skin color, mechanics, contours, hair, vision, teeth, claws, etc.).
In 1920, Czech writer Karel Capek published the science fiction script "Rosam's Universal Robot". In the script, Capek wrote the Czech word "Robota" as "Robot", and "Robota" means slave. The play foretells the tragic impact of the development of robots on human society, which has attracted widespread attention and is regarded as the origin of the word robot. In the play, robots work silently according to the orders of their masters, without feelings and emotions, and perform heavy labor in a dull manner. Later, Rossam's company succeeded in making robots have emotions, which led to a rapid increase in the application sectors of robots. Robots have become indispensable in factories and household chores. The robots found that humans were very selfish and unfair, and finally rebelled. The robots had excellent physical and intellectual abilities, so they destroyed humans.
But the robots didn't know how to make themselves and thought they would soon become extinct, so they started looking for human survivors, but to no avail. In the end, a pair of male and female robots with better perception than other robots fell in love. At this time, robots evolved into humans, and the world came back to life.
What Capek raised was the issue of robot safety, perception and self-reproduction. The advancement of science and technology is likely to cause problems that humans do not want. Although the science fiction world is just an imagination, human society may face this reality.
In order to prevent robots from harming humans, science fiction writer Asimov proposed the "Three Principles of Robotics" in 1940:
1. Robots should not harm humans;
2. Robots should obey human orders, except those that violate the first article;
3. Robots should be able to protect themselves, except those that conflict with the first article.
This is the ethical program given to robots. The robotics academic community has always regarded these three principles as guidelines for robot development.
At the first robotics academic conference held in Japan in 1967, two representative definitions were proposed. The first is what Masahiro Mori and Shuhei Ada put forward: "A robot is a flexible machine with seven characteristics: mobility, individuality, intelligence, versatility, semi-mechanical and semi-human nature, automation, and slaveness." Starting from this definition, Masahiro Mori proposed using 10 characteristics to express the characteristics of robots, including automation, intelligence, individuality, semi-mechanical and semi-human, operability, versatility, information, flexibility, limitedness, and mobility. image. The other one proposed by Kato Ichiro is that a machine with the following three conditions is called a robot:
1. An individual with three elements such as brain, hands, and feet;
2. Contact sensors (receiving distant information with eyes and ears) and contact sensors;
3. Sensors with balance sense and intrinsic sense.
Ceremonial Robot
This definition emphasizes that the robot should be human-like, that is, it relies on its hands to operate, its feet to move, and its brain to complete the unified command function. Non-contact sensors and contact sensors are equivalent to human facial features, allowing robots to recognize the external environment, while balance sense and intrinsic sense are indispensable sensors for robots to perceive their own status. What is described here is not an industrial robot but an autonomous robot.
The definition of robots is diverse, and the reason is that it has a certain degree of ambiguity. Animals generally have the above elements, so while robots are understood as human-like machines, robots can also be understood in a broad sense as animal-like machines.
In 1988, Espio of France defined robots as: "Robotics refers to the design of a pre-planned operating system based on sensor information, and the use of this system as the research object."
In 1987, the International Organization for Standardization defined industrial robots: "An industrial robot is a programmable operating machine with automatic control of operation and movement functions that can complete various tasks."
The definition of robots by Chinese scientists is: "A robot is an automated machine. The difference is that this machine has some intelligent abilities similar to humans or living things, such as perception, planning, action and collaboration. , is an automated machine with high flexibility.” In the process of researching and developing robots operating in unknown and uncertain environments, people gradually realize that the essence of robotics technology is the combination of perception, decision-making, action and interaction technology. As people's understanding of the intelligent nature of robot technology deepens, robot technology has begun to penetrate into various fields of human activities. Combining the application characteristics of these fields, people have developed a variety of special robots and various intelligent machines with sensing, decision-making, action and interaction capabilities, such as mobile robots, micro-robots, underwater robots, medical robots, military robots, Aerial space robots, entertainment robots, etc. The adaptability to different tasks and special environments is also an important difference between robots and general automation equipment. The appearance of these robots has been far away from the shape of the original humanoid robots and industrial robots. They are more in line with the special requirements of various application fields. Their functions and intelligence have also been greatly enhanced, thus opening up more new possibilities for robotics technology. Broad space for development.
Song Jian, President of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, pointed out: "The progress and application of robotics are the most convincing achievements of automatic control in the 20th century and are automation in the highest sense of the contemporary world." Robot technology integrates the development results of multiple disciplines and represents the development frontier of high technology. Its continuous expansion in the application fields of human life is causing the international community to re-recognize the role and influence of robot technology.
Classification of robots
There is no unified international standard on how to classify robots. Some are classified according to load weight, some according to control methods, and some according to degrees of freedom. , some are divided by structure, and some are divided by application fields. The general classification methods are shown in the table:
Classification name
Brief explanation
Operational robots
can be automatically controlled and can be programmed repeatedly. Multifunctional, has several degrees of freedom, can be fixed or movable, and is used in related automation systems.
Programmable robots
Control the mechanical movements of the robot in sequence according to the pre-required order and conditions.
Teaching and reproducing robots
Through guidance or other methods, first teach the robot movements, input the work program, and the robot will automatically repeat the operation.
CNC type robot
It is not necessary to make the robot move. The robot is taught through numerical values, language, etc., and the robot performs operations based on the taught information.
Sensation-controlled robots
Use information obtained from sensors to control the robot's movements.
Adaptive control robot
The robot can adapt to changes in the environment and control its own actions.
Learning-controlled robots
Robots can "experience" work experience, have certain learning functions, and use the "learned" experience at work.
Intelligent robot
A robot that uses artificial intelligence to determine its actions.
Based on the application environment, robot experts in our country divide robots into two major categories, namely industrial robots and special robots. The so-called industrial robots are multi-joint manipulators or multi-degree-of-freedom robots oriented to the industrial field. Special robots are various advanced robots other than industrial robots that are used in non-manufacturing industries and serve humans, including: service robots, underwater robots, entertainment robots, military robots, agricultural robots, robotic machines, etc.
Among special robots, some branches are developing rapidly and have a tendency to form independent systems, such as service robots, underwater robots, military robots, micro-operation robots, etc. At present, international roboticists divide robots into two categories based on their application environment: industrial robots in manufacturing environments and service and humanoid robots in non-manufacturing environments. This is consistent with our country's classification.
Ancient robot
The emergence of the word robot and the advent of the world's first industrial robot are both in recent decades. However, people's fantasy and pursuit of robots has a history of more than 3,000 years. Humans hope to create a human-like machine that can complete various tasks in place of humans.
Robot Carriage
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, Yanshi, a skilled craftsman in my country, developed a singing and dancing actor, which was the earliest recorded robot in my country.
In the late Spring and Autumn Period, Lu Ban, a famous carpenter in my country, was also an inventor in machinery. According to the "Mo Jing", he once made a wooden bird that could fly in the air for "three days." , embodies the wisdom and wisdom of our country’s working people.
In the 2nd century BC, the ancient Greeks of Alexander's time invented the most primitive robot-the automaton. It is a moving statue powered by water, air and steam pressure. It can open doors on its own and sing with the help of steam.
In the Han Dynasty 1800 years ago, the great scientist Zhang Heng not only invented the seismograph, but also invented the gili drum cart. Every time the drum cart travels one mile, the wooden man on the car beats the drum once, and every ten miles the bell strikes.
During the Three Kingdoms period of the Later Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang, the Prime Minister of Shu, successfully created the "Wooden Ox and Flowing Horse" and used it to transport military supplies and support frontline wars.
In 1662, Japan's Takeda Omi used clock technology to invent an automatic machine doll and performed it at Dotonbori in Osaka.
In 1738, the talented French technician Jack de Vaxon invented a robotic duck that could quack, swim, drink, eat and excrete. Waxon's original intention was to mechanize biological functions for medical analysis.
Writing Robot
Among the automatic dolls at that time, the most outstanding ones were the Swiss watchmaker Jack Dauros and his son Leigh-Louis Dauros. In 1773, they successively launched automatic writing dolls, automatic playing dolls, etc. The automatic dolls they created were made using the principles of gears and clockwork. Some of them painted with brushes and colors, and some held goose feathers dipped in ink to write. Their structures were ingenious and their costumes were gorgeous, and they were all the rage in Europe. Due to the technical limitations of the time, these dolls were actually giant toys one meter tall. The earliest robot preserved today is a girl doll in the Nusatier Historical Museum in Switzerland. It was made two hundred years ago. The ten fingers of its two hands can press the keys of the organ to play music. It is still played regularly today. For visitors to enjoy, it shows the wisdom of ancient people.
In the mid-19th century, automatic dolls were divided into two schools, namely the science fiction school and the mechanical production school, and each found its own place in literature, art and modern technology. In 1831, Goethe published "Faust" and created the artificial human being "Homicide"; in 1870, Hoffmann published the work "Coppelia" with an automatic doll as the protagonist; in 1883, Collodi's "Puppet" "Adventures" came out; "The Eve of the Future" came out in 1886. In terms of mechanical manufacturing, in 1893 Moore built the "Steam Man", which relied on steam to drive its legs to move around in a circle.
After entering the 20th century, the research and development of robots has received more and more attention and support. Some practical robots have come out one after another. In 1927, Wentzley, an engineer from the American Westinghouse Company, built the first robot. "Telegraph Box" and exhibited at the World's Fair in New York. It is an electric robot equipped with a radio transmitter that can answer some questions, but the robot cannot move. In 1959, the first industrial robot (programmable, circular coordinate) was born in the United States, ushering in a new era of robot development.
Modern Robots
The research on modern robots began in the mid-20th century. Its technical background is the development of computers and automation, as well as the development and utilization of atomic energy.
Robotic automobile welding production line
Since the advent of the first digital electronic computer in 1946, computers have made amazing progress, developing towards high speed, large capacity, and low price.
The urgent need for mass production promoted the progress of automation technology, and one of the results was the birth of CNC machine tools in 1952. Research on control and mechanical parts related to CNC machine tools has laid the foundation for the development of robots.
On the other hand, the harsh environment of atomic energy laboratories requires certain operating machinery to handle radioactive materials instead of humans. Against the background of this demand, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission's Argonne Research Institute developed a remote-controlled manipulator in 1947, and a mechanical master-slave manipulator in 1948.
Riveting robot
In 1954, Dai Vol in the United States first proposed the concept of industrial robots and applied for a patent. The key point of this patent is to use servo technology to control the joints of the robot and use human hands to teach the robot movements. The robot can record and reproduce the movements. This is the so-called teaching reproduction robot. Almost all existing robots adopt this control method.
The earliest practical models (teaching reproduction) of robot products were the "VERSTRAN" launched by the American AMF Company in 1962 and the "UNIMATE" launched by the UNIMATION Company. The control methods of these industrial robots are roughly similar to CNC machine tools, but their appearance characteristics are very different. They are mainly composed of human-like hands and arms.
In 1965, MIT's Robots demonstrated the first robot system with a vision sensor that could identify and locate simple building blocks.
Robot Dog
In 1967, Japan established the Artificial Hand Research Association (now renamed the Biomimetic Mechanism Research Association), and the first Japanese Robotics Academic Conference was held in the same year.
The first International Industrial Robot Academic Conference was held in the United States in 1970. After 1970, robot research became rapidly and widely popularized.
In 1973, Richard Haun of Cincinnati Milacron built the first industrial robot controlled by a small computer. It was hydraulically driven and could lift a payload of up to 45 kilograms. .
It was not until 1980 that industrial robots became truly popular in Japan, so that year was called the “Year of Robots”.
Subsequently, industrial robots have developed greatly in Japan, and Japan has won the reputation of "the kingdom of robots".
Autonomous submersible
With the rapid development of computer technology and artificial intelligence technology, the functionality and technical level of robots have been greatly improved, and the vision of mobile robots and robots Technologies such as touch and touch are typical representatives. Due to the development of these technologies, the extension of the robot concept has been promoted. In the 1980s, systems with the ability to feel, think, make decisions and act were called intelligent robots, which is a general concept with a wide range of meanings. This concept not only guides the research and application of robot technology, but also gives robot technology huge space for further development. Underwater robots, space robots, aerial robots, ground robots, micro robots and other robots for various purposes have come out one after another. , many dreams became reality. The diffusion and penetration of robot technology (such as sensing technology, intelligent technology, control technology, etc.) into various fields has formed a variety of new machines - robotic machines. The current interaction and integration with information technology have given rise to the names "software robots" and "network robots", which also illustrates the innovative vitality of robots.
Robot hands
If a robot wants to imitate part of the behavioral characteristics of animals, it should naturally have part of the functions of the animal brain. The robot's brain is the computer we are familiar with. But it’s not enough to just have a computer giving orders. The most basic thing is to equip the robot with various sensory organs.
Here we focus on introducing the "hands" and "feet" of the robot.
The robot must have "hands" and "feet" so that it can move according to the "commands" issued by the computer. "Hands" and "feet" are not only a mechanism for executing commands, they should also have the function of recognition, which is what we usually call "touch". Since the auditory and visual organs of animals and humans cannot sense all natural information, the tactile organs exist and develop. Animals rely on their tactile organs to feel the softness, hardness, coldness, heat, etc. of objects. When you can't see an object clearly in the dark, you often have to touch it with your hands to figure it out. In order for the brain to control the hands and feet to complete designated tasks, the information obtained from the touch of the hands and feet also needs to be fed back to the brain to adjust the movements and make them appropriate. Therefore, the hands we install on the robot should be a pair of dexterous "hands" that can "touch" and have recognition capabilities.
Robot hands are generally composed of square palms and jointed fingers. To make it tactile, touch-sensitive elements (such as sensitive spring dynamometers) with elastic contacts are installed on the palm and fingers. If you want to sense the cold or heat, you can also install a thermal sensor. When an object is touched, the touch-sensitive element emits a contact signal, otherwise it emits no signal. A delicate potentiometer (a component that uses rotation to change the resistance of a circuit and thereby output a current signal) is installed on the connecting shaft of each knuckle. It can convert the bending angle of the finger into "shape bending information." The shape bending information and the "contact information" generated by each knuckle are sent to the electronic computer, and the shape and size of the object grasped by the manipulator can be quickly judged through calculation.
Now, the robot's hand has dexterous finger, wrist, elbow and shoulder blade joints, which can stretch and swing flexibly, and the wrist can also rotate and bend. The weight of the thing being grasped can also be felt through the sensors on the fingers. It can be said that it already has many functions of the human hand.
In many actual situations, such complex multi-section artificial fingers are not necessarily needed, but only pincer-shaped fingers that can reach and move objects from various angles. In 1966, the U.S. Navy used the robot "Covo" equipped with pincer-shaped artificial fingers to retrieve a hydrogen bomb that fell into the Spanish coast due to a plane crash from a depth of 750 meters. In 1967, the American spacecraft "Probe 3" sent a remotely operated robot to the moon. Under the control of people on earth, it can dig soil samples from a depth of 40 centimeters on the lunar surface in an area of ??about two square meters, and place them in prescribed locations. It can also perform preliminary analysis on the samples, such as determining the soil quality. Hardness, weight, etc. It paved the way for the "Apollo" manned spacecraft to land on the moon.
Robot Eyes
Human eyes are windows of perception. More than 80% of human information is acquired through vision. Can "artificial eyes" be created so that machines can also resemble humans? How to read words, hyphenate words and see things in this way is an important topic in intelligent automation. The theory, methods and techniques of machine recognition are called pattern recognition. The so-called pattern refers to the identified event or process. It can be a physical entity, such as text, pictures, etc., or it can be an abstract virtual entity, such as climate, etc. The machine recognition system is similar to the human visual system and consists of information acquisition, information processing and feature extraction, decision classification and other parts.
Machine recognition
As we all know, letters put into the mailbox need to be sorted by post office workers before they can be sent to various places. One person can only sort 2-3,000 letters a day. Now using machine sorting, the efficiency can be improved more than ten times. The principle of machine character recognition is roughly similar to the process of human character recognition. First analyze the input postal code and extract features. If the input is a 6-character, the feature is that there is a circle at the bottom and a straight road or a turn in the upper left part. The second step is comparison, that is, comparing these features with the features of the ten symbols originally specified in the machine from 0 to 9. Which number has the most similar features is that number. This type of recognition is essentially called classification. In pattern recognition theory, this method is called statistical recognition method.
In addition to being used in the postal system, the research results of robot recognition can also be used in direct input of handwritten programs, government office automation, bank totals, statistics, automatic typesetting, etc.
Machine drawing recognition
Existing machine tool processing of parts depends entirely on the operator reading the drawings. Can a robot be used to identify drawings? This is the problem of machine image recognition. In addition to the above-mentioned statistical methods, machine image recognition methods also include linguistic methods, which are based on the connection between vision and language in the process of human recognition. Decompose the image into some basic elements such as straight lines, diagonal lines, polylines, points, arcs, etc., and study the rules according to which they form the image. That is, starting from the structure, check which type of "sentence pattern" the image to be recognized belongs to, and whether Conform to the pre-specified syntax. According to this principle, if the syntax is correct, it can be recognized.
Machine image recognition has a wide range of application fields. In modern industry, agriculture, national defense, scientific experiments and medical treatment, it involves a large number of image processing and recognition problems.
Machine recognition of objects
Machine recognition of objects is a three-dimensional recognition system. Generally, a television camera is used as the information input system. According to the principle that people mainly rely on light and dark information, color information, distance information, etc. to recognize scenes, the system for machine recognition of objects also inputs these three types of information, but the method is different. Due to the different shooting directions of the TV cameras, various graphics can be obtained, such as extracting the unique characteristics of the cube such as the number of edges, the number of vertices, and the number of parallel line groups, and referring to the object feature table stored in the computer in advance. The cube is identified.
Currently, machines can recognize objects of simple shapes. There has also been progress in research work on the recognition of complex-shaped objects such as curved objects and electronic components, as well as the recognition of outdoor scenes. Object recognition is mainly used for appearance inspection of industrial products, sorting and assembly of workpieces, etc.
Robot nose
People can smell the smell of substances and distinguish the chemical composition of surrounding substances. This is all achieved by the adhesive mold part of the upper nasal passage. In this area of ??the human nose, there are five million olfactory cells distributed in an area of ??only five square centimeters. Olfactory cells are stimulated by substances and generate nerve impulses that are transmitted to the brain, resulting in the sense of smell. The human nose is actually a very sophisticated gas analyzer. The human nose is quite sensitive. Even if one part of 25 billion of ethyl mercaptan (a special chemical with an unusual odor) is put into a liter of water, the human nose can smell it.
The robot's nose is also made of an automatic gas analyzer. Our country has successfully developed an olfactory instrument. This gas analyzer can not only smell more than 40 kinds of gases such as acetone and chloroform, but also can smell carbon monoxide (that is, we cannot smell it but can cause death). Commonly used gas). This olfactometer has a probe made of tin dioxide, palladium chloride and other substances sintered (equivalent to a nasal glue mold). When it encounters certain types of gas, its resistance changes, so that it can make corresponding displays through electronic circuits and alarm with light or sound. At the same time, this olfactory sensor can also be used to detect the location of air leaks in pipelines buried underground.
There are now many types of automatic gas analyzers made using various principles, which are widely used in detecting poisonous gases, analyzing gas components in spacecraft cockpits, and monitoring the environment.
The principles and displays of these gas analyzers are related to electrical phenomena, so people call them electronic noses. By combining an electronic nose with an electronic computer, you can create a robot's olfactory system.
Robot Ears
Human ears are the sensory organs second only to the eyes. Sound waves hit the eardrum, causing impulses on the auditory nerves. The impulses are transmitted to the auditory area of ??the brain, thus causing human hearing. Robot ears are usually made using "microphones" or tape recorders. The ear of a remote-controlled robot sent to space is itself a radio receiver.
Human ears are very sensitive. The faintest sound we can hear exerts a pressure on the eardrum of only a few billionths of a kilogram per square centimeter. This pressure is only a few billionths of the atmospheric pressure. However, the "ear" made of a piezoelectric material called barium titanate is more sensitive than the human ear. Even the sound waves reflected by something as small as a matchstick can be "heard" clearly by it.
If such ears are used to monitor grain depots, the sound of a small insect crawling in two to three kilograms of grain can be accurately "heard" by it.
The reason why "ears" made of piezoelectric materials can hear sounds is that the piezoelectric material can generate voltage when it is subjected to tension or pressure, and this voltage can cause changes in the circuit. . This characteristic is called the piezoelectric effect. When it is continuously stretched or compressed under the action of sound waves, a current that changes with the change of the sound signal is generated. This current is amplified by an amplifier and sent to the electronic computer (equivalent to the hearing area of ??the human brain) for processing. , the robot can hear the sound.
But being able to hear sounds is only the first step. What is more important is to be able to recognize different sounds. At present, people have successfully developed a device that can recognize continuous speech. It can recognize the voice of someone who is not a specific person at a rate of 99%. This technology allows electronic computers to start to "obey". This will greatly reduce the special requirements for electronic computer operators. The operator can directly issue instructions to the electronic computer with his mouth, which changes the situation where the hands and eyes are busy while the mouth and ears are idle when operating the machine. One person can use his voice to control machines in all directions at the same time, and can also issue instructions to machines upstairs and downstairs at the same time, and does not require lighting, so it is very suitable for working at night or underground. This technology has also greatly accelerated the process of automating services such as automatic answering of calls, booking of tickets, and information search.
People are still studying how robots can identify people's mental states through sounds. People hope that future robots can not only understand what people say, but also understand people's joy, anger, surprise, hesitation and Ambiguity and other emotions. These will bring great development space to the application of robots.
Without robots, people will become machines
With the development of society, the social division of labor is becoming more and more detailed. Especially in modern large-scale production, some people just screw machines every day. A nut in the same part, some people just connect a thread all day long, just like the movie "Modern Times" demonstrated, people feel that they are constantly alienated, and various occupational diseases begin to occur. So people strongly hope to use some kind of machine to work instead of themselves. So people developed robots to replace people in boring, monotonous, and dangerous tasks. Due to the advent of robots, some workers lost their original jobs, so some people became hostile to robots. "When robots come to work, people will be laid off." Not only in our country, but also in some developed countries such as the United States, some people hold this view. In fact, this worry is unnecessary. Any advanced machinery and equipment will improve labor productivity and product quality, create more social wealth, and will inevitably provide more employment opportunities. This has been proven by the history of human production development. The emergence of any new thing has advantages and disadvantages, but the advantages outweigh the disadvantages and are quickly recognized by people. For example, the emergence of automobiles has not only taken away part of the business of rickshaw pullers and porters, but also often leads to car accidents, posing a threat to human life and property. Although people have seen these shortcomings of cars, it is still