The "New Energy Vehicle Manufacturing Enterprises and Product Access Management Rules" were officially implemented on July 1, 2009. The "Rules" emphasize that: New energy vehicles refer to the use of unconventional vehicle fuels as The power source (or the use of conventional vehicle fuel, the use of new vehicle power devices), the integration of advanced technologies in vehicle power control and driving, forming a vehicle with advanced technical principles, new technologies, and new structures. New energy vehicles include hybrid vehicles, pure electric vehicles (BEV, including solar vehicles), fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV), hydrogen engine vehicles, other new energy (such as high-efficiency energy storage, dimethyl ether) vehicles and other products .
[Edit this paragraph] Government subsidies for the purchase of new energy vehicles. Four ministries and commissions including the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Science and Technology jointly awarded licenses to 13 pilot cities for the demonstration and promotion of energy-saving and new energy vehicles, and made it clear that the government will subsidize consumption through The model of expanding the market encourages enterprises to produce and develop energy-saving and new energy vehicles. This move will promote the development of energy-saving and new energy vehicles in our country to a new level.
Pilot promotion is to use fiscal policies to encourage the first promotion of the use of energy-saving and new energy vehicles in public service areas such as public transportation, rentals, official services, sanitation and postal services. The central finance will provide one-time subsidies to relevant demonstration and promotion units in the public service field for the purchase and use of energy-saving and new energy vehicles, and local finance will also provide subsidies for the construction and maintenance of related supporting facilities.
The "Interim Measures for the Management of Financial Subsidy Funds for the Demonstration and Promotion of Energy-saving and New Energy Vehicles" recently issued confirms the subsidy standards and scope of subsidies. In addition, demonstration and promotion units must adopt bidding methods to select the best and determine the model, quantity, price and after-sales service. [Edit this paragraph] Subsidy standards and scope of subsidies In February 2009, four ministries including the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the National Development and Reform Commission, and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology held the "Energy-saving and New Energy Vehicle Demonstration and Promotion Pilot Conference." As some cities actively applied to participate, the list of cities participating in the "Ten Cities, Thousand Vehicles" program has now increased to 13, with cities such as Beijing and Shanghai selected. Urban buses with a length of more than 10 meters were the focus of subsidies at that time. Hybrid buses received a maximum subsidy of 420,000 yuan each, and pure electric and fuel cell buses received a subsidy of 500,000 yuan and 600,000 yuan respectively. "This pilot has achieved very good results. Thousands of new energy vehicles have been promoted. This year, we plan to expand the pilot and launch pilots for individuals to purchase new energy vehicles in some cities." The Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology simultaneously stated during the national "Two Sessions" that individuals Purchase subsidies will be implemented for the purchase of new energy vehicles.
The Ministry of Finance’s subsidy for hybrid vehicles is divided into five subsidy standards based on fuel efficiency, with a maximum subsidy of 50,000 yuan per vehicle; a subsidy of 60,000 yuan per pure electric vehicle; and a subsidy of 60,000 yuan per vehicle for fuel cell vehicles. Vehicle subsidy is 250,000 yuan.
There are other standards for urban buses over ten meters tall. Hybrid vehicles are divided into two categories: lead-acid batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries and lithium-ion batteries. The maximum subsidy amounts are 80,000 yuan/vehicle and lithium-ion battery respectively. 420,000 yuan/vehicle; the subsidy standard for pure electric vehicles is 500,000 yuan/vehicle; the subsidy standard for fuel cell vehicles is up to 600,000 yuan/vehicle. [Edit this paragraph] 13 cities piloted new energy vehicles. Before the 2009 Spring Festival, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Science and Technology issued the "Notice on Carrying out Pilot Work on the Demonstration and Promotion of Energy Saving and New Energy Vehicles" and decided to pilot new energy vehicles in Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Changchun, and Dalian. Thirteen cities including Hangzhou, Jinan, Wuhan, Shenzhen, Hefei, Changsha, Kunming, and Nanchang have carried out pilot projects to demonstrate and promote energy-saving and new energy vehicles; pilot cities are encouraged to take the lead in public transportation, rental, public services, sanitation, and postal services. Promote the use of energy-saving and new energy vehicles in service areas.
The "Notice" clearly states that the central government will focus on providing one-time fixed subsidies to pilot cities for the purchase of energy-saving and new energy vehicles such as hybrid vehicles, pure electric vehicles, and fuel cells. The "Notice" also requires local finance to allocate a certain amount of funds to provide appropriate subsidies for the construction and maintenance of energy-saving and new energy vehicle supporting facilities and other related expenses to ensure the smooth progress of the pilot work. According to incomplete statistics, the average cost of a moderate hybrid vehicle is 30 to 50 RMB more than a gasoline-powered vehicle of the same type.
Technical difficulties:
At present, the country is giving great policy and financial support to new energy vehicles;
The key points of scientific and technological research are: 1. Battery capacity, 2. , engine system 3, electronic control system;
The domestic scientific research leaders are the Automotive Colleges of Tsinghua University and Tongji University [edit this paragraph] The main types and technical status of new energy vehicles New energy vehicles refer to the use of very Standard vehicle fuel is used as the power source (or conventional vehicle fuel is used, but a new vehicle power device is used), and advanced technologies in vehicle power control and driving are integrated to form a vehicle with advanced technical principles, new technologies, and new structures. car. New energy vehicles include: hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), pure electric vehicles (BEV), fuel cell vehicles (FCEV), hydrogen engine vehicles, gas vehicles, alcohol-ether vehicles, etc.
1 Hybrid vehicles
Hybrid power refers to those models that use traditional fuel and are equipped with an electric motor/engine to improve low-speed power output and fuel consumption. According to the type of fuel, it can be mainly divided into two types: gasoline hybrid and diesel hybrid. At present, the mainstream of hybrid vehicles in the domestic market is gasoline hybrid, while diesel hybrid models are also developing rapidly in the international market.
The advantages of hybrid vehicles are: 1. After using hybrid power, the maximum power of the internal combustion engine can be determined based on the average power required. At this time, it works under optimal working conditions with low fuel consumption and less pollution. When the power of the high-power internal combustion engine is insufficient, the battery will supplement it; when the load is light, the excess power can be used to generate electricity to charge the battery. Since the internal combustion engine can work continuously and the battery can be continuously charged, its journey is the same as that of an ordinary car. 2. Because of the battery, it is very convenient to recover energy during braking, downhill, and idling. 3. In bustling urban areas, the internal combustion engine can be shut down and driven by the battery alone to achieve "zero" emissions. 4. With the internal combustion engine, it is very convenient to solve the problems encountered by pure electric vehicles such as air conditioning, heating, defrosting, etc. that consume large amounts of energy. 5. You can use existing gas stations to refuel, without having to invest any more. 6. It can keep the battery in good working condition without overcharging or over-discharging, extending its service life and reducing costs.
Disadvantages: It is basically not fuel-efficient when driving at high speeds over long distances.
2 Pure Electric Vehicles
As the name suggests, electric vehicles are cars that are mainly driven by electricity. Most vehicles are directly driven by electric motors. Some vehicles have electric motors installed in the engine compartment, and some have electric motors installed in the engine compartment. The difficulty in using the wheels directly as the rotors of the four electric motors lies in the power storage technology. It does not emit harmful gases that pollute the atmosphere. Even if the power consumption is converted into emissions from power plants, except for sulfur and particulates, other pollutants are also significantly reduced. Since most power plants are built far away from densely populated cities, they are more harmful to humans. There are few, and power plants are stationary and emit concentrated emissions. It is easier to remove various harmful emissions, and relevant technologies are already available. Since electricity can be obtained from a variety of primary energy sources, such as coal, nuclear energy, water power, wind power, light, heat, etc., people's worries about the depletion of petroleum resources are relieved. Electric vehicles can also make full use of the excess power for charging at night when power consumption is low, so that power generation equipment can be fully utilized day and night, greatly improving its economic benefits. Relevant studies have shown that if the same crude oil is crudely refined, sent to a power plant to generate electricity, charged into a battery, and then used to drive a car, its energy utilization efficiency is higher than that of refining it into gasoline and then using a gasoline engine to drive the car, so it is conducive to energy conservation. and reducing carbon dioxide emissions. It is these advantages that make the research and application of electric vehicles a "hot spot" in the automotive industry. Some experts believe that for electric vehicles, the biggest obstacle at present is infrastructure construction and price, which affects the process of industrialization. Compared with hybrids, electric vehicles require more supporting infrastructure, which cannot be solved by one company. , all enterprises need to join forces with local government departments to build it, so that there will be opportunities for large-scale promotion.
Advantages: The technology is relatively simple and mature, and it can be charged wherever there is a power supply.
Disadvantages: Currently, batteries store too little energy per unit weight. Electric vehicle batteries are more expensive and have no economies of scale, so the purchase price is more expensive. As for the cost of use, some trials have shown that they are more expensive than cars. , some results are only 1/3 of those of cars, which mainly depends on the life of the battery and local oil and electricity prices.
3 Fuel cell vehicles
Fuel cell vehicles refer to vehicles that use hydrogen, methanol, etc. as fuel, generate electric current through chemical reactions, and are driven by motors. The energy of its battery is directly converted into electricity or gas through the chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen, rather than through combustion. The chemical reaction process of fuel cells does not produce harmful products, so fuel cell vehicles are pollution-free vehicles. The energy conversion efficiency of fuel cells is 2 to 3 times higher than that of internal combustion engines. Therefore, in terms of energy utilization and environmental protection, fuel cell vehicles are An ideal vehicle.
Individual fuel cells must be combined into a fuel cell stack in order to obtain the necessary power to meet the requirements of vehicle use.
In recent years, fuel cell technology has made significant progress. World-famous automobile manufacturers, such as DaimlerChrysler, Ford, Toyota and General Motors, have announced plans to put fuel cell vehicles on the market before 2004. Currently, prototypes of fuel cell cars are undergoing trials, and fuel cell-powered transport buses are undergoing demonstration projects in several North American cities. There are still technical challenges in developing fuel cell vehicles, such as the integration of fuel cell stacks, improving fuel processors and auxiliary parts for commercial electric vehicles. Automobile manufacturers are working towards integrating components and reducing component costs, and have Significant progress has been made.
Compared with traditional cars, fuel cell vehicles have the following advantages:
1. Zero or near-zero emissions.
2. Reduce water pollution caused by engine oil leakage.
3. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
4. Improved fuel economy.
5. Improve engine combustion efficiency.
6. Smooth operation and no noise.
4 Hydrogen-powered vehicles
Hydrogen-powered vehicles are a truly zero-emission means of transportation. They emit pure water and are pollution-free, zero-emission, rich in reserves, etc. Advantages, therefore, hydrogen-powered cars are the most ideal alternative to traditional cars. Compared with conventionally powered vehicles, hydrogen-powered vehicles cost at least 20% more. China Changan Automobile completed the ignition of China's first high-efficiency zero-emission hydrogen internal combustion engine in 2007, and exhibited China's first self-developed hydrogen-powered concept sports car "Hydrogen Journey" at the 2008 Beijing Auto Show.
With the gradual formation of the "automobile society", the number of cars continues to show an upward trend, but resources such as oil are in short supply. On the other hand, vehicles that swallow large amounts of gasoline continue to emit harmful gases and pollutants. The ultimate solution is of course not to restrict the development of the automobile industry, but to open up new energy sources that can replace petroleum. The four wheels of a fuel cell vehicle roll across the road quickly and quietly, printing the name of the new energy source—hydrogen.
Almost all the world's automobile giants are developing new energy vehicles. Electricity was once considered the future power of automobiles, but the long charging time and weight of batteries have gradually made people less interested in it. The current (referring to 2009) hybrid vehicles that use electricity and gasoline can only temporarily alleviate the energy crisis. They can only reduce but cannot get rid of dependence on oil. At this time, the emergence of hydrogen-powered fuel cells is like recreating Noah's Ark, allowing people to see infinite hope from the crisis.
The idea of ??using hydrogen as automobile fuel was scary when it first came out, but it is actually well-founded. Hydrogen has a high energy density and releases enough energy to run a car engine. The chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen in the fuel cell only produces water, which is pollution-free. Therefore, many scientists predict that fuel cells using hydrogen as energy will be the core technology of automobiles in the 21st century. Its revolutionary significance to the automobile industry is equivalent to that of microprocessors to the computer industry.
Advantages: Emissions The substance is pure water and does not produce any pollutants when driving.
Disadvantages: The cost of hydrogen fuel cells is too high, and the storage and transportation of hydrogen fuel is very difficult according to current technical conditions, because hydrogen molecules are very small and can easily escape through the casing of the storage device. In addition, the most fatal problem is that the extraction of hydrogen requires electrolysis of water or the use of natural gas, which also consumes a large amount of energy. Unless nuclear power is used for extraction, carbon dioxide emissions cannot be fundamentally reduced.
5 Gas vehicles
Gas vehicles refer to vehicles that use compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) as fuel. In recent years, governments around the world have actively sought to solve this problem and began to adjust the automobile fuel structure. Gas vehicles are recognized by countries around the world as the most ideal alternative fuel vehicles due to their good emission performance, adjustable fuel structure, low operating costs, mature technology, safety and reliability.
At present, gas is still the mainstream alternative fuel for automobiles in the world, accounting for about 90% of my country's alternative fuel vehicles. The goal of the United States is that by 2010, 7% of the public vehicles will use natural gas, and 50% of taxis and shuttle buses will be converted to dedicated natural gas vehicles; by 2010, the number of natural gas vehicles in Germany will reach 100,000 to 100,000. 400,000 vehicles, and the number of gas filling stations will be increased from the current 180 to at least 300.
Industry experts pointed out that the role of alternative fuels is to reduce and ultimately eliminate various pressures caused by tight oil supply and the negative impact on economic development. In the near future, China will still mainly use compressed natural gas, liquefied gas, and ethanol gasoline as alternative fuels for automobiles. Whether automobile alternative fuels can be expanded in application depends on the resources, distribution, and availability of alternative fuels in China, the maturity of alternative fuel production and application technologies, and the reduction of environmental pollution; the production scale, investment, production costs, and prices of alternative fuels Determines its competitiveness with petroleum fuels; automobile production structure and design improvements must be adapted to the fuel.
Substituting gas for fuel will be an inevitable trend in the development of automobiles in China and the world. Our country should organize efforts as soon as possible to formulate a national gas vehicle policy. Considering that my country's energy security mainly depends on oil, the development of various alternative fuel vehicles, including gas vehicles, is an urgent matter. According to the national conditions, we should do the following:
First, we must limit gas prices. Maintaining a reasonable price difference between oil and gas prices, such as the price difference between oil and gas in Sichuan Province and Chongqing City, can ensure the moderate development of gas vehicles;
Secondly, in view of the large investment in gas filling stations and the payback period For the long term, the government should provide appropriate subsidies to adjust the distribution of interests between the price of gas sold at gas stations and the fuel costs saved by car users due to gas use;
The third is the income tax on gas stations , should refer to the high-tech industrial development zone policy and adopt a tax policy of exempting two and reducing three; Fourth, the electricity used by gas filling stations should be treated as special industrial electricity, with preferential electricity prices; Land use can be treated according to major projects and environmental protection industries. Special cases should be handled on a special basis. Do not push each other or argue with each other. Actively adopt foreign advanced station construction standards, scientifically determine fire safety distances, and save land resources.
6 Bioethanol Cars
Ethanol is commonly known as alcohol. In layman’s terms, cars that use ethanol as fuel can also be called alcohol cars. The activity of using ethanol to replace petroleum fuel has a long history, and the technology in terms of production and application is already very mature. Recently, due to the shortage of oil resources and the intensification of the diversification of automobile energy sources, ethanol vehicles have been put on the agenda.
At present, more than 40 countries in the world have used ethanol vehicles to varying degrees, and some have reached large-scale promotion. The status of ethanol vehicles is increasing day by day.
Using ethanol in cars can increase the octane number of the fuel, increase the oxygen content, make the combustion in the car cylinder more complete, and reduce the emissions of harmful substances in the exhaust gas.
The fuel application methods of ethanol vehicles: 1. Blending refers to the blending application of ethanol and gasoline. In the mixed fuel, the proportion of ethanol and volume is represented by "E". If ethanol accounts for 10 or 15, it is represented by E10 or E15. At present, ethanol-blended vehicles account for the main position.
2. Pure burning, that is, single-burning ethanol, can be represented by E100. There are not many applications at present and it is in the trial stage; 3. Denatured fuel ethanol refers to the ethanol generated by dehydrating ethanol and adding a denaturant. This is also in the trial application stage. Step 4. Flexible fuel means that the fuel can be gasoline, a mixture of ethanol or methanol and gasoline, or hydrogen, and can be switched at any time. For example, Ford and Toyota are testing flexible fuel vehicles (FFV) [Edit this paragraph] Special attention: Physical fuel cell vehicles This is the latest direction in the field of new energy research in 2009. The original name was "thermomagnetic oscillation power generation technology". When applied to mobile power equipment such as automobiles, it may become an alternative to hydrogen fuel cells, also known as "physical fuel cells." It is currently in the early development and research stage.
1. Working principle
By rapidly heating and cooling a section of soft magnet in the magnetic circuit, its temperature oscillates periodically up and down its Curie point, causing the magnetic path The magnetic flux in the loop increases and decreases periodically, inducing a continuous alternating current. Energy is generated by combustion as heat and then directly converted into electrical energy. Its technical principle is a physical principle, while the battery in the usual concept is a chemical principle, and the two are not the same thing. 1 2
2. Advantages
Using external combustion, the power generation process is efficient and stable, and does not require high fuel properties. Solid fuels can even be used as energy sources. It can directly and efficiently convert thermal energy into electrical energy, without an intermediate link of mechanical transmission, and the calculated value is more than 40%; there is only one piston in the moving part, eliminating the need for a mechanical transmission system, so it has a long service life, less maintenance, and low implementation cost. , the technical difficulty is small.
Current fuel cells generate electricity through low-temperature chemical reactions. They require catalysts and high fuel requirements, making them difficult to convert commercially. This technology completely overcomes the above-mentioned weaknesses of chemical fuel cells.
Comprehensive analysis table of advantages and disadvantages of various energy options
Category Energy Source Energy Efficiency Emissions Manufacturing Cost Usage Cost Maintenance Cost Supplementary Fuel Power Weight Driving Mileage Supporting Equipment Ordinary internal combustion engine is limited, low difference, generally average, generally convenient, large and light gt; 400 perfect pure battery power, generally the highest, no high, lowest, high, inconvenient, small weight lt; 300 imperfect hybrid power, limited, high, generally high, generally high, convenient, generally heavier gt ; 500 perfect hydrogen fuel cell difficult high no high highest high inconvenient small average lt; 300 imperfect physical fuel cell rich average average low low low convenient large light gt; 600 expandable
In the above table, energy The three indicators of source, energy efficiency, and emissions determine the new energy characteristics of the solution, that is, the government's policy support; the three indicators of manufacturing cost, use cost, and maintenance cost determine the market cost of the solution, including fuel, power, weight, and driving. The four indicators of mileage and supporting equipment determine the competitiveness of the solution, that is, the degree of user acceptance.
As can be seen from the above table, although pure battery power and hydrogen fuel cells have better new energy characteristics, their market competitiveness is weak, and hybrid power has a weak advantage. Therefore, hybrid power is a transitional solution, pure battery power is an auxiliary solution, and hydrogen fuel cells are difficult to implement. Physical fuel cells take into account the many advantages of new energy characteristics, markets and users, so they have broad development prospects.
3. Scope of application
New energy vehicles, ships and other power equipment, distributed power generation fields. [Edit this paragraph] Other options for new energy vehicles 1. Improve the efficiency of old energy vehicles
The current thermal efficiency of gasoline and diesel internal combustion engines is less than 30. If mechanical efficiency and other energy transfer losses are included, the total efficiency It only accounts for about 15% of the heat energy released by the fuel. There is no doubt that if the efficiency of heat engines can be improved, the current oil crisis can be alleviated to a certain extent.
2. Air-powered cars
Use air as an energy carrier, use an air compressor to compress the air to above 30MP, and then store it in an air tank.
When the car needs to be started, the compressed air is released to drive the starter motor. The advantages are no emissions and less maintenance. The disadvantages are the need for power, the air pressure (energy output) decays with longer mileage, and the safety of high-pressure gas.
3. Flywheel energy storage vehicles use the inertial energy storage of the flywheel to store the residual energy of the engine when the load is not full and the energy when the vehicle goes downhill or decelerates, and then feeds it back to a generator to generate electricity. And drives or accelerates the rotation of the flywheel. The flywheel uses magnetic levitation and rotates at a high speed of 70,000r/min. As an auxiliary in hybrid vehicles, the advantages are improved energy efficiency, light weight, high energy storage, fast response to energy entry and exit, low maintenance and long life. The disadvantages are high cost and the steering of motor vehicles will be affected by the flywheel gyro effect.
4. Supercapacitor cars Supercapacitors are capacitors that utilize the electric double layer principle. Under the action of the electric field generated by the charges on the two plates of the supercapacitor, opposite charges are formed at the interface between the electrolyte and the electrodes to balance the internal electric field of the electrolyte. This positive charge and negative charge are between two different phases. On the contact surface, positive and negative charges are arranged in opposite positions with very short gaps. This charge distribution layer is called an electric double layer, so the capacitance is very large.
The advantages are short charging time, high power density, large capacity, long service life, maintenance-free, economical and environmentally friendly, etc. The disadvantages are that the power output attenuates as the driving mileage increases and is greatly affected by the ambient temperature.