Strategic plans and key research areas of nanotechnology/materials development in various countries
Currently, more than 30 countries in the world have been engaged in nanotechnology research and development activities, and the growth of investment in nanotechnology in various countries has been accelerated, and it has been increased from 432 million US dollars in 1997 to 2.174 billion US dollars in 2002, and the amount of funds invested in nanotechnology by the governments of various countries in the world increased from 1997 to 2002, and the amount of funds invested in nanotechnology increased from 1997 to 2002. In 2002, the funds invested by governments in nanotechnology increased by 503% compared with 1997 (see Table 1). As can be seen from Table 1, since 2000, governments of various countries (regions) have invested in nanotechnology research and development funds at an accelerated rate. The United States, Japan and Western Europe are the big countries (regions) of nanotechnology investment, and the total investment in nanotechnology by other countries and regions is not as much as that of a single country in the United States and Japan.
The United States since February 2000 proposed "National Nanotechnology Initiative" (NNI), nanotechnology research and development funding from $422 million in fiscal year 2001 to $849 million in fiscal year 2004 (see Table 2). 2000 NNI implementation plan identifies five key strategic areas (see Table 3), and in recent years, nanotechnology investment has increased by more than 10 percent. The five strategic research areas have been adjusted in recent years (see Table 3). The FY2003 Grand Challenges address the following key areas of research:
1) "Designing" nanomaterials that are stronger, lighter, harder, and self-healing and safer to assemble: Carbon and building materials that are 10 times as strong as the steel used in today's industry, transportation, and construction: carbon and carbon materials that are 10 times stronger than the steel currently used in industry, transportation, and construction. carbon and ceramic structural materials that are 10 times stronger than current industrial, transportation, and construction steel; polymer materials, multifunctional smart materials that are 3 times stronger than current materials used in the automotive industry that melt when exposed to temperatures as high as 100 degrees Celsius;
2) Nanoelectronics, nanophotonics, and nanomagnetism: increasing the speed at which computers can run and making chips millions of times more efficient at storing them; increasing the amount of electrons that can be stored into the thousands of terabits? increase storage capacity per unit of surface area by a factor of 1,000; increase bandwidth by a factor of hundreds to change the way communications are carried out;
3) in health care, reducing the costly and increasing the effectiveness of health care through diagnostic and therapeutic devices; using rapid sequencing of genes and intracellular sensors to carry out diagnostics and therapies; detecting early-stage cancer cells and delivering medicines; researching biosensors that can reduce the rate of rejection of artificial organs by 50 percent and biosensors to detect early-stage disease; development of small medical devices that minimize damage to human tissues;
4) in nanoscale processing and environmental protection, removing pollution particles smaller than 300 nanometers in water and 50 nanometers in the air to promote a cleaner environment and water;
5) improving energy conversion and storage efficiencies to make solar cells 1x more efficient;
5) improving energy conversion and storage efficiency, making solar cells up to
6) development of lowpower micro-spacecraft to explore the outer space of the solar system;
7) research on nano-bio-devices to alleviate human suffering due to treatments: fast and effective biochemical detectors; nano-electronic/mechanical/chemical devices for health protection and repair of damaged tissues;
8) in the areas of economy and safety transportation, introducing concepts in novel materials, electronics, energy, and the environment;
9) in national security, looking closely at the major challenges of nanoelectronics, multifunctional materials, and nanobiodevices.
In FY 2003, DOE added three new basic research projects related to the characterization of nanomaterials:
● In the synthesis and processing of nanomaterials, a basic understanding of nanofabrication involving deformation and fracture of materials, and the use of fixed-mode techniques to order nanoparticles to synthesize nanomaterials. The use of nanomaterials of uniform size and shape to synthesize nanomaterials of larger sizes;
● Research on nanomaterials in condensed matter physics, with a focus on understanding how to equilibrate macroscopic molecules to construct and self-organize into larger nanostructured materials;
● Engaging in basic research to understand the role that the properties of nanomaterials play in the process of transforming and controlling catalytic changes.
The five strategic areas of focus for NNI support in FY 2004 remain the same as in 2003 (see Table 3). Emphasis is placed on supporting long-term research to manipulate matter at the atomic and molecular levels and to harness creativity to construct advanced new devices the size of molecules and human cells to further improve electronics for information technology applications; research and development of high-performance, low-maintenance materials for manufacturing, defense, transportation, space, and environmental applications; and acceleration of nanotechnology to develop high-performance, low-maintenance materials; and acceleration of nanotechnology to develop high-performance, low-maintenance materials. maintenance materials for manufacturing, defense, transportation, space and environmental applications; and accelerate the application of nanotechnology in biotechnology, healthcare and agriculture. Research and Development Focus Areas: Innovative nanotechnology solutions for bio-chemical-radiation-explosive detection and protection (CBRE); nano-fabrication research; nano-biosystems; development of nano standardized instrumentation; education and training of a new generation of workers to meet the needs of future industries; expansion of the industrial lineup to participate in the nanotechnology revolution. industrial lineup for the nanotechnology revolution.
In the second Science and Technology Basic Plan (2001-2006), the Japanese government made nanotechnology and materials and life sciences, information and communications, and environmental protection the top priority areas of the country's science and technology development strategy. The program invested 14.2 billion yen in nanotechnology research in 2001, an increase of 8.8 billion yen over 2000. The key research areas of nanotechnology and materials identified by the program include: nanomaterials and materials and their applications in electronics, electromagnetism and optics; nanomaterials and materials and their applications in structural materials; nano-information components; applications of nanotechnology in medicine, life sciences, energy sciences, and environmental sciences; materials and substances related to surface and interfacial control; nano-metrology and standard technology; nanofabrication, synthesis, and engineering technology; computational technologies of nanotechnology; and nanotechnology research and development in the field of nanomaterials. and engineering technologies; computational, theoretical and simulation technologies for nanotechnology; and materials technologies for forming safe spaces.
Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) established the Nanomaterials Program (NMP) in 2001, with an annual funding of $35 million for a period of seven years (2001-2007), which is a joint research effort by government departments, government research institutes, universities, and industry, and aims to establish a research and development center for new nano-functional materials for industry. Establishment of a research and development platform for nanotechnology materials that integrates research and development of new nanofunctional materials and educational functions (see Table 4). In 2001, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) also formulated and implemented the "Next-Generation Semiconductor Technology Development Program" to develop basic technologies for next-generation semiconductor processing at 50-70 nanometers, with an annual investment of $60 million by the government.
Japan's "Exploratory Research on Advanced Technologies" program involves a lot of exploratory research on nanoparticles, nanostructures, nanobiology, and nanoelectronics. The research period of the program is set at five years, all funded by the government, and the average amount of government funding for the program over the five-year period is $16 million. Each project usually consists of 15-25 scientists and technicians organized into three research groups. The program encourages collaborative research between industry, universities and research institutes at home and abroad. The program has completed many projects, mainly in research.
Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) released its science and technology budget for 2003, which totaled 149.1 billion yen for nanotechnology and materials (see Table 6). The Cabinet Office Conference on Science and Technology held the 6th meeting of the "Nanotechnology and Materials Research and Development Promotion Project" on July 14, 2003, and identified the key areas of research and development: "nanomedicine drug delivery system", "Nanomedical Devices" and "Innovative Nanostructured Materials". These projects were led by the Cabinet Office and promoted by a number of government departments, and were implemented in 2004.
The European Community is striving for an international position in nanotechnology, both in terms of creating a new European nanotechnology industry, and in terms of improving nanotechnology capabilities in existing industry sectors. In the 6th Framework Program (2002-2006), the European ****commonwealth has made nanotechnology and nanoscience one of the seven strategic areas of focus for development, with a funding of 1.2 billion USD, and identified specific strategic objectives and key research areas:
I. Nanotechnology and nanoscience
Shifting long term interdisciplinary research to Understanding new phenomena, mastering new processes, and developing research tools: the focus will be on molecular and mesoscale phenomena; self-organizing materials and structures; molecular and biomolecular mechanics and motors; and integrating new methods for developing interdisciplinary research in inorganic, organic, and biological materials and processes.
Nanobiotechnology: Its goal is to support integrated biological and non-biological organisms research with a wide range of applications, such as nanobiotechnology that can be used in processing, medical and environmental analytical systems. Key research areas involve lab-on-a-chip (lab-on-chip), interfaces of biological entities, nanoparticle surface remediation, advanced drug delivery modalities and nanoelectronics; processing, manipulation, and detection of biomolecules or complexes, electron detection of biological entities, microfluidics, and promotion and control of enzyme-activated-based cell growth.
Nano-engineering technologies for the creation of materials and components: the development of new functional and structural materials with ultra-high performance through the control of nanostructures, including the development of technologies for the production and processing of materials. Focus on nanostructured alloys and composites, advanced functional polymer materials, and nanostructured functional materials.
Development of operating and control devices and instruments: development of a new generation of nanometer measurement and analysis instruments with a resolution of 10 nanometers. Key research areas involve a variety of advanced nanometric techniques; breakthroughs in technologies, methods or approaches for exploring the self-organizing properties of matter and the development of nanomachines.
Nanotechnology applications in health, chemistry, energy, optics and the environment. Focus on computational simulations, advanced production techniques; development of innovative materials that can be modified.
Second, intelligent and multifunctional materials
High knowledge content, new materials with new functions and modifications will be the key to technological innovation, devices and systems.
Development of basic knowledge: the goal is to understand the complex physico-chemical and biological phenomena associated with materials, and to master and handle smart materials that contribute to experimental, theoretical and simulation tools. Focused research areas: design and development of new structural materials with defined properties; development of supramolecular and micromolecular engineering, with an emphasis on the synthesis, exploration and potential applications of novel highly complex molecules and their complexes.
Integration of technology and production: knowledge-based transportation and processing of multifunctional materials and biomaterials: the goal is to produce new multifunctional "smart" materials capable of constructing larger structures. Key research areas: new materials; self-healing engineered materials; cross-technology including surface technology and engineering.
Engineering support for materials development: The goal is to bridge the gap between knowledge production and knowledge use, overcoming the weaknesses of the European*** homogeneous industry in the integration of materials and production. Through the development of new tools, new materials can be produced in a stable competitive environment. Key research areas: optimization of material design, processing and tooling; material testing; making materials into larger structures, considering biocompatibility versus economics.
III. Novel production processes and devices
The concept of new production encompasses greater flexibility, integration, safety and cleanliness, which will rely on organizational innovation and technological development.
The European Commission, in its five-year plan (1999-2003) for the Nanotechnology Information Devices Initiative (NIDI), has identified three goals: to design devices that exceed the performance of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor silicon-compatible devices; and to design atomic devices based on the disciplines of chemistry, electronics, optoelectronics, biology, and mechanics. disciplines, such as chemistry, electronics, optoelectronics, biology, and mechanics, to design novel devices and systems at the atomic or molecular scale that take advantage of the properties of molecules to solve specialized computational problems. The European Science Foundation put forward in 2003 to start the implementation of the "self-organizing nanostructures" five-year plan, the molecular self-organization, and mechanical mechanisms linked to the study of soft matter or supramolecular, self-organizing nanostructures as the first phase of the function and preparation of the research focus.
The UK government's Science Research Priorities set out its strategy and research priorities for 2001-2004, with the following research priorities for nanomaterials and nanotechnology in the areas of materials science (with a research budget of ￡444,000,000) and basic technology (with a research budget of ￡2,100): to facilitate forward-looking materials simulation research; and promoting research in nanotechnology and the development of Interdisciplinary Research Collaborating Centers (IRCs) for nanotechnology managed across institutions. The UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) invested around $7 million in a 5-year program for the development of materials science (1994-1999), of which about $1 million was dedicated to nanoparticle research, and this program continued to fund research in the area of nanomaterials in 2000. The UK government's investment in nanotechnology in 2003 was about ￡30 million.
The UK government's Nanotechnology Applications Sub-Committee Advisory Expert Group, after surveying hundreds of scientists and inventors, outlined a strategy for the development of nanotechnology in the UK in a report entitled "UK Strategy for the Development of Nanotechnology" in June 2002 (see Table 7), and selected six areas of nanotechnology in which the UK has research strengths and industrial development opportunities. Six areas of nanotechnology were selected where the UK has research strengths and industrial development opportunities: electronics and communications; drug delivery systems; biotissue engineering, drug implantation and devices; nanomaterials, particularly biomedical and functional interface nanomaterials; nano-instrumentation, tooling and metrology; sensors and actuators.
The French government currently funds three main nanotechnology programs: the "French Micro- and Nanotechnology Network" (10 million euros); "Nanostructured Materials" (2.3 million euros); and "Independent Nano-Objects" (12 million euros). Objects" (12 million euros).
The German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the German Federal Ministry of Economics (BMWi) fund six Nanotechnology Competence Centers with an annual investment of DM 65 million in the following areas: ultrathin functional thin films; nanostructures in the field of optoelectronics; the development of new nanostructures; ultrafine surface measurements; and analytical methods for nanostructures.
In 2002, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) issued a new strategy for enhancing nano-research capabilities, increasing research funding for nanotechnology from 27.6 million euros in 1998 to 88.5 million euros in 2002, a 200% increase in four years. Priority research areas relate to enhancing the security of the infrastructure used for nanotechnology research; rebuilding integrated and innovative research institutions; commercializing nanotechnology; facilitating the establishment of innovative enterprises; enhancing the role of SMEs and assessing opportunities for collaboration with other countries; reducing the duration of relevant patents or grants; and promoting the next generation of scientific and technological research and the development of relevant scientific and technological legislation. Funding for the next generation of materials research amounts to 75 million euros, including funding for nanostructured materials.
Britain, France, Germany and other EU countries in addition to their own government-supported nanotechnology research, but also to participate in the above EU in the 6th Framework Program on nanomaterials and other aspects of the project.
The Korean government in the 2002-2006 "Science and Technology Development Basic Plan", nanotechnology and biotechnology, information technology and aerospace technology as a national science and technology development of key strategic areas. 2000 to develop the "10-year development of nanobiotechnology", "the development of nanobiotechnology 10 years". "The 10-year plan for the development of nanobiotechnology was formulated in 2000, focusing on the research and development of nano-diagnostic devices, nano-therapeutic systems and nano-biomimetic devices. The "2001-2010 Terabit Nanodevices Program" identifies terabit nanoelectronics, spintronics, molecular electronics and core technologies as key areas of research focus. Government investment in the program totals $142 million. The Ministry of Science and Technology is actively encouraging the private sector to set up nanotechnology-specific investment funds as matching funds. "The 2002 Nanotechnology Development Action Plan, with a budget of 203.1 billion won, increased 93.1 percent from 105.2 billion won in 2001. It aims to develop core nanotechnology, build a new National Nanomanufacturing Research Center (25 billion won), and a fusion center for information technology and nanotechnology. By 2010, Korea will have 13,000 experts in the field of nanotechnology and be among the world's top 10 in the field of nanotechnology.
Australia made nanomaterials and biomaterials a key strategic research area in FY2003, focusing on the formation of building blocks through nanoscale self-organization of atoms and molecules.
Taiwan, China, since 1999, has developed a "cutting-edge research program on nanomaterials" (1999); "nanotechnology research program" (2001-2005), five years. The estimated investment amounted to hundreds of millions of NTD per year. Taiwan, China plans to invest a total budget of $600 million in nanotechnology-related fields from 2002-2007, with a steady annual increase to an average of $100 million per year.
Development of Nanotechnology/Materials in the World
Through the implementation of nanotechnology programs in various countries (regions), there has been a great development of nanomaterials and technology levels.
In terms of nanomaterials, the development of nanotechnology/materials is evident in just some of the world's research results in the last two years. The U.S. IBM and Cornell University developed carbon nanotransistors one after another in 2002. The University of Wisconsin State University has developed an atomic-level silicon memory material with a storage density of 1 million times that of current optical disks.
The Institute for Nanotechnology, a collaboration between MIT and the U.S. Army, developed nanocoatings that are waterproof and sterilizing. A materials research group led by Stupp at Northwestern University in Illinois, USA, designed and prepared bone-like nanofibers for the first time (Science, 23, 11, 2002); a research group led by Joshua Goldberger of the Department of Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, USA, in collaboration with scientists at Lawrence National Laboratory in the USA, utilized a new technique of epitaxial coating to successfully synthesize nanofibers with a single crystal structure for the first time. GaN nanotubes with single-crystal structure were synthesized, and this new technology can also be applied to synthesize single-crystal nanotubes of other materials. GaN nanotubes also have applications in nanocapillary electrophoresis, biochemical nanofluid sensing, and nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic components (Nature 422?599 2003).
Aluminum oxide nanotubes have been developed for the first time at the Chemistry Department of Moscow University in Russia. The Institute of Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences has successfully developed a new type of nanocoatings with good bactericidal and environmental properties.
The Industrial Technology Research Institute of Japan developed a single-electron semiconductor that utilizes carbon nanotubes to operate at room temperature. Nagoya University developed carbon nanotubes that can control electrical conductivity on this basis. Toshiba Research and Development Center in Japan, using the hydrocarbon catalytic decomposition method, zinc oxide (ZnO2) porous media materials covered with a layer of iron and aluminum composite oxides as a catalyst, and prepared the surface of the formation of about 40,000 nanofibers per square millimeter, the diameter of the 5 to 8 nanometers, five layers of multilayer high-density filled carbon nanofibers. The purpose of the research is to develop hydrogen energy storage materials for adsorption of hydrogen and other fuels. Using nanotechnology, Hitachi Research Institute has mixed soft magnetic metals and high-resistance ceramics at the atomic level in the solid state by mechanical force in order to form a high-resistance ceramic structure around the nanograins of the soft magnetic metals. The high resistance formed between the nanograins of the soft magnetic metal by high resistance partitioning reduces the loss due to eddy currents in the high-frequency band, and thus high-frequency electromagnetic wave-absorbing nanomaterials have been successfully synthesized. The electromagnetic wave-absorbing nanomaterials prepared in this way can reduce the thickness of electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials by about 50%, and are expected to be put into practical use as coated electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials. Japan's National Institute for Materials Research, led by Yoshio Bando's research group, successfully developed in the inner diameter of about 20 to 60 nanometers of magnesium oxide single-crystal structure of nanotubes filled with liquid metal gallium gallium nanocomposites thermometer, the thermometer using magnesium oxide high temperature resistance and structural stability of the physical properties of high temperature, so that the nano-thermometer temperature range increased dramatically, it is estimated that its measurement temperature can reach up to The temperature range of the nanothermometer has been increased to an estimated 1,000 degrees Celsius (App. Phys. Lett. 83 999, 2003), which is much higher than that of the carbon nanotube thermometer studied by Yoshio Bando's group in 2002, which measured 50-500 degrees Celsius (Nature 415 599, 2002). 2002).
The CNRS Toulouse Center for Structural Research and Materials Fabrication, in collaboration with the Department of Astrophysics at the University of Aarhus in Denmark, has designed a nano-molded molecule that can function as a self-assembling atomic wire on the surface of copper, opening up the way for the electronic interconnection of molecular components in future single-molecule circuits.
Nanotechnology in medical applications, nanoelectronics, nanofabrication, nanodevices and other aspects of new progress and new breakthroughs. This article will not list them here.
China through the "National Research Program", "863 Program", "973 Program" implementation, nanomaterials and nanotechnology has achieved outstanding results, and attracted international attention. Nanomaterials and nanotechnology have achieved more outstanding results and attracted international attention. For example, in the field of nanoelectronics, we have successfully developed waveguide-type single-electron device transistor and super-sensitive charge Coulomb meter; realized 6-nanometer-wide semiconductor quantum line table and 6-nanometer-wide line metal grid, and prepared many kinds of "nano-electrode pairs" with an interval of only 10 nanometers; and developed high-sensitivity sensors and prototypes of magnetic heads of hard disk drives with GMR effect. In the field of nanomaterials, CAS Chemistry has developed a variety of "nano-electrode pairs" with an interval of only 10 nm. In terms of nanomaterials, the Key Laboratory of Organic Solids of the Institute of Chemistry, CAS and the State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics of Peking University*** have cooperated to construct C60 nanotubes directly using C60 powder. The obtained C60 nanotubes were grown from C60 crystals at 500°C, which retained the structure and properties of C60 molecules, and at the same time had the characteristics of quasi-one-dimensional nanomaterials as a new aggregated state structure (J. Am. Chem. Soc, Nov. 13, 2002). We have developed quasi-one-dimensional nanomaterials of carbon nanotubes and their array systems, non-hydrothermal synthesized nanomaterials; super ductility of nano-copper-metal, bulk metal alloys, nano-complex-phase ceramics, giant magneto-resistance, magneto-thermal effect, optical properties of mesoporous assembly systems, nano-biological bone repair materials, and binary synergistic nano-interfacial materials, and so on, which have had a certain impact on international level. Many meaningful and influential results have also been achieved in the construction and self-assembly of nanodevices, ultra-high density information storage, and nanomolecular electronic devices.
Future Trends in Nanotechnology/Materials
From the history of science and technology development, the development of new technologies often requires the support of new materials. If there is no optical fiber made in 1970 to make light intensity almost no attenuation, there may not be modern optical communications; if there is no high-purity large-diameter silicon single crystal, it is difficult to imagine the rapid development of integrated circuits, advanced computers and communication equipment. Nanomaterials are nanoscale materials controlled by the nanoscale, with new properties and behaviors. Nanomaterials are the extremely important material basis for future social development. Nanomaterials are the unit for building two-dimensional and three-dimensional complex functional nanosystems, on the basis of which many new nano devices and functional devices can be generated. Many breakthroughs in new fields of science and technology urgently need the support of nanomaterials and nanotechnology, and the technological upgrading of traditional industries also urgently need the support of nanomaterials and technology. Nanomaterials and technologies will have great impact and influence on many fields. From the perspective of bibliometrics, nanotechnology involves as many as 87 research fields.
From a worldwide perspective, nanoscience and technology have been continuously developed under the strong support of governments in various countries (regions) and the efforts of research and development from all walks of life, and there will be many new nano-materials, new properties and new applications that will continue to be discovered, and the development of nanotechnology/materials has already demonstrated an attractive prospect. As mentioned above, nanotechnology/materials involves a wide range of research fields and impact on science and technology, economy and society, and its future development direction involves a number of aspects, this paper focuses on the future development trend of nanomaterials.
●Nanomaterials and their properties are developing in the direction of higher quality, so that more nanopowders, nanoparticles and nanocomposites with superior performance and low price will be more widely used. For example, nanoparticles can be used to create new optical films and create new functional materials with optical and magnetic properties. Magnetic nanoparticles and quantum dots will be used to produce ultra-small CD-ROM drives with 10 times the current chip storage capacity and hundreds of gigahertz speeds.
● In nanomaterials and processing, new functional structural materials will be created by controlling nanocrystals, nanofilms, nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes; developing ultralight and super-strong structural materials; developing long-life materials, materials to support energy conversion, and electronic materials with new functionalities; understanding nanoprocesses involving deformation and fracture of materials, and utilizing imitation techniques to sequentially arrange nanoparticles to synthesize nanomaterials;
● Nanomaterials will be highly selective and effective catalysts for chemical and energy conversion processes. This is not only important for energy and chemical production, but also of great economic value for energy conversion and environmental protection;
● The development of nanomaterials will have a great impact on the biomedical field, such as on implantable and remedial biocompatible materials, diagnostic devices, and therapeutics, and nanomaterials will have more opportunities to be used in drug delivery systems. Novel biocompatible nanomaterials and nanomechanical components will create more new materials for implantability, new materials for artificial organs and new nano-components.
● Development of new materials based on natural fiber materials and nanopolymer fibers that are environmentally compatible and ensure human health and safety: development of nano-ecomaterials made from bacterial fine fibers; wheat biopolymer (starch) composites for use in the food and other industries; combining nanoparticles with biodegradable polymers to improve the physical and chemical properties of the polymers; and the development of sugar-derived nanocrystalline enhancers to purify waste products; development of phytocellulose nanoparticles for localized chemical modification of polymer composites; development of nanostructured silica carbons for production of nanostructures from rice husk; development of self-organized phytocellulosic films by surface separation.
In short, nanotechnology/materials will evolve toward convergence with information technology, modern life sciences, and cognitive sciences, and their convergence will foster innovation and new discoveries in all areas of science and technology economics.