Gacha, the Tibetan language "Han salt" meaning. Gacha is the Tubo period of frequent activities, belongs to the Tabu area. 1951 years ago, divided into Gacha Zong and Lazui, for the Tabu Gongbu general administration. 1959, Gacha Zong and Lazui merged into the Gacha County.
Gacha county north-south length 102.2 kilometers, east-west width 88.2 kilometers, a total area of 4492 square kilometers. The county government is located in the town of Anwang. Jurisdiction of 2 towns, 5 townships. The total population of 1.67 million, Tibetans accounted for 98.5% of the total population, and a few Han, Hui, Lhoba, Menba people.
Basic profile
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Gacha County is located in the southeastern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region, the middle reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo River, the county government area is distributed in the north and south banks of the Yarlung Tsangpo River. Its east and north with the Linzhi area of Langxian, Gongbu Jiangda County border; west of Sangri, Qusong two counties; south and Longzi County adjacent. The county's geographical area ranges from 92 ° 14 ′ - 93 ° 07 ′ longitude, latitude 28 ° 49 ′ ~ 29 ° 43 ′, the county's total area of 4,646 square kilometers, the political area of the maximum distance between east and west 88.2 kilometers, north and south of the maximum distance of 102.2 kilometers. National Defense Highway east-west across the county, along the National Defense Highway westbound, from Shannan region, the seat of the Office of the Zedang town 160 kilometers, 350 kilometers from the autonomous regional capital of Lhasa; eastbound, 70 kilometers from Langxian. County jurisdiction over 2 towns and 5 townships, with a total population of 17,533 people, the county population of more than 3,000.
Gacha County is mainly agricultural agriculture and animal husbandry county, agriculture is an important economic pillar of the county. Gacha County *** has 23577.3 acres of arable land, pasture area of 309,226 acres, all kinds of livestock 116,983 head (only). The main crop varieties are wheat, barley, potatoes, broad beans, oilseed rape, etc., crops are cooked once a year. The county is very rich in forestry resources, and its forest coverage is the highest county in Shannan area, amounting to 30.35%. The forest reserve is 1.338 million cubic meters. Economic forests are mainly apple orchards, with an area of 1,200 acres, while walnuts in the river valley area of Gacha County are also important economic forests, which have a high oil content and an oil yield of up to 65% or more.
Gacha County has rich natural resources, has been proved in the Yarlung Zangbo River along the distribution of more than alluvial gold ore points, the average grade of 0.078 grams / cubic meter or so; and this area of chromite grade up to 55.27%. The wild medicinal herbs in the mountain forest area mainly include Cordyceps sinensis, musk, shellac, Angelica sinensis, snow lotus, ginseng, wolfsbane, a branch of Artemisia annua, and small cork plants available for the extraction of canthaxanthin as well as the gradual endangerment of the plant, yellow peony, etc. The wild animals include horse deer, white-lipped deer and other wild animals. Wild animals include horse deer, white-lipped deer, snow leopard, black bear, brown bear, horse bear, marmot, Tibetan horse chicken, musk, dry otter, otter, money leopard and other species. In the Yarlung Tsangpo River waters grow seven species of fish, including the Lhasa Split-bellied Fish, Naked-bellied Heavy-lipped Fish Double-bearded Heavy-lipped Fish.
History
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Gacha means "Han salt" in Tibetan. Legend has it that when Princess Wencheng passed through this place, she put a piece of salt in a hole, from which salt water flowed out, hence the name. Gacha was once a key place with high activity during the Tuoqiang period.
In the 1991 census of cultural relics, has investigated the Garcha County in the cold, counting, an around, pull sui and other townships found in part of the sarcophagus burial remains, this part of the sarcophagus burials in a class of a whole piece of stone planks and sarcophagus, the excavation of pottery bowl, pots and pots of a kind of pottery, but did not see the excavation of metal ware. Combined with the discovery of sarcophagus burial remains in Tibet, this kind of sarcophagus burial may belong to the prehistoric neolithic remains. It can be assumed that the history of Garcha County can be traced back to the stage of primitive society thousands of years ago.
With the progress of human social development, Tubo ancestors appeared the earliest form of social organization. According to Dunhuang ancient documents and Tibetan historical records, when Tibet began to have a "small state" 44, and then appeared in the so-called "twelve small state", when it was the pre-Tubo. Each of these small states had its own "king" and "minister", each based on a place, the small state named "Dawei" governed the vast area east of Sangri County on the south bank of the Yarlung Zangbo River, and Garcha County also belonged to this scope. The Gacha County also belongs to this scope.
To the 7th century AD, the famous Tubo Zangpo Songtsen Gampo successively annexed the territory of the ministries, the establishment of a unified and powerful Tubo dynasty. At that time, Wei, Tibetan region is divided into "four such as", including the Gacha area, including Dawei is categorized as "about such as" scope, become the left flank of the Tubo capital logos (now Lhasa).
The powerful Tubo dynasty fell apart in the 9th century AD, and Tibetan society then entered a long period of fragmentation. During this period, various political and religious forces also penetrated into the area of Garcha, and combined with the local forces to form a feudalistic situation.
In the Tibetan Buddhism "after the macro period", the earliest in the Gacha region of the important sect forces for the Nyingma school, but its actual influence is not great. About the first half of the 12th century, the founder of the Dabo Kagyu school, Milarepa, one of the two major disciples of Sonam Rinchen (i.e., Dabo Raj) in the Gacha territory of the Dala Gangbu mountain to create the Dala Gangbu Temple, where the formation of the fundamental Dabo Kagyu school of the road, and the resulting gradual development of the so-called Dabo Kagyu school of the "four big and eight small" branches.
Between the 13th and 16th centuries, the rulers of the Yuan and Ming dynasties successively set up administrative organizations in Tibet to strengthen their rule. In the Yuan dynasty set up the "thirteen thousand households", Gacha region belongs to the "tooth not Tibetan Siba Wanfu" jurisdiction. The Ming dynasty of the Pat Zhu dynasty also maintains the entire Weizang region and the central authority of the service relationship between the Gacha area belongs to the Pat Zhu dynasty of the "answer Gaer Buzhai" jurisdiction.
After the 17th century, the Gelugpa sect of Buddhism gradually became the ruling system of local Tibetan government and religion with its growing power. During this period, the local government of Tibet set up two dzongs in the area of Garcha, Garcha and Rasui, and appointed the "dzongben" by the Kasha to carry out the administrative management, and this system has been inherited until the democratic reform of Tibet in 1959.
In 1951, after the peaceful liberation of Tibet, the Garcha area was set up by the Tabu Regional Working Committee to set up two offices in Garcha and Lhasui, and in May 1959, in accordance with the unified deployment of the Tibetan Work Committee, the original Tibetan local government of Garcha and Lhasui were merged to set up the Garcha County, which was categorized into the Shannan area under the jurisdiction of the people's Government of the People's Republic of China. In the same year formally set up the people's government of gacha county and the corresponding subordinate administrative organizations, the county seat for an around the township of zhongba village.
Administrative divisions
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Gacha County jurisdiction over two towns, five townships, 89 administrative villages.
Gacha Township
Total population 2526.
Anwang Town
Total population of 3788.
Lengda Township
Total population 2113.
Ba Township
Total population 996.
Lorin Township
Total population 4792.
Lasui Township
Total population 3519.
Chuijiu Township
Total population 529.
Natural Geography
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Located in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo River valley in southern Tibet, surrounded by mountains on all sides, many rivers and canyons area. Terrain west high east low, the average altitude of 3 200 meters. Nie la drop bar snow mountain elevation of 6,700 meters, the highest point for the territory. *** there are 265 rivers, including the Yarlung Zangbo River is the main river flowing through the county, the territory of the river length of 92.9 kilometers. There are also Darong ditch, color cloth Longqu, Jue not Lang three rivers are tributaries of the Yarlung Zangbo River, basin area of 2,620 square kilometers, accounting for 58% of the total area of the administrative district. Gacha is the middle reaches of the yarlung zangbo river area a multi water system, more lakes distribution of the county, the main lakes are ramla wrong, yong wrong, jiangsra wrong and other large and small lakes 160, the area is relatively small, more than the system of landslides, mudslides, floods and landslides and other material blockage of the valley and the formation of the weir lake. Belong to the plateau temperate semi-arid monsoon type climate zone, abundant light, strong radiation, large temperature difference between the day, the rainy season is concentrated, dry and windy in winter and spring. The average annual temperature of 8.9 ℃, annual sunshine 2 750 hours, the average annual precipitation of 492.7 mm, concentrated in May to September, accounting for 93% of the annual precipitation, frost-free period of 149 days. Natural disasters are mainly floods, hail, frost, drought, pests and diseases, of which floods are the main natural disasters. Hailstorms occur three times a year, concentrated in July to August. Minerals mainly include copper, alluvial gold, graphite, crystals, talc, granite, chromite, etc., of which talc ore reserves are 1.75 million tons. Wild animals mainly include musk, fox, wolf, roe deer, horse deer, black bear, brown bear, horse bear, dry otter, otter, white-lipped deer, aye-aye leopard, Tibetan antelope, money leopard, Tibetan pony chicken, green-tailed rainbow pheasant and so on. Wild plants mainly include cordyceps, shellfish, angelica, snow lotus, ginseng, wolfsbane, artemisia, yellow peony and so on.
Economic Development
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Agriculture-based farming and animal husbandry county, agriculture is the county's important economic pillar. 2002 county GDP 76.05 million yuan, of which 32.67 million yuan in the primary industry, 15.05 million yuan in the secondary industry, 28.33 million yuan in the tertiary industry. The total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery was 57.47 million yuan, of which 38.9 million yuan was for agriculture, 2.32 million yuan for forestry and 16.24 million yuan for animal husbandry. *** There are 1,584 hectares of arable land, and 1,517 hectares of crops are sown, of which 1,428 hectares are grain crops and 89 hectares are oilseeds. Total grain output of 7,900 tons, 200 tons of rapeseed, the main crops are wheat, barley, potatoes, broad beans, oilseed rape, etc., a year. *** there are 20,000 hectares of pasture, the end of the year livestock stock 11.03 million (only), the total meat production of 1,556.76 tons, milk production of 3,768.16 tons, wool production of 17.62 tons. Abundant forestry resources, forest coverage is the highest county in Shannan area, amounting to 30.35%. Forest reserves of 133.8 million cubic meters. Economic forests are mainly peach, pear, apple, walnut, pepper and so on. *** There are more than 13,000 fruit trees, annual production of apples 1,367.9 tons. Cordyceps in Gacha County is the world's best quality varieties, produced at an altitude of 4,500 meters above the snow line, annual output of about 1,500 kg. Yarlung zangbo river waters have cross mouth split belly fish, bare belly heavy lip fish, double bearded leaf bearded fish, etc. In 1976 built county hydropower station, the total installed capacity of 250 kilowatts, the annual power generation of 300,000 kilowatt hours. 1992, in the color of the brontosaurus river into the river was built in 1 hydroelectric power station, with an installed capacity of 1,500 kilowatts. Industrial output value of 1.42 million yuan, the traditional handicrafts of Gacha stone pots, Gacha wooden bowls and so on. Lin Qiong highway for the main highway, another township, village roads and Gacha suspension bridge, 230 kilometers.
Social undertakings
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Teaching, sports and health
County **** there are 29 primary and secondary schools, school-age children enrollment rate of 79.87%. Ethnic sports are holding stones, horse racing, tug-of-war and so on. There are hospitals, epidemic prevention stations, maternal and child health care stations and other medical institutions.
Folk tourism
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The county Zheba village residents like to dance drums, the Tibetan language called "Zhuo", is the Sangye Temple "Zhuo" dance of a school. County territory has ancient tombs and ancient temples, including the largest number of ancient tombs, the most widely distributed. Ancient burial sites are 6, totaling about 70, which is distributed in the town of an around the most intensive burials, *** counting four 54, accounting for more than 70% of the county's total number of ancient burials. Gacha County retained in the territory of the ancient temples and ancient sites, such as Dala Gangbu Temple was built in 1121, the original floor area of 10,000 square meters, for the "Green History", "Red History", "Chinese and Tibetan History Collection" and many other historical records, in the history of the long-established reputation for the county-level cultural relics protection units.
Folk fasting
Do not eat dog, cat meat, do not eat donkey, mule and horse meat. Do not eat duck meat, in addition to dogs and bears, horses and bears do not eat other beasts of meat. They do not eat meat of frogs, snakes and sea animals except fish, birds except chickens and pheasants, rats and mice except fennel grass and wild onions, etc. They do not eat other wild vegetables except fennel grass and wild onions.
The importance of etiquette
In the past, if you see the elders, the head or respected people, the living Buddha or to visit the VIP, to take off their hats, bending over, the hat in the hands of the low put near the ground. Pilgrimage to the Buddha or accept the living Buddha touch the top, to bow with palms together, kowtow or kowtow in the generation or general, bowing only to show courtesy, hat on the chest, head slightly lower. There are also palm and bowing and use, to honor the palm over the head, bending over and nodding, return the same action. Civilians on the way to meet the head, living Buddha, early avoidance bowing beside the road, take off his hat and bowed his head, spit his tongue, if the civilians on horseback, dismounted and stood on the side of the road, if it is sitting on the ground, stand up in a hurry to show respect to offer the hatha and greetings. There is also a method of kowtowing in the temple. Whether men, women, young and old to the temple of the scripture hall or in front of the statue of the Buddha, the first palms even arch three bow, and then arching waist to the feet of the statue of the Buddha, with the head of the top gently, expressed the intention of sincere repentance.
Families are mostly dominated by men, most of whom are good at sewing and preparation, and women are generally more engaged in housework and field management. When guests come to the house, they are usually received by men. Women to the guests on the tea and other food, bowed down to serve, and stooped down to protect the hem of the Tibetan robe back to the door. When going up the stairs, the man first, the woman in the back, downstairs on the contrary. If there is a man at the bottom of the stairs when a woman is going up, she should ask the man to leave before going up. When eating, the food is not full of mouth, bite no sound, drink no sound, picking food does not cross the plate, do not stretch the legs and so on. Address, generally in his name followed by a "la" word (respected people), as well as with honorifics to the honored and guests to speak, to show respect for each other. Sitting, can not grab the guest of honor seat, can not fall down askew, not to stretch the legs, in front of the honored and elders can not sit on the second wave of legs. There is snuff, gift etiquette, these are usually elders and parents to educate their children must know and pay attention to etiquette.
Hospitality, if there are friends and relatives, acquaintances visit, the host will warmly come to greet, hold the horse stirrups, the horse will be handed over to relatives to drink, feed grass. The master is bent over, flat stretching hands to invite guests into the door or upstairs, please sit on the upper right, to snuff, to barley wine, tea with ghee, and then served on the top of the tsampa and meat and other various food feelings reception, the guests received the master of the barley wine, the first ring finger dipped in sprinkles to the sky to play three, as a sign of respect for the gods and buddhas first, and then drink, drink, must be "three mouths a cup! "that is, drink a mouth full, and then drink a mouth full, the third mouth drink full, and then a cup full of drink. This is a customary rule, or the host will not be happy, or that the guests do not know how to be polite, or that the guests look down on him. Drinking ghee tea, there are also etiquette, guests into the house after sitting, housewives or children must not pour tea, but the guests do not have to drink on their own end, have to take the host to your front before you take over to drink, to show sincerity. Guests to stay overnight, the host to vacate the best bunk, out of the best mattresses, covers, in the fire pit to put some cypress or tsampa smoked before the guests to use. Guests to leave the home to go elsewhere or back, the host is ready to return the gift, ready to saddle or pack animals, horses, pack animals to the village entrance or the roadside, the whole family also came out to say goodbye to see off, until the guests on the road, get on the car only to return, if the guests have difficulties, no matter how high or low, the hosts try to give a solution. If the road meets other people have difficulties, although they do not know each other, but also will help each other, and do not care about the pay.
At the same time, friends and family, a traveled far away from home, to send more or less gifts, friends and family back home, but also to return gifts, from the family out of the home, to friends and family gifts, otherwise, called rude.
Folk Festivals
Festivals in Gacha are many, almost every month. In addition to the traditional festivals, there are also a large number of religious festivals, such as the so-called "Wang Guo Festival", "Nine Drops God Festival", "light festival" and so on. Here, we will only briefly introduce the main festivals that are of universal significance.
1, the Tibetan New Year (Tibetan January 1), the first day of the Tibetan calendar, men, women and children to meet each other to say "Zaxi Dele" (good luck) "Lobsang Zaxi Dele" (New Year's good). In the New Year, the children set off firecrackers, we drink barley wine, ghee tea, toasting each other, and have fun. Cities and towns sing Tibetan opera and dance with pots and strings. In pastoral areas, herdsmen light a blazing fire. Singing and dancing all night long. During the festival, there are folk wrestling, throwing, tug of war, horseback archery a series of competitions.
2, the Tibetan calendar December 1 for the agricultural year.
3, the Tibetan calendar January 26th -29th is the Dolga (exorcism festival).
4. April 15 of the Tibetan calendar is Sagada (Sagada Festival).
5. May 15 of the Tibetan calendar is Narrow Leader Stem Sang (World God Worship Day).
6. June 4 of the Tibetan calendar is Drukpa Tsetsi (Festival of Welcoming the Gods).
7, the Tibetan calendar month of August is Yu Guoer (Wang Guo Festival).
8. September 22nd of the Tibetan calendar is Gubarap Tsechung (Festival of the Nine Descending Deities).
9. October 25th of the Tibetan calendar is Ganden Amu Che (Festival of Lights).
10. November 6 of the Tibetan calendar is Nyambasi Dzong (set nine evil days).
11. December 29 of the Tibetan calendar is Gushikh Tong (Day of Exorcism).
Marriage and funeral
Marriage: young men and women in the county have female marriage, son-in-law, mainly depending on the labor force of both families. The man's family does not take the family as cheap. The marriage ceremony is extremely solemn and complicated. After agreeing on the marriage, first of all, please live Buddha or lama fortune-telling, choose the auspicious period, out of the heavy gift. Formally welcome the bride, welcome a large number of men and horses with enough colorful gifts, clean and swings, welcome the bride team to send a person with the status of "welcoming the bride guest phase", welcome the bride leader has a best people with a number of men and horses, holding up the statue of God, generally with the nine palace gossip (in order to avoid disaster) to the other side of the home to welcome the bride. Welcome the bride on the road to set up three "Suoqiang" (welcome the bride wine station), in front of the door at home on the ground with white ash painted on the "" symbols and white lines. Selected a few of the best genus, and both parents alive young boys and girls holding "Chema" containing (tsampa and ghee pinched cone) and barley wine, khata in each "Suoqiang" station waiting, welcome the pro-paramount team to each "Suoqiang "station to the bride or groom and the bridegroom to send a team of people to present the hatha, toast. Welcome to send the family team to the home is the third "Suoqiang" station, to toast the third wine, offering hatha, just after the door is first by a person who can speak the way to the household of all the circumstances of the introduction of a turn followed by the team to send the bride to bring the statue of the gods and the flag of warrants to get to the roof of the house, sowing in the roof of the gods on the mat, all the people to the roof of the house lined up, and to lay a mat and set up a table, burn the money, and the bride and the groom. All the people line up on the roof, spread the mat and set up a table, burnt the pandan, made offerings to the gods and blessed them. Then, all the people will pay homage to "Cheema", drink wine and sing songs. Down from the roof and then to toast "Chema" barley wine, while the bride and groom to accept the parents, guests to offer the hatha, toast and toast. The master of the family to send relatives to be placed, the selection of the family team to drink feast, followed by the guests to drink feast, while everyone enjoys singing and dancing. On this day all the family members dress up in festive costumes. The dowries are mainly treasures, clothes, land, livestock, etc. Some of them are even pieces of land and flocks of sheep. The celebration takes place for about 3-4 days. During this period to participate in the celebrations are generally the highest people in this household and friends and relatives; gift some send livestock, some send money, some send ghee, meat, tea, etc., wrapped in paper, write the word (benediction).
Gacha County funeral way sky burial, water burial, earth burial, cremation, sealed burial and other five, sky burial, water burial, mainly, between earth burial, cremation, sealed burial table burial, people die, first please Lama (astrologer) according to the deceased's phases, age, when the death of the time to count the seal to determine the date of burial, the direction of the selected mourner's phases, of which phases of the person can not touch the body of the deceased. Its funeral staff according to the family situation and will be determined, but the funeral must be an even number (including the deceased), sent back to the funeral of an odd number. After counting the seal of the deceased level in a corner of the house, the body with a white cloth or white blanket serge surrounded, and with the soil bad to do the pad, without other items pad, the deceased's rice bowl placed in front of the body and poured full of ghee tea. This is because Buddhism believes that after death, the soul and the body are not together. In order to make the soul does not linger in the house, with adobe mat corpse. After the body back away, the adobe will be thrown to the crossroads, the soul also ran away with it, from the day of death, to the funeral, you have to ask the lama every day to recite the sutra over the soul of the deceased. In these days, the family all do not comb their hair, do not wash their faces, take down all the decorations, but also can not laugh, can not speak loudly, and more can not sing and dance, a show of mourning, and the second for the dead, the soul of peace and quiet on the heavenly paradise.
Clothing, clothing, housing and transportation
First, clothing
Gacha County, the Tibetan costume of the common dress and the nearby areas are basically similar, but there are local characteristics, and even with silk, satin, cowhide, goatskin, serge, felt, tweed, synthetic fibers and other materials such as the final sewing of the body. Men's costumes are characterized by coiled hair, with red or black silk thread, coiled and knotted on the top of the head, and for the rich ones, they wear ivory rolls on their hair, and wear long gold earrings or big earrings in their ears. Women's clothing more heavy ornate, color is also vivid, are gold, silver, copper production of fine jewelry, such as patterned bracelets, deformation ring, necklace, to all colors of silk thread thicker, longer hair discernment. Chest with "Gama" (fine mountain basin, inside the bodyguard, etc.) ear with gold or silver ring, head with "BaZhu", waist with exquisite small knife and silver no copper coins and silver decorated belt.
Second, food
County Tibetan people's traditional food are the following:
Grain: barley, wheat, beans, Joe wheat, etc., oil: ghee, oil
Meat: cattle, sheep, lard-based and dairy products.
The staple food of the Tibetan people in Gacha County is tsampa, tsampa nutrient-rich than wheat, carry and easy to eat, go out or labor, eat without a fire to burn rice, with a bowl or Tang Gu pour some tsampa, plus water can be eaten. Barley wine is gacha county Tibetan people at home the necessary drinks, (all activities have to have), barley wine color light flavor sweet and sour, about 15-20 degrees, divided into the head, two, three wine, drink the first wine and two, three wine mixed drink. Ghee is also the same Tibetan people home necessities, ghee is a high nutritional value, the Tibetan masses, especially in the pastoral areas of the masses usually eat very few vegetables and fruits, the daily calorie requirements in addition to meat, will rely on ghee, ghee is the most common way to eat ghee tea, ghee tea Tibetan daily drink, every day, especially in the morning, you must drink a few cups of ghee tea, only to go to work and labor, the guests can not, but also must play ghee tea to entertain the guests. Must also play ghee tea to entertain guests.