The pharmaceutical industry is closely related to human life, as long as life goes on, the development of the pharmaceutical industry will never stop. As mankind in the process of survival and development of difficult and stubborn diseases, prompting the pharmaceutical industry to continue to carry out scientific and technological research. Therefore, the pharmaceutical industry is a continuous forward sunrise industry, there is no maturity period; at the same time, it is also high technology, high investment, high risk, high yield industry.
It is estimated that the elasticity coefficient of demand for healthcare products is 1.37, i.e., if the standard of living increases by 1 percentage point, the level of medical consumption increases by 1.37 percentage points.
It can be seen that the growth rate of medical consumption is higher than the growth rate of living standards. Pharmaceutical products are directly facing the consumer's ultimate product, through the hospital or medical stores transferred to the hands of consumers, immediately into the field of consumption, and thus directly affected by the residents of the health care needs, that is, the residents of the improvement of living standards will soon be embodied in the increase in the demand for medicine and health care products, and the latter increase is greater than the former, the rapid expansion of health care market in the last two to three years that is a case in point.
China is the world's largest developing country, the total population accounts for 20% of the world, it is expected that China's population will grow to 1.3 billion in 2000, and will reach 1.4 billion in 2010; the natural growth of the population and the gradual aging of society, so that the demand for medicine increased. In particular, 80% of the rural population currently enjoys only 20% of the health care and pharmaceutical resources. With the development of the rural economy and the improvement of the living standards of farmers, people's awareness of health care is increasing, making the rural pharmaceutical market has a strong potential for expansion. From the per capita level, China's residents of medicine consumption level is still at a low level. 1994 China's per capita use of drugs 7 U.S. dollars, only 1.6% of Japan, France 2.2%, the United States of America 2.3%, but also far less than Poland, Mexico, South Africa and other countries in the world at a low level, so China's pharmaceutical market growth rate must be higher than that of the international pharmaceutical market, especially with the rich knowledge of health care and the pharmaceutical business of the population. Therefore, the growth rate of China's pharmaceutical market is bound to be higher than that of the international pharmaceutical market, especially with the enrichment of residents' knowledge of health care and the development of the pharmaceutical business, the market demand for over-the-counter medicines will grow greatly. This is the basic background for the sustainable development of China's pharmaceutical industry.
Broadly speaking, the pharmaceutical industry involves chemical drugs, Chinese (adult) medicines, medical devices, sanitary materials, pharmaceutical commerce and trade, etc. The pharmaceutical industry and listed companies discussed in this article mainly refer to enterprises producing medicines (including Chinese and Western medicines).
2. History of the development of Chinese medicinePopular Chinese medical history
-- Ren Yingqiu
The working people created medicine -- the earliest evolution of medicine
The beginning of the division of the motherland's medical science --Development of medicine in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties
Outstanding doctor who opposed superstition --Bian Magpie, the famous doctor of the Zhou Dynasty
Toward prevention-oriented Ancient sanitary and epidemiological measures
The first discovery of the blood circulation - the contribution of the "Internal Canon" to anatomy and physiology
The surgeon who used anesthesia for the first time in a major operation - Hua Tuo, the famous doctor of the Han Dynasty. -Hua Tuo (华佗)
The great clinician Zhang Zhongjing (張仲景相) and his "Treatise on Typhoid Fever"
The further development of pulse cutting and acupuncture. -The achievements of Wang Shuhe and Huangfu Qui
An expert in infectious diseases - Ge Zhichuan, a famous doctor of the Jin Dynasty
A doctor who emphasized maternal and child health care - Sun Simiao and his "Thousand Gold Formula. Thousand Gold Formula"
The period of academic exchanges between Chinese and foreign medicine - from Han to Tang (206 B.C.~907 A.D.)
The development of medical education and image teaching - from Liu Song to Zhao Song period
The establishment of hospitals - the sick workshop
Medical academic controversy - the four great masters of Jin Yuan
The precursor of cowpox inoculation - the invention and outreach of the human pox technique The invention and dissemination of the human pox technique
The world-renowned pharmacologist Li Shizhen and the "Compendium of Materia Medica"
Enrichment of infectious disease therapeutics - the achievements of the Damp-Heat Achievements of the school of medicine
The doctor who emphasized on autopsy - Wang Qingren and the "Correction of Errors in the Forest of Medicine"
Achievements of Wu Shangxian, an expert in therapeutic science
The founding of China's pharmaceutical industry. 3. 60 years of development of China's pharmaceutical industry "related"
From 1978 to 2007, China's economy has achieved leapfrog development, the gross domestic product (GDP) grew from 364.52 billion yuan to 24,661.9 billion yuan, with an average annual growth rate of nearly 10%, and the total economic output has jumped to the world's fourth largest; the output of major agricultural products and industrial products, such as grains, cotton, meat, iron and steel, coal, fertilizers and cement, is the world's largest; the output of imported goods is the world's largest; and the output of imported goods is the world's largest. The output of major agricultural and industrial products such as grain, cotton, meat, iron and steel, coal, fertilizer, cement, etc. ranked first in the world; the total trade volume of imports and exports increased from 20.64 billion dollars to 217.38 billion dollars, making it the world's third-largest trading country; foreign exchange reserves increased from 167 million dollars to 1528.2 billion dollars, ranking the first in the world; the per-capita disposable income of urban residents increased from 343.4 to 13,786 yuan; and the per-capita net income of peasants increased from 13.3.6 yuan to 4,140 yuan. yuan. At the same time, political construction, cultural construction and social construction have also made remarkable achievements, the comprehensive national strength has been significantly enhanced, the international status has been continuously upgraded, and the construction of socialist modernization has entered a new stage of development.
Over the past 60 years, China has solved the problem of food and clothing for 1.3 billion people, basically realized the well-off level, and reduced the number of poor people from 200 million to more than 20 million in 60 years. The success of one country, two systems, the construction of the Three Gorges project is spectacular, the Shenzhou manned spacecraft ascension feat, the development of the western ***, the Olympic Games a complete success, the three links across the Taiwan Strait, "reunion" ...... countless great achievements in front of us, inspiring us to move forward! The next 60 years!
4. History of Clinical MedicineHistory of the development of clinical medicine:
First, modern
16th century Renaissance, medical stereotypes were broken, resulting in human anatomy. 17th century, the establishment of physiology. 18th century, the establishment of pathological anatomy. 19th century, cytology, bacteriology has been a great development. Basic medicine and clinical medicine gradually become two independent disciplines, math, biology, physics, chemistry and other aspects of the great progress for the emergence of modern clinical medicine laid a solid foundation.
The 17th century doctor Sydenham (Sydenham T., 1624-1689) proposed: "The most direct relationship with the doctor is neither the anatomy of the practice, nor the physiology of the experiments, but is the suffering of the patient by the disease, so the doctor's task is to correctly identify the nature of the pain, that is, should be more observation of the patient's condition, and then again study the knowledge of anatomy, physiology, etc., in order to derive explanations and cures for diseases." Sydenham's appeal gained support, and doctors began to return to their patients and engage in clinical observation and research. Sydenham is also known as the "father of clinical medicine".
In the 18th century, clinical teaching emerged. The University of Leiden set up beds for clinical teaching in its hospitals. Boerhave H. (1668-1738), a clinician, made full use of the teaching beds for bedside teaching and pioneered the Clinical Pathology Symposium (CPC).
A biomedical model evolved during this period. This model viewed health as a balance of host, environment, and etiology. Every disease can be treated by finding measurable morphological and/or chemical changes in organs, cells, and biological macromolecules, and determining the biological and/or physical cause of the disease.
Second, modern
Under the influence of the third scientific and technological revolution, three revolutions occurred in medicine in the 20th century, giving rise to modern clinical medicine.
The first revolution occurred from the 1930s to the 1950s, marked by the discovery of sulfonamides, the discovery of antibiotics, and the mass production of penicillin.
The second revolution occurred in the 1970s, marked by the invention and application of the electronic computed tomography (CT) scanner and magnetic **** vibration inspection (MRI).
The third revolution occurred in the late seventies, marked by the use of genetic engineering to produce biologics (e.g., growth inhibitors, insulin, growth hormone, interferon, hepatitis B vaccine).
Along with the development of pharmacology, therapeutics, molecular biology, immunology, medical genetics, organ transplantation technology, infectious diseases, medical imaging and other disciplines, the biomedical model in the seventies gradually transitioned to the biopsychosocial model of medicine, which looks at health and disease from the three factors of biology, psychology, and society in an integrated way, and implements comprehensive treatments in multiple ways.
Modern clinical medicine has formed the specialization of subspecialties, the development of internationalization, modernization of technology, interdisciplinary interpenetration and cross-disciplinary distinctive features, and the relationship with social medicine, general medicine is becoming increasingly close, and has become the most important weapon in the fight against disease.
Third, the future
As the science of direct confrontation with disease, clinical medicine will play a more important role in the future, the specific development trend of four:
The application of molecular biology to transform clinical medicine, clinical medicine and a variety of disciplines cross-fertilization, clinical medicine and preventive medicine, geriatrics has become an important research topic in clinical medicine.
5. History of the development of medical devicesMedical device industry involves medicine, machinery, electronics, plastics and other industries, is a multidisciplinary cross, knowledge-intensive, capital-intensive high-tech industry.
The basic characteristics of high-tech medical equipment is digital and computerized, is a multidisciplinary, cross-field crystallization of modern high technology, its product technology content is high, high profits, and therefore the various scientific and technological powers, the international large-scale companies competing with each other on the heights of the threshold of intervention is high. Even in the industry as a whole, the gross margin is low, the input is not high sub-industry will continue to have a higher technical content of the product, and from which a number of enterprises with a strong profitability of the breeding.
Therefore, the overall trend of the industry is high investment, high yield. Medical imaging equipment is an indispensable part of the hospital medical equipment, but also an important manifestation of the hospital's comprehensive strength, not only for clinical diagnosis and treatment to provide important protection, while providing an important platform for clinical research.
Imaging equipment as a comprehensive platform, the development of the hospital plays an important role in promoting. With the development of China's medical care and some of the hospital equipment upgrading, in recent years, China's medical imaging diagnostic equipment market demand has grown dramatically, objectively promoting the development of China's medical imaging diagnostic equipment industry, in the process of rapid development, some enterprises continue to grow and expand, the formation of a certain degree of competitiveness, the domestic independent production of medical imaging diagnostic equipment market share has increased.
About 15% of the medical devices in the national primary healthcare institutions are products from around the 1970s, and 60% are products from before the mid-1980s. The process of their upgrading and replacement is another process of demand release, which will ensure the rapid growth of China's medical device market in the next 10 years or even longer. Along with the deepening of reform and opening up, the increasing support of the state and the accelerating process of global integration, China's medical device industry is growing by leaps and bounds.
Medical devices are an important part of the pharmaceutical industry, and for consumers, the configuration of medical machinery in medical institutions is second only to the standard used to judge medical institutions equipped with physicians. The state for the development of medical equipment industry is also devoted a lot of effort, but to date, China's medical equipment industry in the field of high-end products, the competitiveness of local enterprises is still unbearable.
The medical device industry is a multidisciplinary, knowledge-intensive, capital-intensive, high-tech industry with a high entry barrier. The overall level of medical equipment in China's medical institutions is still very low, in the country's primary health care institutions of medical devices and equipment, there are about 15% of the products before and after the 1970s, 60% of the products before the mid-1980s, the process of their upgrading and the process of releasing the demand will ensure that the next 10 years or even a longer period of time, China's medical equipment market The rapid growth of China's medical device market will be ensured in the next 10 years or even longer.
With the deepening of reform and opening up, the increasing support of the state and the acceleration of the global integration process, China's medical device industry has been a rapid development.
In 2006, China's medical device import and export value exceeded the $10 billion mark for the first time, with a total import and export value of $10.552 billion, a year-on-year increase of 17.57%, and a cumulative surplus of $3.190 billion.
In 2007, China's medical device import and export value totaled $12.697 billion, a year-on-year increase of 20.33%, and the annual trade surplus of $4.133 billion.
China's medical equipment industry compared with the developed countries, although there is a gap, but the speed of development of China's medical equipment to the world are all for the eye. China's newest medical device products are on the cutting edge of the international medical device industry.
In the next few years, China will overtake Japan as the world's second largest medical device market. By 2010, China's total medical device output value will reach 100 billion yuan, and its share of the world medical device market will account for 5%, and by 2050 this share will reach 25%.
With the rapid improvement of the R&D strength of domestic enterprises and the shift of market focus from high-tech to popularization, the competitiveness of domestic products is gradually increasing, which provides a rare opportunity for domestic manufacturers to expand the market. It can be expected that the future development of China's medical device industry has a huge space.
In addition, the world financial crisis in the increasingly severe background, in order to resist the international economic environment on China's adverse impact, held on November 5, 2008, the State Council executive meeting put forward the implementation of a proactive fiscal policy and moderately loose monetary policy, the introduction of ten more powerful measures to expand domestic demand. 2008, November 23, the Ministry of Health issued a circular in the national New 100 billion yuan of central investment arrangements, arrange special investment of 4.8 billion yuan to support the construction of rural health service system.
"08 years 4.8 billion new inputs," the new rural medical equipment investment of 1.5 billion, plus "06 years," the Plan, "the new rural medical equipment investment of 6.771 billion, the two parts of the incremental total of 8.271 billion. This incremental 8.271 billion is mainly invested in rural medical equipment procurement, time is mainly concentrated in 2008-2010.
Low-end medical equipment will face a huge demand, become the first to benefit from the industry. Medical equipment professional talents in China's gap is still relatively obvious, such as the design and development of some high-end products are basically foreign technology, while the domestic market share in this area is a trace of a part of the cause of these reasons is mainly the lack of domestic senior talent in this area makes this aspect of our country and Europe and the United States and the United States countries there is still a certain gap in the current domestic medical personnel are mainly: Medical device sales, medical device maintenance, medical device registration, medical device design, structural engineers, hardware and medical electronics engineers and polymer personnel. There are tens of thousands of medical device enterprises in China. As of the end of 2011, there are nearly 900 enterprises above the scale of China's medical device industry, of which less than 2% are large enterprises, 148 are medium-sized enterprises, nearly 700 are small-sized enterprises, and the enterprises below the scale of the industry are even more countless.
The main talent flow platforms are on-site job fairs, job markets, and networks, etc., and the network has become the main way for job seekers to find jobs, such as: comprehensive: 51job, China, Wisdom Link; specialized such as: Medical Talent is the preferred choice of contemporary job seekers. As of 2010, the state in the rural health service system construction projects will reach a total investment of more than 20 billion yuan,.
6. Who knows the history of the development of medicineMedicine from the primitive society has developed through a long and complex road, its development by the level of productive forces and the constraints of production relations, but also with the advancement of natural sciences and technology, as well as the development of philosophical thought has a close relationship.
Archaeologists have discovered that the Yuanmou apes unearthed in Yunnan, China, 1.72 million years ago, could use stone tools and fire. The use of fire not only separated humans from animals, but also had significant implications for hygiene.
Humans have been familiar with the nutritional, toxic and therapeutic effects of plants for a long time, relying on them for their livelihood. The ancient Chinese term for a book of medicines, Ben Cao, and the English term for a drug, drug (i.e., dried grass), suggest that medicines have their origins in plants.
It is thought that the first recognized drugs were analgesics (Solanaceae) and plants with *** for the digestive system. The drugs discovered varied from region to region; the Chinese found rhubarb to have a laxative effect and ephedra to stop asthma; the Peruvians used cinchona to treat fever.
Due to the progress of production tools, the invention of the bow and arrow, human beings began to hunt and animal husbandry. With the development of hunting and animal husbandry, on the one hand, there are rudimentary relief methods for injuries, such as the treatment of wounds, fractures, and dislocations; at the same time, it makes human beings recognize the nutritional value of animals, and animal medicines (e.g., fat, blood, bone marrow, and a variety of organs, such as the liver) appeared along with it.
The animal husbandry economy in turn led shepherds to observe the effects of plants on animals, which in turn contributed to the understanding of plant medicines. For example, according to Greek historians, shepherds had discovered quinoa.
The emergence of pottery and clay ware made it possible to boil the sheet metal and concoct hot drugs. In short with humans came medicine.
The origin of medicinal knowledge is the accumulation of collective human experience, generated in the struggle with disease. Simple medical knowledge later developed into the process of medicine and pharmacology, the local philosophical thinking at the time has a close relationship, such as Chinese medicine by the yin and yang five elements of the thought of the influence of the Greek medicine by the four elements of the thought of the influence.
Medicine in ancient times The first slave states arose on either side of the great river basins. The Egyptians created their cultural endeavors in the Nile Valley, the Babylonians in the Tigris and Euphrates Valleys, the Indians in the Indus and Ganges Valleys, and the Chinese in the Yellow River Valley.
In slave societies, productivity took a giant step forward from primitive societies. Slave labor made the division of labor possible, and created the conditions for the further development of culture and science, which led to the emergence of the "professional doctor" in slave societies.
One of the great cultural achievements of the slave society was the invention of writing. With writing, ancient slave states were able to leave a large body of medical literature.
As slave societies developed and consolidated, the religious dimension of medicine increased. China's "Classic of Mountains and Seas" recorded: "Wupeng", "Wu Dai", "Wu Yang" and so on are god doctors; India, Egypt, Babylonian medicine is also shrouded in a strong religious color.
Slave society medical literature, mostly from the hands of monks. Therefore, these documents contain many superstitious elements.
Egyptian medicine Around 4000-3000 BC, Egypt has formed a slave society, there has been a considerable development of culture. They believed that everything belonged to the gods, so the monks were also responsible for eliminating disasters and diseases, and religious and non-religious empirical medicine were mixed with each other.
In order to expel the ghosts and demons from the body, they used emetic, cathartic, diuretic, sweating and other methods, and known enemas. Egyptian rich people because of the superstition that the remains of the dead will be permanently preserved, about since about 3000 BC has been the implementation of the method of drying the body, the use of spices and medicines to smear the body, is the "mummy".
This is a great help to the understanding of the human body structure, and has become a valuable material for modern research on ancient pathology, in addition to the ancient Egyptian medical books written in papyrus, existing 5 or 6 kinds. Famous British archaeologist F. Petrie in 1888 ~ 1890 in Egypt found in the Kahan papyrus, written in 2000 ~ 1800 BC, is gynecology; Smith's papyrus written in about 1700 BC, is the surgical; Ebbers' papyrus written in about 1550 BC, is the general theory of medicine.
Medicine in India India formed a slave society in the late 4000s and early 3000s BC. The Atharva Veda, which documents medicine and hygiene, is a later (6th century BCE) work.
According to historical records, surgery was well developed in India, with amputation, ophthalmic surgery, nose formation, fetal foot reversal, and Caesarean section being performed by about as late as the 4th century A.D. Indians used animal and mineral medicines in addition to plant medicines. Because of the many poisonous snakes, India also specializes in the treatment of snakebite doctors.
Indian medicine believes that health is the body's three protoplasm - gas, mucus, bile normal with the results. Later, the Greek medicine of "limb fluid theory" influenced India, so that the original three body fluids added blood, becoming the "four" doctrine.
The most famous surgeon in ancient India was Miaowen (born in the 5th century BC), and the most famous physician was Jaraja (born in the 1st century AD). Babylonian and Assyrian medicine At the end of the 3000s and beginning of the 2000s BC, in the central part of the Two River Valley, Babylon formed a slave state.
It was not until 700 BC that Assyria conquered Babylon. Babylonian and Assyrian astrology, which is closely related to medicine.
They believed that the body structure, in line with the operation of the celestial bodies, this concept of the human body is a small universe, and ancient China is quite similar. They valued the liver as the main organ of the body, and used it for divination (liver divination), and the liver of animals used in rituals was examined with great care.
Around 1700 BC there was already a Babylonian king Hammurabi formulated the Code, which has provisions on medical law, is the world's earliest medical law. It states, "If a slave dies or is blinded by a doctor's operation, the doctor is required to compensate the slave owner for all or half of the slave's worth, and if the blinded or dead person is a gentleman, both of the doctor's hands are cut off as a punishment."
In Babylon, as in Egypt, there were two kinds of physicians, monks, whose cure was by incantation and prayer, and physicians of practical experience, who were commoners. Medicine in Ancient Greece 7 ~ 6 centuries BC, Greece from the primitive clan society into slavery, the Greeks absorbed the cultural strengths of Egypt, Babylon, coupled with their own creations, in all aspects of culture and science have a high level of achievement.
Greek medicine was the basis for the development of Roman and European medicine. Until now, the medical symbols used by Europeans: the cane and the snake, that is, originated from Greek medicine.
7. History of Western MedicineOverview of the Development of Western Medicine
With regard to what people call Western medicine today, its full name is "modern and contemporary Western medicine", which originated in modern Western countries, and was developed by scholars in modern Western countries after they rejected the medicine of ancient Western countries.
Because it originated in the West, it is customarily called Western medicine. In the past, it was known as New Medicine in China, as opposed to Old Medicine (Chinese medicine).
After the Renaissance, Western medicine began the transition from empirical to experimental medicine, and in 1543, Vesalius published his Treatise on the Construction of the Human Body, which established human anatomy.
This indicates both the resurrection of an ancient discipline at a new level and marks the beginning of a new journey in medicine. The application of experimentation and measurement in the 17th century brought the life sciences onto the scientific track, marked by Harvey's discovery of blood circulation.
With the rise of experimentation, the emergence of many scientific instruments, the microscope is one of them, the microscope to bring people to a new level of understanding. 18th century Mogany put the understanding of disease by the symptoms pushed to the organ, the establishment of pathological anatomy, for the study of biological causes of disease opened up the way, in addition, the invention of cowpox inoculation, the public **** some of the problems of health and social medicine attracted the attention of People's attention.
By the mid-19th century, the German pathologist Virchow advocated cytopathology, which explained the causes of disease as changes in cellular form and configuration. Cytopathology confirmed the microscopic material basis of disease, enriched and developed morphopathology, and opened up a new phase of pathology.
In the second half of the 19th century, Pasteur proved that fermentation and infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, and the German Koch R. discovered Vibrio cholerae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Bacillus anthracis, etc., and improved the methods of cultivating bacteria and bacterial staining, and most of the major disease-causing organisms were discovered successively in this time period. Pasteur also used the method of weakening the virulence of microorganisms to first carry out research on vaccines, thus creating the classical immunology, and later, in the Pasteur Institute of the Russians working in the Mechnikovl I. systematically elaborated the phenomenon of swallowing divinatory phenomena and certain infectious diseases of the immune phenomenon.
In clinical medicine, the 19th century, diagnostics has made great progress, percussion method in the clinical application; Laennec (Laennec R.) invented the stethoscope; many clinical diagnostic aids, such as blood pressure measurement, body temperature measurement, body cavity examination are in the 19th century began to be applied. 19th century after the mid-19th century, anatomical development and anesthesia, antiseptic and sterile methods of application, the development of foreign science, played a role in the development of the world. application, the development of foreign science, played a decisive role, from in addition to the rapid development of science.
At the end of the 19th century, the body cavity surgery is generally developed, so that many clinical specialties (such as gynecology, urology, ophthalmology, etc.) in addition to internal disposition, surgical methods also gained an important position. Pharmacology, the early 19th century, some of the active ingredients of plant drugs have been extracted.
By the end of the 19th century, aspirin was synthesized, and then the synthesis and refinement of various drugs continue to develop. In the 19th century, preventive medicine and medical countermeasures to protect health have gradually become a matter of legislation and administration.
Labor hygiene, nutrition and food hygiene, and school hygiene came into being, and at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, hygiene was divided into social hygiene, whose purpose was to study the health of the people, the causes of morbidity and mortality, and the methods of combating them.
In addition, Nightingale F. founded the School of Nursing in England in 1860 to disseminate her ideas on nursing and to raise the status of nursing, making nursing a science.
Expanded:
Humans developed a variety of medical theories based on their understanding of their own bodies. Ancient Western medicine originated in Ancient Greece, and its founder was Hippocrates, the ancient Western medicine of the "four fluids doctrine" that the human body is composed of blood, mucus, yellow bile, black bile, and each part is interconnected, the body is filled with a variety of fluids, the balance of these fluids is the basic conditions for the survival of the body. basic conditions for survival, and their balance or lack of it is reflected in the color, temperament and disposition; at the same time, the medicine of the ancient Western countries also emphasized the interconnection of mind and body, the human body and nature, and attached great importance to maintaining good health, believing that good health depends mainly on the influence of factors such as lifestyle, mental and emotional states, the environment, diet, exercise, peace of mind, and willpower; the system of medicine in the ancient Western countries requires that Doctors should pay special attention to the study of the specificity and uniqueness of each patient's individual health, so it focuses on the patient rather than the disease, emphasizing the active cooperation between the patient and the doctor.
By the seventeenth century, the doctrine of the four humors had come under severe attack because it was considered an empty theory without any material basis. Since then, scholars in Western countries have rejected the ancient Western medicine and adopted the correct research methodology to develop a new system of medicine based on science and experimentation in the modern period, which is the modern and contemporary Western medicine, and the Western medicine that is being developed today in various countries and nations around the world.
The progress of science has made modern Westerners realize that nature has its own laws of motion, which cannot be explained by people's will or conjecture, but can only be expressed clearly by mechanical theories and geometric and mathematical language. This mechanistic point of view greatly promoted the development of medicine, people began to think that the body's discomfort does not vary with the individual, in fact, any disease is due to some kind of injury caused by the body, drugs and surgery can cure or alleviate the disease.