Before the birth of the written word, mankind has begun to use graphic symbols to express their feelings, their own thoughts, experienced events recorded. And drawings are the basis for guiding the site construction personnel to work. At present, the state for the decorative design of the legend has not been a standard model, around the company has its own different ways of expression, and decorative industry personnel mobility, such as the company does not have a set of drafting standards, it is easy to appear in a set of construction drawings within a variety of different symbols to express the same meaning, which is not conducive to the communication with the owner, the construction unit, but also to make the effect of the construction drawings surface greatly compromised. The material designation also varies: such as the expression of equilateral 40 angle 40 × 40 angle, 40 × 4 angle, etc., as for the name of the stone for various reasons, it is more difficult to unify.
In practice, it is recognized that the interior decoration is extended from the building, the architectural design industry has been many years of norms and standards, so the decorative legend symbols should be perfected on the basis of architectural legends, only perfect norms, design expression can be accurate. First of all, according to the Unified Standard for House Building Drawing (GB/T 50001-2001), the company's iconographic frame is redesigned. Line shape, font and proportion, section symbol, index symbol and detail symbol, leading line, positioning axis and size labeling requirements are in accordance with the provisions of the standard. Refer to the Architectural Drawing Standard (GB/T 50104-2001) for the legends of staircases, ramps and cavities. Referring to the legend of foreign indoor drawing, combining with the actual situation of the company, it increases the material index number, elevation index number, etc. In order to make the electronic version of the drawings easy to use, it is tentatively adopted Window Song font. A variety of commonly used frame icons, text, legends, symbols are produced sample drawings, and the organization of the school of designers, familiar with the use of various symbols, to ensure that the drawing symbols out of the drawing of text unity, from the most basic aspects of the drawings to start the control of the quality of the drawings.
Two, material familiarity and use
Designers experience out of school, into the enterprise, often feel lost, feel heroes have no use, the theoretical knowledge gained in school, including environmental cardiology, interior design theory, furniture, lighting and decorative design, thermal environment and energy saving in construction and other book knowledge is not used, the root cause lies in the unfamiliarity with materials, a project I do not know where to start. A project does not know where to start. To become a good construction designer must start from this aspect, improve their own design level.
In recent years, science and technology continues to progress, technology is constantly updated, the trend is constantly changing, new materials are constantly introduced, as a fashion to implement, the trend of the guide, the designer must understand the physical properties of these materials, economy, the use of the scope of the construction method, and how to match in order to achieve the best results.
First of all, the so-called physical characteristics of the material, that is, the material absorption rate, expansion coefficient, fire resistance level, weight, whether the environmental protection materials, environmentally friendly materials are emerging materials in recent years, due to the country last year, the newly promulgated "Civil Construction Project Indoor Environmental Pollution Control Code" (GB50325-2001), as the designers should be carefully studied as a standard of work, select the material to meet the requirements of the code; understand the material, the economy, the scope of use, construction methods, and how to match to achieve the best results. Meet the requirements of the code of materials; understand the physical properties of materials, can compare the advantages and disadvantages of different materials, in the selection of materials in the project, can give customers a reasonable proposal. The national standard "building design fire code", "building interior decoration design fire code" (GB50222-95) on the building of the interior decoration materials in various places of the fire-resistant level of detailed provisions for the choice of materials provides a basis.
Secondly, the economy of the material, decorative materials are diverse, can replace each other a lot of products, and different materials must exist more or less difference in price, a lot of progress in the surface treatment process, can use relatively inexpensive materials to replace expensive materials, the principle of the interests of the customer first, the design should be in the context of ensuring the decorative effect, the use of safety, choose to use the construction process is simple materials, effective and efficient. Construction process is simple materials, effective control of project cost.
Again, the use of materials, familiar with the materials used in where, can effectively control the cost, extend the service life of the finished product, such as white stone used in outdoor space, easy to appear discoloration, rust. Will not be treated with thin decorative panels over the kitchen and bathroom space, it will soon be subject to moisture discoloration, and even decay. Of course, the use of materials is not set in stone, sometimes we need to expand our thinking, innovative use of materials, exterior paint was originally used in the outdoors, as the exterior paint, its waterproof durability is inevitably better than the indoor latex paint, so we can use the exterior latex paint in the bathroom, so that the use of color to create a lively sense of space, do not have to use a thousand tiles, to avoid the tiles! Construction of the seam, so that the wall is more simple, suitable for the use of minimalist fashion design, investment equivalent to the price of mid-range tiles.
As for the construction method, in the past the design will often only give the plane construction plan, elevation construction plan, the specific construction method is to have the construction side of their own solutions, this way of working in the industry at the beginning of the development of the industry is relatively common, with the maturity of the project supervision system, the quality of the customer is gradually improving the drawbacks of elimination in the near future, the main reason is to cause the construction of the disorganization of the cost of the settlement of the unclear. Very easy to cause disputes. Designers in addition to frequent in-depth site outside, increase the site construction experience, but also should see more domestic and foreign materials construction information, after all, we can not hold the old technology does not think of progress, but should be more use of new building materials. With the popularization of computers, the network should also become one of the main means of understanding the world, many large-scale material manufacturers will introduce their own Web site to introduce the technical parameters of new products and construction technology requirements, which provides a good platform for designers to work.
Of course, experience can not be accumulated overnight, want to become a qualified designer, material familiarity is not material plagiarism, but the use of materials, so that our drawings really become the basis for guiding the construction.
Three, familiar with the norms and the use of
Construction drawings of the design of the first task is to ensure the safety of the customer's use, followed by decorative effect, how can we ensure the safety of the customer's use? The state has a lot of building design for different aspects of the professional norms, for some special industries and specialized industry standards, and every year the state will be part of the norms for revision and updating, before the drawing specification has been elaborated.
"Building Design Fire Code", "building interior design fire code" (GB50222-95), "high-rise civil building design fire code" (GB 50045-95) is more involved in the specification of the safety of human life; the building interior decoration using combustible, flammable materials, a wide range of, the In order to ensure the fire safety of the building, prevent and reduce the occurrence of building fires and reduce fire losses, the fire prevention design of building interior decoration should properly deal with the contradiction between decorative effect and safety, actively use non-combustible and flame retardant materials, try to avoid the use of combustion in the production of a large amount of smoke and poisonous gases, so as to achieve safe and comfortable, technologically advanced and economically rational. Advanced technology, economic and reasonable.
Designers should be familiar with the provisions of the specification requirements, specification data can be quickly accessed to understand the fire rating of the building, civil building fire rating, number of floors, length and area requirements, civil building safety evacuation requirements, the requirements of the building structure, the specification of the nomenclature, the classification and grading of decorative materials, single-story, multi-storey civil buildings, internal parts of the decorative materials, the combustion performance of the grade, the combustion performance of commonly used building interior materials Grade, commonly used building interior decoration materials, combustion performance grade division examples, high-rise civil building interior parts of the combustion performance level of decoration materials, underground civil building interior parts of the combustion performance level of decoration materials.
In the interior decoration design often wall hanging, sculpture, models and specimens as one of the interior decoration performance content, in order to avoid these ornaments caused by the fire, public **** building should not be made of B3 decorative materials, wall hanging, sculpture, models and specimens, when it is necessary to set up, should not be close to the source of ignition or heat source. In order to ensure that the fire hydrant in the fire fighting to give full play to its role, the door of the hydrant box inside the building is required should not be covered by decorations, the color of decorative materials around the fire hydrant should be clearly differentiated from the color of the fire hydrant door box. The interior decoration of the building should not cover the fire fighting facilities and evacuation signs and exits, and should not hinder the normal use of fire fighting facilities and evacuation aisles. Try not to change the area, location and function of the functional rooms in the original building design in the building interior decoration design.
In our design should also pay attention to, especially in the remodeling project, some of the engineering design and construction time earlier, some design does not meet the requirements of the current norms, it should be rectified for these problems, can not just consider the effect of decorative and investment, ignoring the details of the design. A hotel decoration project design, the original window sill design is only 0.7m high, according to the current "general rules for the design of civil buildings" (JGJ 37-87) requires that the window sill is lower than 0.80m, should take protective measures. In the case of not changing the facade, the practice of adding maintenance railings in the interior was adopted. In another project, the original civil design of the balustrade height of the corridor is only 0.85mm, according to the height of the balustrade should not be less than 1.05m, in the original brick balustrade on the increase of 0.2m high stainless steel handrail, not only to reach the beauty and durability, but also to meet the requirements of the specification. These seemingly insignificant small problems, it is the designer should pay attention to the problem.
Four, the coordination between the types
Building interior design involves many types of work, technical requirements vary. Decorative design and other types of work with can be summarized as follows: building structure; piping equipment - air conditioning, water, electricity, heating, fire; art accessories - sculpture, calligraphy and painting, jewelry, etc.; landscape - plants, greening layout and lighting. -Plants, greening layout and lighting requirements; kitchen office class - household electrical, office equipment; a wide variety of factors, precisely because of these factors, the requirements of the decorative design process must be more communication, more understanding, according to the characteristics of the above types of work, and its use of the requirements, so that the design can be perfect. In the project design, especially when the design of large-scale public buildings, especially the need for a lot of mutual coordination of work, involving owners, construction units, business management, architects, interior designers, structural, water, electricity, air-conditioning engineers, as well as suppliers between all aspects of mutual coordination, full cooperation, to solve complex problems in complex projects, to achieve all aspects of the results can be satisfied.
The design contract, the winning program design (including home furnishing rendering and floor plan) and civil design construction drawings is the design basis for interior design. Design before the start of the design of the basis of in-depth study is an essential part of the work and therefore, in the pre-design project leader according to the design contract signed by the completion of the time, weighed within the department of the staff's work and ability to carry out the task of the staff arrangements, and production of the "project design schedule", and then formally began the design of the project work.
In order to accurately complete the design task, first of all, we must read through the civil construction drawings, understand the dimensions of the building doors and windows, as well as the dimensions of the structural beams and columns, to confirm the feasibility of the program design, to ensure the safety of the main structure, on this basis, combined with the Party A on the use of the specific requirements of the functions of the original architectural floor plan to optimize and supplement. In addition, some of the old house renovation decoration project, often encountered in the brick structure of the building, the owner of the existing business requirements, envisage changes in the original space, the need to remove the load-bearing structure of the wall, at this time, must be the original civil engineering design unit or with the same qualifications of the civil engineering design unit checking and processing before decorative design, or there will be a serious safety hazards. Frame structure of the building, non-load-bearing walls can be removed, but need to consider whether the alteration meets the requirements of the fire code. As the load-bearing structure of the building is part of the part that can not be altered, and thus the main relationship between interior design and structural work is how to beautify or weaken the structural beams and columns of the impact on the decoration, so that it is in harmony with the entire indoor space, unity.
The height and position of air-conditioning, water supply and drainage and fire-fighting pipelines are important factors affecting the ceiling and wall modeling. In the construction drawings before the start of the design, the designer should carefully study the arrangement and height of various pipelines, and the rest of the various types of coordination, try to meet the requirements of the decorative works, the pipeline modification, in the layout plan, ceiling plan and elevation drawings initially completed, to the equipment types of funding, after consultation with the equipment types of parts need to be altered to redesign. But the actual situation of the project is often the civil design by the civil engineering design institute to complete the civil construction before the completion of the main body of the interior design, coordination of resistance, contact is not close, resulting in the rectification of untimely, and equipment installation as early as in the decorative engineering construction has begun before the decorative effect can not be guaranteed, which prompted the interior designers must be coordinated in the early stages of the work to the owners of the adjustment of the original design requirements to allow the owner to have enough time to work with the original design. Owners have enough time to coordinate with the original civil engineering design units, to ensure that the decorative effect, the use of functionality, to reduce the owner's losses.
Lighting arrangement is the main measure to highlight the decorative effect, and lighting arrangement requires both the electrical part of the redesign, but also requires interior designers to select the appropriate lamps and light sources according to the owner's investment in the scale and effect of the requirements of the designers, which also requires designers to be familiar with the use of electrical materials. In the process of design and service, the designer must also design and supervise the production of special furnishings, design special lamps and lanterns and explain in detail the technical requirements. To further ensure the quality of the design, interior designers are involved in the purchase of furniture and furnishings, the layout of plants and greenery, so that they complement the fixed decorations and create a good spatial atmosphere