For the cool nature players, walking on the wild mountains and waters where people don't walk, looking for the authentic wildlife, and of course, not living in the comfortable hotels and restaurants. For this type of player, the necessary equipment and knowledge of nature is indispensable, the following is on the wild camping some of the essentials, may wish to refer to one or two.
Choosing a campground
The first thing to consider is safety. In the wild, many accidents can happen. At lower altitudes, there is much less danger, but it is still important to follow the basic principles of campsite selection.
1, in the tent before, must carefully survey the terrain, the camp above the rolling stone, rolling logs, and those weathered rocks, once found near the signs of rock scattering, absolutely no more tents, especially by the rock wall the closer the place to pay attention to, as far as possible, to avoid in the concave shape of the place to camp. In case you find a rolling stone, you should immediately shout and notify your traveling companions.
2, do not build camp in the mudslide prone to. Many rocks have traces of being wrapped in mud, which is the main sign of recognizing the occurrence of mudslides. Don't choose a campground that is too close to a mudslide channel.
3. Don't camp on top of a mountain or on open ground during a thunderstorm to avoid being struck by lightning.
4. Don't set up camp on river beaches, river beds, streams and river valleys during thunderstorms to prevent being swept away by sudden floods.
Many times, campsites are chosen on ridges or on the banks of rivers to make it easier to enjoy the scenery. The more ideal places to camp are nothing more than river terraces or wide banks. The sandy ground is flat and dry, and the stream valleys are bordered by clear water and driftwood that can be used as fuelwood, making it a good campsite when the weather is favorable. However, if it pours down rain, the water in the valley is likely to rise suddenly, causing the riverbanks to be submerged, washing away hiking shoes, food, and so on, and even people together with the current.
5, the rainy season in the wild camping must pay attention to the campground before the local and upstream areas of the river climate, hydrological conditions, camping should pay attention to the water a few meters above the high ground tent, do not choose the rain channel, to choose the drainage of the place, but also to choose the danger of the path of escape. When everything is settled, but also need to pay attention to the water flow and turbidity of the water source and the sound of running water. If you feel anything unusual, run away. Late at night or when you're tired are the main causes of disaster, so don't be careless or inattentive.
Pitching a tent 1. Try to pitch your tent on hard, flat ground, not on riverbanks or dry riverbeds.
2. The entrance to the tent should be to the back of the wind, and the tent should be far away from hillsides with rolling stones.
3. In order to avoid flooding of the tent when it rains, a drainage ditch should be dug directly below the side line of the canopy.
4. The corners of the tent should be pressed with big stones.
5, the tent should keep air circulation, cooking in the tent to prevent fire.
6, evening before going to bed to check whether all the fire is extinguished, the tent is fixed solid.
7. To prevent bugs from entering, spread a circle of kerosene around the tent.
8. The tent should face south or southeast to see the morning sun, and the campsite should not be on the ridge or mountain top.
9. At least have an alcove, not next to a stream, so that it is not too cold at night.
10. Choose campsites with good drainage, such as sand, grass, or rock chips.
Close to water
The campsite should be close to a water source, so that it can provide water for cooking and drinking, as well as for washing, and if it is far away from the water source, it will bring a lot of inconvenience and even danger to the campsite. But in the deep mountains and dense forests, close to the water source will encounter wild animals, to be extra careful attention.
Leeward Wind The wind will quickly take away the body's heat, create cold, and even cause disease, while the wind will roll away the tent, or at least stir up the personnel can not rest, lighting a campfire will be more difficult to cook and warmth is difficult to ensure, so the camp must be sheltered from the wind. It is best to be on the leeward side of a hill, in a forest or forest-side clearing, in a cave, on the side of a ridge, under a rock, and so on. Beast Prevention When building a campsite, you should carefully observe whether there are tracks, droppings and nests of wild beasts around the campsite, and don't build it in a zone with many snakes and rats in order to prevent injuries or damage to equipment and facilities. There should be mosquito, insect and scorpion repellent medicines and protective measures. Spreading grass and wood ash around the campsite will be very effective in preventing snakes, scorpions, and venomous insects from infesting the area. Sunshine The campsite should be located in a place with as much sunshine as possible, which will make the campsite warmer, drier and cleaner, and make it easier to dry clothes, goods and equipment. The ground in your campsite should be level, free of roots and debris, as well as bumps and slopes that could damage equipment or injure personnel, as well as affect the quality of your rest. Finally, please note that: in the wild to protect the natural environment, do not harm wildlife, do not cut down indiscriminately, do not destroy the natural vegetation, do not pollute the water supply, must be completely extinguished when withdrawing from the camp, the garbage and waste should be as far as possible to take out, put in the designated place, special circumstances can not take away the garbage can be dug pits to bury. How to cook without cooking utensils In distress conditions, it is best to eat a hot meal every day. Cooked food has the characteristics of regulating the stomach and intestines, sterilizing and disinfecting, and making nutrition easy to absorb. However, in many cases, the survivalist often does not have the cooking utensils to make food, so he has to change his cooking habits a little. The following method is simple, effective, may wish to try.
(1). Charcoal Grilling
Tubers of plants, fish, birds, freshwater mussels and many other foods can be grilled directly over charcoal. A layer of clay or leaves can be wrapped around the food before roasting, and the food will never burn in this way.
With this method neither hair pulling, do not have to go to the viscera, and do not have to scrape the scales of the fish, to the food is fully cooked, as long as the peeling wrapped in the outside of the mud, hair, scales can be mud off.
(2). Roasted food over a campfire
Small pieces of beasts, small fish, birds, and plant roots are threaded onto wet sticks or twigs and roasted directly over a campfire.
(3). Hot stone steaming food
This is the old "clam baking and steaming method", the effect is good. The method is to put the food with shells directly on the hot stone or stone in the middle of the roast (some meat should be wrapped with leaves or grass), and then covered with a layer of sand or soil. When the food is cooked, as soon as the soil is peeled away, the clams, mussels and oysters open their mouths and are ready to be eaten.
4. Mud pit baked food
First in the mud on the ground to dig a 30 to 40 cm deep pit, the meat, bird eggs, tubers and shellfish food on the bottom of the pit, in the pit put on the leaves of green plants, grass or can keep food clean cloth. Then cover the small pit with a 2-centimeter-thick layer of sand or dirt and set the fire on top. But do not burn the meat pieces in the pile of leaves, as this will produce a smoky odor.
(5). Cooking in a tawa
Make an earthen tawa with clay to cook food, line the inside with a layer of foil, then put clean water and the food to be cooked in it and add hot stones until the water boils. Cover with a large green leaf for at least 1 hour until the food is fully cooked.
Obtaining Water 1. Drinking and Sterilization
The availability of water is vital when in distress, especially in hot, desert areas.
1) Water sources
The natural sources of water are as follows:
- Surface water. Such as rivers, lakes and streams.
- Groundwater. Such as wells, springs, underground cisterns, etc.
-Biological water. Such as some plants contain sufficient water, such as plantain, bamboo, cactus and so on.
-Heavenly water. Such as rain, snow, dew and melted ice.
(2) Purification
Rainwater, spring water, well water, and streams flowing in the mountains can be drunk directly. But still or slow-moving water contains a lot of organic matter and bacteria, and needs to be purified before drinking. Purification is the elimination of organic matter from the water, disinfection, and removal of odors. In distress conditions, the following simple methods can be used to purify drinking water.
Find a container, such as canvas bags, polyethylene plastic bags, large tin cans, in the bottom of the container to lay a layer of fine gravel, and then lay a layer of sand, a layer of charcoal powder, and so on, repeated many times, the more layers, the better, each layer is about 2.5 cm thick. If there is no sand, use fine gravel instead.
In the bottom of the container drilled some small holes, pour water into the container, the bottom with a cup to take over.
In addition, there is a way to purify the water, half a meter away from the source of water to dig a shallow pit, after some time, the pit will seep out clear and clean water.
⑶ Disinfection
Boiling disinfection. At sea level, at least 1 minute of boiling; in higher altitude areas to extend the time, the altitude of every 1000 meters higher, the boiling time can be increased by 3 to 4 minutes.
Chemical disinfection. Disinfectants are dichlorosulfanilamide benzoic acid, iodide, halazone and so on. Put 2 tablets of dichlorosulfanilamide benzoic acid in 1 liter of water and leave it for 15-30 minutes to achieve the purpose of disinfection. When this agent is not available, 8-10 drops of iodine can be sprinkled in each liter of water.
(4) Sterilization
To kill bacteria, do one of the following:
Water purification tablets are the easiest to use. Before you go into the desert, buy some from a drugstore and use them as directed. Not only will you need them in self-rescue shelters and in cars and airplanes, but you should also keep some at home for emergencies. Generally, 1 water purification tablet is enough to purify 1 liter of clear water, and 2 tablets can purify 1 liter of cloudy water. Allow the purified water to settle for 30 minutes before using it.
Iodine Add 3 drops per liter of clear water, double for turbid water. Allow to settle for 30 minutes and prepare for use.
Household bleach (5.25% sodium chlorite) Add 2 drops per liter of water and 4 drops to cloudy water. Shake the water for a while and let it settle for 30 minutes. The bleached water will have a very faint chlorite flavor.
Boiling the water for 3 to 5 minutes will also purify it. Add a little carbon to the water while boiling it to remove off-colors. Stir the water to ventilate it and cool it and restore its flavor or add a pinch of salt.
2. Finding water
(1). Finding and purifying drinking water
Water is vital for human survival. As the saying goes, "Hunger can be stopped, but thirst is hard to come by". Water is more important than food in a way. 1983, there were some college students who got lost in a cave in Emei Mountain and couldn't get out, they only relied on drinking spring water to maintain for more than ten days, and finally they were rescued by someone who found them.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Qi launched an expedition to conquer the Lone Bamboo Kingdom, and when they returned to the army, it was the middle of winter, the rivers and streams were dry, and the men and horses were so hungry and thirsty that the army was unable to march. Xi Peng, a minister of Qi, suggested to the king of Qi, "I heard that ants live in the shade of the mountain in summer (north) and in the sun of the mountain in winter (south). There must be water near the ants' nests, so we can ask our soldiers to go to the south of the mountain to find ants' nests and dig deeper." The king of Qi took this advice, and indeed found water and rescued the whole army. This story tells us that in various regions, the growth and distribution of plants and trees, and the activities of birds, animals and insects can often provide some clues to the search for shallow groundwater.
In many arid deserts, the Gobi area, growing tamarisk, bell thorns and other bushes, these plants tell us that there is groundwater here under the surface of 6 to 7 meters deep; poplar forests grow in the place, it is pointed out that the groundwater level from the surface of the ground is only 5 to 10 meters; Bletilla indicates that the groundwater is located in the ground under the surface of 2 meters; lush reeds indicate that the groundwater level is only 1 meter or so; if you find If you find plants like Jin Daidai and Malanjiang, you will know that you can find groundwater by digging down 50 centimeters or 1 meter here.
We can also know the quality of the groundwater from the plants, such as seeing plants such as marjoram, whisker buds, etc., it can be concluded that there is not too deep in the place of fresh water.
In the south, the deep-rooted leafy bamboo bush not only grows in the river bank, but also often grows in the karst related to the underground river fissure, the place where the water falls into the hole. For example, in many karst valleys and depressions in Guangxi, bunches or independent bamboo clusters are often signs of large waterfall holes. These caves, some in the mouth of the cave can directly see the water, some in the mouth of the cave can not see the water, but as long as the deep down, often will be able to find groundwater.
In addition, in places where the groundwater is shallow, the soil is moist, and ants, snails, crabs, etc. like to make nests and gather here; in winter, frogs, snakes and other animals like to hibernate here; and in the summer evening, because of its moist and cool, mosquitoes and insects usually fly around in columns of hovering here.
The depth of the water table, you can also test, dig a small pit on the ground, with a plate buckle on the bottom of the pit, covered with some grass, the morning plate with small water droplets, the water table is high. Digging a 1-meter pit, in the pit lit more smoke in the grass, if the smoke column is curved to rise, the water table is high.
Due to the wide distribution and flow of water in nature, especially ground water flows through a wide geographical area, it is generally difficult to ensure that the water source is not polluted. If there is a map, pay attention to the water source upstream of the presence of mines, if there are mines, the water source is likely to be contaminated by minerals. If the stones in the river have an unusual tea-red or yellow color, it is better not to drink the water here. If there are no fish or other living creatures, you should be more careful.
Usually, rainwater can be drunk directly, but when it rains, you can use a raincloth plastic sheet to collect a lot of rainwater. Use empty can boxes, cups, steel helmets and other containers to collect and receive rainwater, which can be placed on a clean stone, not on the ground, if the rain is strong, the mud on the ground will splash into the catching container.
When there is no reliable drinking water in the wild, and no testing equipment, we can identify the quality of water according to the color, taste, temperature, and water stains roughly.
Pure water is colorless and transparent when the water layer is shallow, and light blue when it is deep. You can use a glass or white porcelain bowl to observe the water, usually the clearer the water quality is better; the more muddy water means that the water contains more impurities. The color of the water varies with the dirt, such as containing humus is yellow, containing low iron compounds is light greenish blue, containing high iron or manganese is yellowish brown, containing hydrogen sulfide is light blue.
Generally clean water is odorless, while the polluted water often has some odor. Such as hydrogen sulfide-containing water has the smell of rotten eggs, salt-containing water with a salty taste, high iron content of water with metal rust, magnesium sulfate-containing water has a bitter taste, containing organic substances in the water has a corrupt, smelly, moldy, fishy, medicinal taste. In order to accurately identify the odor of water, you can use a clean vial, half a bottle of water, shake a few times, open the stopper immediately after the nose. You can also put the bottle of water in about 60 ℃ of hot water, smell the water has a strange odor, you can not drink.
The water temperature of surface water (rivers, lakes), due to changes in temperature and change. Shallow groundwater, less affected by the temperature, deep groundwater, water temperature is low and constant. If the water temperature suddenly rises, it is mostly due to organic pollution. Industrial wastewater contamination of water sources will also make the water temperature rise.
You can also use a piece of white paper, water drops on it to dry and observe the water stains. Clean water is free of stains; there are stains, which indicates that the water has more impurities, poor water quality.
In the wild, it is best not to drink water that comes out of weeds, but clear water that comes out of cracks in cliffs or rocks. When drinking water from rivers or lakes, you can dig a small pit in the sand one or two meters away from the water's edge, and the water seeping out of the pit is cleaner than the water extracted directly from rivers and lakes.
The less suspended matter and colloidal matter in drinking water, the better, otherwise it is easy to drink for a long time to cause disease. To purify the water, you can use drinking water disinfectant tablets, bleach tablets and alum and other medicines. In the field, due to the limitations of the conditions, you can also use some wild plants containing mucus to purify the turbid drinking water. For example, the roots and stems of Guanzhong, the bark, leaves and roots of elm, the branches and bark of cottonwood, the whole plant of cactus and whip, and the bark and leaves of water hibiscus all contain mucilage, which contains sugar polymer compounds. These plants and calcium, iron, lead, magnesium and other metal salts above the second order of the solution of chemical synthesis, the formation of flocculent, in the precipitation process can be adsorbed suspended substances to sink to the bottom, play a role in purifying muddy water.
The above wild plants, cactus, whip is edible plants, and water purification with a small amount of flocculent and can precipitate precipitation, with its clarification of drinking water is the most ideal. To purify water with wild plants, it is best to select fresh plants and mash and grind them. When used in a bucket of water to put about 4 grams of plant paste, stirring for 3 minutes and then rest for 10 minutes, turbid water can be clarified.
Plant water purification, although the flocculent precipitation can remove some bacteria and microorganisms, but no disinfection. Therefore, it is best to add a little bleach to disinfect the drinking water. If there is no bleach, with dilute hydrochloric acid or iodine into the water a few drops, can also play a disinfecting role.
In the primitive forest, many creeks and rivers look clear and clean on the surface, but in fact contain a variety of harmful germs. Once people drink it, they will be infected with such serious diseases as dysentery, malaria, etc. In February 1943, the British Special Forces fighting in Burma marched more than 300 kilometers through the jungle, because of the water problem, just two months, one-third of the team members died or fell ill and could not continue to move forward, and finally, the British army had to cancel the scheduled long-distance infiltration operations.
Remember, no matter how thirsty you are, do not drink unclean water to prevent germs from entering your body through drinking water. This is especially important in tropical jungle areas. As a last resort, always boil the water before drinking.
3. seawater, saline water desalination
In the seaside, such as the absence of ion exchange resin desalting agent, you can use the pot to cook seawater to collect distilled water desalination method. When boiling seawater, a towel is attached to the inside of the lid of the pot, and the beads of distilled water are adsorbed on the towel, which is then screwed in a large shell or other container. This is made repeatedly to get the fresh water needed. In the Second World War, there are some Chinese and British seamen, in the deserted island without human traces, is to use a similar method, a large number of fresh water to maintain the 76 days of life, and finally waited until the British aircraft found and rescued.
In winter, seawater can be frozen in a container. When seawater freezes ice, most of the salts dissolved in the water will crystallize and leave the water, so the ice is basically desalinated. And will not freeze ice water, that is, concentrated brine in the pot heating, boiling dry can get crystallized salt, and then show on the paper, remove the bitter points, that is, get salt.
China's northwestern region of the vast desert Gobi, in places with plants, usually digging 4 to 5 meters deep that there is a submerged layer of groundwater. The water is filtered through the sand layer, generally clear and transparent, but because of the large amount of groundwater evaporation and concentration of saline water, not drinkable. If there is no ion-exchange resin desalination agent, then we can use the above method of desalination to drink after treatment.
Residents of the desert areas of northwestern China, with the local ground pepper grass to deal with brackish water. In 1 kilogram of brackish water containing minerals 0.37% to 0.72% add 0.1 to 1.9 grams of dry pepper grass with cooking, although it can not remove the bitter and salty, but can prevent abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea.
In places where there is wet sand or brackish water, you can use a simple sun distiller to obtain fresh water. The method is to dig a diameter of 1.5 meters, 1 meter deep sand pit, covered with a layer of transparent plastic film, surrounded by sand or stone fixed, the middle of a small stone, so that the plastic film into an inverted cone. In this cone below the pre-placed a water container. Sunlight through the plastic film so that the water in the sand pit evaporates, water vapor meets the plastic film condenses into water droplets, dripping down the top of the cone into the container. With this method, you can get about 1.5 liters of distilled fresh water per day.
In the last resort, whether you can drink seawater, this issue is currently debated. Some people believe that the salinity of seawater is higher than four times the body's salt content, drinking seawater will make the body's total osmotic pressure increases, although temporarily quench the thirst, but soon will be a large number of urination, so that the body of water loss. But there are many people believe that a small amount of seawater for a short period of time will be conducive to prolonging life. Some people test, from the first day of the sea to drink seawater, every one and a half hours to drink, each time 50 ml, only 500 ml per day, and even drink 4 to 5 days, and then drink fresh water, as a result, the experimenter's body metabolism quickly returned to normal.
The French Dr. Alain Bombardier, known as the "role model of the Navy", said: "If you have fresh water, under strict control of the proportion of seawater to extend the duration of your water supply; if you do not have fresh water to drink seawater to save your life until you can get rain, get a fish to squeeze into fish juice or wait until the rescue! squeeze into fish juice or until a lifeboat arrives." Alain Bombardier is not advocating drinking seawater, but emphasizing that seawater should only be drunk in life and death emergencies and under strict control. Alain Bombardier's experience is that a 2:1 ratio, i.e., drinking two parts of fresh water and one part of seawater mixed together, will generally not harm the human body, but will greatly prolong the life of those who are shipwrecked at sea. Because only won time, can accumulate strength to fish and collect rainwater, can continue to sail and signal to the rescue ship. In his recent book, the famous French Navy attending corpsman, Briery Ory, wrote: "Shipwrecked people can drink small amounts of seawater, up to 800 to 900 milliliters per day, and do not wait until they are completely dehydrated." In World War II, there were three shipwrecked sailors, adrift in the Black Sea, who drank seawater to quench their thirst, one of them drank continuously for 34 days, he could only moisten his throat with bitter and astringent seawater for the first two days, and later on he drank one or two mouthfuls, and then on the third day, when his thirst was too great to endure he drank a lot of it, drinking about 2,000 milliliters in a day and night, however, he survived. It seems that in the absence of fresh water, a small amount of seawater is also an emergency solution.
4. Thirst-quenching plants and emergency thirst-quenching methods
There are many plants in the mountains that can be used to quench thirst, such as the sap of black birch and white birch in the north, the tender strips of mountain grapes, the rhizomes of sour pulp seeds, and the stems of plantain in the south, the bianchuan vine and so on.
Early spring in the north, in the birch tree pole drilling a small hole 3 to 4 cm deep, insert a thin tube (can be made of birch bark), through this small hole into the container of sap up to 1 to 2 liters per night. Birch sap quickly ferments in the air, so it should be consumed immediately.
The flat vine in the dense forests of the southwestern border, named for its shape like a flat. It is a perennial plant that usually twines around the trunk of a tree. The vine is about 5 to 6 meters long, the vine surface is gray-white, the leaf color is dark green, the leaf surface is about 3 to 4 centimeters wide, oval, slightly thicker than the general tree leaves. After cutting the rattan, you can see the break marks of the strips of small tendons, and will soon flow out of the drinkable water. Living in Xishuangbanna Dai hunters into the mountains, generally do not bring a kettle, rely on this natural kettle in the fresh water to quench their thirst.
There is also a kind of water storage bamboo in the tropical jungle, this bamboo usually grows on both sides of the ravine, about 10 centimeters in diameter, verdant and upright, the bamboo joints are about 50 centimeters long. When choosing bamboo to find water, you should first shake the bamboo pole, listen to whether there is water inside the sound, no water sound of bamboo need not cut. In addition, check whether there are insect eyes on the exterior of the bamboo joints, and the water in the bamboo joints with insect eyes cannot be drunk. The method of drawing water is to cut a hole in one end of the bamboo, pour water into a bowl, you can also cut a thin bamboo tube inserted into the bamboo tube to suck. Bamboo water is not only hygienic, but also with a light bamboo flavor. Our border guards called "upright cool spring".
If you can't find a plant to quench your thirst, there is an extremely easy way to get water. Australian pilot Braiyan Kawaji, once had a plastic bag on a tree branch, the mouth of the bag tied tightly. The water that evaporates from the leaves of the tree is then taken and collected in the bag. The hotter the weather, the more evaporation, the more water you get. Using this method, you can get up to about 1 liter of water per day. You can also use a plastic sheet to collect dew. When the temperature drops between midnight and dawn, the moisture in the air condenses into dew, which clings to the ground or plants. In the morning, the plastic sheet spread in the grass underneath, shaking the grass, so that the dew drops fall down, accumulation of a few into many, can quench the thirst of the emergency.
In case of water shortage, water should be consumed sensibly. Initially, you can not drink water, or only moisten the mouth and throat. Of course, do not be forced to endure thirst, in order to cause the body to appear water loss symptoms. Drinking water should be appropriate, should take a "small amount of time" approach. Tests have proved that: a drink 1000 ml of water, 380 ml is discharged by the urine; if 10 times to drink, each 80 ml, urine cumulative only discharged 80 ~ 90 ml, water in the body to be fully utilized. Drinking no more than 500 to 600 milliliters of water per day and night, which will not have a harmful effect on the human body within 5 to 6 days.
In the absence of water, urine can also be used as an emergency thirst quencher. In fact, the urine is not dirty, just because of the psychological effect, always find it difficult to swallow. Conditions can do a filter, in the bottom of the bamboo tube to open a small hole, from the top order into the small stones, sand, soil, broken charcoal. Will urinate in this, the small hole will flow out of the filtered water below.
Wild drinking water purification treatment As the saying goes: "people can be a day without food, not a day without water". It can be seen that people know very well how important water is to human survival. However, unclean water often carries some disease-causing substances, such as varroa dysentery, typhoid fever, schistosomiasis, liver leech, cholera and other toxic germs, as well as rotting values of stems and leaves, insects, birds, animal carcasses and feces, and some may also carry heavy metal salts or poisonous minerals and so on. So when you find a water source in extreme thirst, it is best not to rush to drink wildly, should be on the environmental conditions at the time, the water source for the necessary purification and disinfection treatment, in order to avoid drinking water and poisoning or infected with disease. There are several simple and feasible ways to purify and disinfect the water source.
First, the infiltration method
When you find the water source has floating foreign objects or turbid water, you can be 3 to 5 meters away from the water source down to dig a pit about 50 to 80 centimeters deep, about 1 meter in diameter, so that the water from the sand, stone, soil seepage in the natural gap, and then, gently oozing out of water out of the water into the box or pots, such as water storage containers, pay attention: do not stir up the bottom of the pit! The mud and sand, to keep the water clean and clean.
Second, the filter method
When you find a muddy water source, there are foreign objects floating and micro-organisms or worms and leech larvae, etc., the environment around the water is not suitable for digging pits, you can find a plastic bag (good quality, not easy to break) will be the bottom of the piercing of some small eyelets, or with a single glove made of cotton, handkerchiefs, socks, sleeves, trouser legs, etc., but also can be used for a Coke bottle, remove the bottom of the bottle, then use a knife to put the bottom of the bottle to the bottom. Inverted, and then use a knife to the bottle cap to tie out a few small holes, and then from the bottom upwards in order to fill in 2 to 4 cm thick non-soil clean fine sand, charcoal powder, fine sand, charcoal powder, fine sand 5 to 7 layers, press and press, the unclean water slowly poured into the homemade simple filter, such as the filter underneath the overflow of water, you can use the basin or kettle will be filtered and clean water collection. If you are not satisfied with the filtered water quality, you should make another simple filter to filter the filtered water again, you can be satisfied.
Third, precipitation method
Will find the water collected in pots or pots and other water storage containers, put a small amount of alum or cottonwood branches and leaves (mashed), cactus (mashed), elm bark (mashed), stirred in the water after the precipitation for 30 minutes, gently scooped up the upper layer of water, do not stir up the turbidity of the precipitation has been made, so that you can get cleaner water.
In general, in addition to spring water and well water (deep underground wells) can be directly consumed, whether it is a river, lake, stream, snow, rain, dew, etc., or through infiltration, filtration, precipitation and water, it is best to disinfect the treatment before drinking. So, how to disinfect it? Methods are as follows:
1, put the water purification tablets into the water storage container, stirring and shaking, let it stand for a few minutes, you can drink, can be filled into the pot to store spare. In general, a piece of makeup water tablets can disinfect 1 liter of water, if encountered more turbid water quality can be used 2 tablets. At present, in the field army are used in this way to disinfect water.
2, if there is no water purification tablets, you can use the portable medical iodine instead of water purification tablets to disinfect the water. In the water has been purified, each liter of water into 3-4 drops of iodine, if the water quality is turbid, iodine should be doubled. After stirring and shaking, the resting time should also be longer, 20-30 minutes later, you can drink or standby.
3, the use of chlorite, that is, bleach, can also play a role in disinfection. In the water has been purified, three or four drops of bleach per liter of water, turbid water is doubled, shaking well, let stand for 30 minutes, you can drink or standby. Just some of the water bleach flavor, pay attention not to drink the precipitated turbidity together.
4, if the above disinfectant drugs are not, it happens to carry a picnic with vinegar (white vinegar will do), you can also disinfect the water. Pour some vinegar into the purified water, stir well, and then can be drunk after 30 minutes of standing. Just water some vinegar sour flavor.
5, in the altitude is not too high (altitude of 2500 meters or less) and there is a fire, the water boiled for 5 minutes, is also a good way to disinfect the water, and simple and practical. In the plains excursions or picnics, more than this method of river, lake, stream, rain, dew, snow water disinfection to ensure that the needs of drinking water and cooking.
6, if the search is salty water, with ground pepper grass and water with the boil, which can not remove the original bitter salty, that is, to prevent the occurrence of abdominal pain, abdominal distension, diarrhea. If there are heavy metal salts or toxic minerals in the water, the application of strong tea and water with the boil, the last sediment do not drink.
At present, there is a drinking water purification straw, very practical in the field, shaped like a thick pen, the water purified by it is sterile, non-toxic, tasteless, without any impurities, do not need to be boiled to drink, very lightweight.
There are also some water purifiers imported from abroad, the volume of small effect is good, can be filtered out in the more turbid liquid drinkable pure water.
Another thing to remind friends to pay attention to is that, in the case of drinking water shortage, we must rationalize the arrangement of drinking water, do not for a moment of thirst and wild drinking. In addition, in the field work or adventure, drinking water should also pay attention to the science. If you drink enough at one time, your body will excrete the excess water after absorption, which will waste a lot of water for nothing. If you drink water, a drink only one or two mouths, and then contain a large mouth slowly swallowed, after a while when you feel thirsty and then drink a mouthful of water, slowly swallowed, so that repeated drinking water, not only can make the body will drink water fully absorbed, but also to solve the mouth, tongue, throat and throat dryness. A standard water bottle (0-9) amount of water, the use of the correct method of drinking water, can make a single soldier in the movement to adhere to 6 to 8 hours, or even longer.