Il 76 transport aircraft is a large transport aircraft developed by the Soviet Union Ilyushin Design Bureau. 1971 March test flight, 1975 service. Crew of 7 people, powered by Л-30KД turbofan engine 4X12000 kg thrust, wingspan 50.45 meters, length 49.59, height 14.76 meters, maximum speed of 850 kilometers per hour, cruising speed 750-800 kilometers per hour. Cruise altitude 9000-12000 meters, practical ceiling 15500 meters, range 5000 kilometers. Maximum takeoff weight 170,000 kg, carrying capacity 40,000 kg or 150 soldiers, can carry a variety of armored vehicles, anti-aircraft guns or anti-aircraft missiles. There are nearly a dozen categories. Editorial summary Contents [hide] 1 Introduction 2 Development background 3 Design data 3.1 Basic data 3.2 Detailed technical data 3.3 Weight and payload 3.4 Performance data 4 Main types 5 Design features 5.1 Wings 5.2 Fuselage 5.3 Tail fins 5.4 Undercarriage 5.5 Powerplant 5.6 Cockpit 5.7 Systems 5.8 On-board equipment 6 Main missions 7 Il-76MT Il-76 transport aircraft -Introduction The IL-76 transport aircraft The IL-76 is a four-engine medium- and long-range heavy transport aircraft developed by the Ilyushin Design Bureau of the Soviet Union. The type as a military transport aircraft development program in the late 1960s and began design. Since the An-12 as the mainstay of Soviet military airlift already appeared to have a small payload and insufficient range, the Soviet Union, in order to improve its military airlift capability, urgently needed a new type of military transport aircraft with a longer range, a larger payload, and a faster speed, and thus decided to develop this type of IL-76, which was similar to the American C-141 heavy transport aircraft in appearance and payload capacity, to make up for its military airlift capability. The decision was made to develop the IL-76, which resembled the American C-141 heavy transport in shape and load capacity, in order to compensate for the lack of Soviet military airlift capacity and to modernize it. The first prototype flew for the first time on March 25, 1971 at Moscow Central Airport, and was publicly displayed at the 29th Paris International Aviation Exposition on May 27, 1971. 1974, the Soviet Air Force Aviation Command conducted acceptance appraisal of the IL-76, and found that the aircraft performed well and met the requirements. Test flights lasted until 1975, after which it was put into batch production and began to be delivered to the Soviet Air Force air transport units and civil aviation use. By the beginning of 1992, more than 700 aircraft had been produced, with an annual output of more than 50 aircraft. In addition to more than 500 IL-76/76M/76MD used by the Russian Air Force*** and more than 120 used by civil aviation, a large number of IL-76 transport aircraft have been exported to Algeria, Iran, the United Kingdom, Syria, India, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Poland, Iraq, Libya, Afghanistan, Cuba, China and other countries. IL-76 Transport Aircraft - Development Background Background Information on the IL-76 Transport Aircraft In 1974, the Ilyushin Design Bureau of the USSR designed the IL-76 medium-range medium transport aircraft, which was codenamed "Gengzhi" by NATO. The Ilyushin Design Bureau has been transformed into the Ilyushin Aviation Joint Stock Company (IJSC) in Moscow and the Tashkent Aircraft Production Enterprise (TAPE) in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Currently the IL-76 is used in the Russian Army as a combat support transport aircraft for infantry and light armored units, capable of landing and taking off from simple frontline airfields. The IL-76 can also perform parachute missions and can airdrop cargo or properly packed military vehicles. In the late 1960s, as the An-12, the Soviet Union's mainstay of military airlift, was already looking small in terms of payload and range, the Soviet Union decided to improve its military airlift capabilities by developing a transport aircraft similar to the U.S.A.'s C-141 heavy-lift aircraft. The first IL-76 prototype flew for the first time at Moscow Central Airport on March 25, 1971, and was publicly displayed at the 29th Paris International Aviation Exposition on May 27 of the same year. 1974 saw the acceptance of the IL-76 by the Soviet Air Force's Air Transportation Command, which found that the aircraft had met its requirements. Test flights continued until 1975, after which it was put into batch production and delivered to troops and civil aviation. By the beginning of 1992, more than 700 aircraft were produced, with an annual output of more than 50 aircraft. The IL-76 transport aircraft ended its test flights in 1975, and was then put into batch production and delivered to the army and civil aviation. As of 1997, more than 950 units had been produced, with an annual production of nearly 50 units. In addition to the hundreds of IL-76 transport aircraft used by the Russian Air Force and civil aviation, more than 100 have been exported to many countries around the world, such as Algeria, Iran, the United Kingdom, Syria, India, the Czech Republic, Poland, Iraq, Libya, Afghanistan, Cuba and China. The IL-76 fuselage is an all-metal semi-monocoque structure with a basic circular cross-section unlike the An-124. The nose is pointed and tapered. The rear of the cabin is equipped with two large clam-type hatches, and the cargo hold has a built-in large telescopic loading and unloading skips. The forward-most part of the nose is the pilot compartment with a large number of observation windows, under which there is a round radar radome. The upper monoplane is cantilevered with an all-metal multi-beam breakaway safety structure. The upper monoplane does not obstruct the cabin space and has a constant sweep angle of 25° for the 1/4 chord. The wing consists of one section of center wing panel, two sections of inner wing panels, and two sections of outer wing panels. The ailerons are static mass-balanced and have two segments of three-slit trailing edge flaps*** with 16 spoilers. The entire leading edge of the wing *** has 10 segments of leading edge slit flaps. The all-metal semi-monocoque fuselage is basically circular in cross-section, with two hatches in the forward fuselage and two clamshell hatches on the bottom of the aft fuselage, with downward-opening intermediate bulkheads that serve as cargo bridges. The military version was fitted with a turret at the tail, and some of the later versions were converted to the civilian version. The cantilevered all-metal T-tail had an adjustable flat-tail mounting angle and adjustment tabs on the rudder and each side elevator. The powerplant was four D-301M turbofan engines from the Soloviev Design Bureau, suspended under the inner wings on each side, with a single thrust of 117.6 kN. Each engine was fitted with a clamshell thrust reverser. Between the front and rear beams of the inner and outer wings are integral fuel tanks with a total fuel capacity of 81,830 liters. The IL-76*** has a crew of seven, with the pilot and co-pilot sitting side-by-side in front in the cockpit, the navigator in the glass nose cowl under the nose, and two cargo handlers sitting in the rear of the cockpit. The cargo hold measures 20 meters by 3.46 meters by 3.40 meters, and can carry 150 heavily armed soldiers, or 120 paratroopers; it can also carry a variety of military vehicles or equipment. The rear of the cargo hold has a clamshell hatch and a cargo bridge with loading and unloading rails, which are adjustable in width. On top of the cabin there are 2 electric cranes, each lifting 5000 kg. There are 2 winches with a towing pull of 3000 kg each. These randomized loading and unloading systems shorten the loading and unloading time at the airport and increase the turnover rate of the aircraft. The cargo hold is airtight and can maintain air pressure at an altitude of 3,000 meters at 10,668 meters. The cockpit can be pressurized if necessary. To accommodate rough front-line airport runways, the IL-76 has a low-pressure landing gear system and front and rear flaps that provide greater lift at low speeds during the takeoff and landing phases. The aircraft is equipped with winches, roof cranes, rails and other essential loading and unloading equipment to facilitate loading and unloading. The IL-76 also has the ability to be converted into a flying hospital. Hydraulic retractable front three-point multi-wheeled low-pressure tire landing gear, **** 20 wheels. The front landing gear is two pairs of wheels with oil and gas shock absorbers, tire size 1100 mm x 330 mm, forward into the fuselage. Each of the two main landing gears has four wheels, which are incorporated into the fairings on both sides of the fuselage. When the wheels are incorporated, the wheel axle rotates around the strut so that the wheel axle is parallel to the fuselage axis, and the wheels remain vertical and 90° from the direction of flight after incorporation. The tires are equipped with a tire pressure adjustment system, which can be adjusted between 2.6 and 5.2×105 Pa (2.65 and 5.3 kg/cm2) in flight. The main tire size is 1300mm x 480mm. The aircraft is equipped with all-weather day and night takeoff and landing equipment, including an automatic flight maneuvering system computer and an automatic landing system computer. The nose radome is equipped with a large weather and ground graphics radar. The IL-76 is fitted with electronic countermeasures equipment, including radar warning receivers, foil infrared decoy emitters, and external electronic countermeasures pods. Various improved versions of the Il-76 are fitted with radar-targeted two 23mm self-defense guns. This gun system is also found on many civilian Il-76s, due to the Soviet/Russian desire for civilian Il-76s to be quickly available to the military in wartime as well. IL-76 Transport Aircraft - Design Data Basic Data IL-76 Transport Aircraft Length:46.59 m Height:14.76 m Wingspan:50.5 m Wing Area:300 m2 Empty Weight:70 tons Maximum Takeoff Weight:170 tons Maximum Fuel Weight:70 tons Maximum Level Flight Speed:850 km/h Cruising Speed 750-800 km/h Detailed Technical Data External Dimensions ( IL-76MF) Wingspan 50.50m Girth ratio 8.5 Wing area 300.00m2 Length 46.59m Height 14.76m Fuselage diameter 4.80m Main wheelbase 8.16m Front and rear wheelbase 14.17m Aft loading entrance W x H 3.40m x 3.40m Fuselage doors W x H 0.86m x 1.90m Interior dimensions Cargo compartment length (including cargo bridge, IL-76MF) Cargo hold length (incl. cargo bridge, except IL-76MF) 24.54m Cargo hold length (excl. cargo bridge, except IL-76MF) 20.00m Cargo hold length (incl. cargo bridge, except IL-76MF) 31.14m Cargo hold length (excl. cargo bridge, except IL-76MF) 26.60m Cargo hold floor width 3.45m Cargo hold max. height 3.40m Cargo hold volume 235.3m3 Weight & Load Weight and Load Empty weight MD 89000kg MF 101000kg Maximum takeoff weight LL, T 170000kg MD, TD (takeoff and landing on conventional runway) 190000kg TD (takeoff and landing on unpaved runway) 152000kg MD (takeoff and landing on unpaved runway) 157500kg MF 200000kg Maximum commercial load T 40000kg TD 50000kg MD 47000kg TD 50000kg TD 50000kg MD 47000kg TD 50000kg TD 50000kg TD 50000kg MD 400000kg TD 50000kg MD 400000kg TD 50000kg MD 47000kg TD 50,000kg MD 47,000kg TD (takeoff/landing from unpaved runway) 33,400kg MF 52,000kg Maximum Fuel Weight T 84840kg Maximum Landing Weight LL 140,000kg TD 151,500kg MD 155,000kg TD (takeoff/landing from unpaved runway) 135,500kg Maximum Wing Load T 566.7 kg/m2 TD 633.3kg/m2 Maximum permissible floor load T 1450~3100kg/m2 Performance data Limit speed LL M0.77 Maximum level flight speed LL 600km/h T, TD 850km/h Cruise speed T, TD 750-800km/h MD, MF 750-780km/h Cruise altitude 9000~12000m Practical ceiling 12000m 12000m Practical limit of lift 12000m Absolute limit of lift 15500m Take-off taxiing distance T 850m MD, TD 1700m MF 1000m Landing taxiing distance T 450m MD, TD 900~1000m Maximum loaded range TD 3650km MD 3800km Maximum fuel range T 6700km MD 7800km Ilyushin-76 Transport Aircraft Main Models Development of the IL-76 Transport Aircraft Improvements to the IL-76 include the IL-76T, with increased mid-wing tank capacity and greater range. Il-76TII is the development model of Il-76T, with 10 tons of additional fuel, increased range of 1,200 km, using the improved D-30KII-1 engine, mainly used for military transport. The IL-76M was an improved version of the T, designed specifically for the Soviet military, with a load capacity of 47 tons, almost triple the 28 tons of the base IL-76. In addition the M model has two additional 23mm self-defense cannons on the tail. The IL-76MD model modified the fuselage structure based on the M model in order to carry more cargo and extend the range. 1. Il-76 Initial basic production model. 2. IL-76T Production model. Increased fuel tank capacity in the wing center section, additional fuel tanks on top of the fuselage, and no tail turret. 3. IL-76M An improved version of the IL-76T. Mainly used for military transportation, in the tail of the additional tail turret and two 23 mm guns. In addition to carrying cargo, it can also transport 150 troops and 120 paratroopers. 4, Il-76TD Il-76T development type. Maximum takeoff weight increased by 10 tons of fuel, which allows the aircraft to increase the range by 1200 kilometers at maximum fuel. Fitted with improved Soloviev D-30KP-1 turbofan engine. 1982 proposed improvements, in July 1983 officially delivered. It has no tail turret and is mainly used for military transportation. Il-76MD Military. In addition to the tail gun, other improvements are the same as the IL-76TD. 5, A-50: in the IL-76 based on the development of early warning aircraft type, is the successor to the Tu-126 aircraft. The aircraft in the 70s began development, production began in the early 80s, entered service in 1984. A-50 in its base added the ability to look down the airborne early warning radar, lengthened the front fuselage, and in the back of the fuselage behind the wings with a 9-meter diameter radar radome, the estimated radar range of up to 400-600 kilometers. There are also Il-78T and Il-78M aerial refueling tanker models developed on the basis of the Il-76 to serve the Air Force. IL-76 transport aircraft - design features The Russian IL-76 transport aircraft. (File photo) IL-76 in the design of great importance to meet military requirements, low wing load, large chord ratio, there is a perfect lifting device, and is equipped with take-off booster, landing gear strut short thick and strong, the use of multiple wheels and tire pressure adjustment device; in addition to pressure refueling port, there is a gravity refueling system, in the field without power conditions can still be refueled for the aircraft; convenient and effective random loading and unloading system, all-weather flight equipment, aircrews are fully equipped. The aircraft are equipped with all-weather flight equipment and aircrews, which enable them to carry out missions independently in the field without relying on the maintenance support from the base. These features are not only valuable in wartime, but also important for civil transportation in remote areas, especially the cost per ton kilometer of IL-76 is more than 40% lower than that of An-12, even compared with the cost of water transportation, so it is also widely used in civil transportation. Wings All-metal multibeam breaking-safe structure cantilevered upper monoplane with constant leading-edge swept-back angle and 1/4 chord swept-back angle of 25?0?2. The wing is divided into five segments, one central wing panel, two inner wing sill panels, and two outer wing sill panels. Static mass-balanced ailerons, two sections of three-slit trailing edge flaps from the wing root to the inner end of each aileron. Full wing span*** with 16 spoiler tabs, four on each outer and inner wing sill. The entire wing leading edge *** has 10 segments of leading edge slit flaps. Fuselage All-metal semi-monocoque structure, the cross-section is basically circular. There is a forward opening hatch on each side of the front fuselage of the wing. The upturned rear fuselage has two clamshell hatches at the bottom and a downward opening center ledge that serves as a cargo bridge. The military version was fitted with a turret at the tail. Tail Wing Cantilevered all-metal T-tail with adjustable flat-tail mounting angle, swept-back angle on all airfoils, and adjustment tabs on rudder and elevator on each side. Landing gear Hydraulically retractable front three-point type. Landing gear is multi-wheeled with low-pressure tires. The front landing gear consists of two pairs of wheels side by side with oil-gas shock absorbers in the center of the strut, and is incorporated forward into the fuselage with tires measuring 1100 mm x 330 mm. The main landing gear on both sides of the fuselage consists of four pairs of wheels, respectively, into the fuselage on both sides of the fairing, when the wheel axle is rotated around the strut, so that the wheel axle and the fuselage axis is parallel to the income wheels are still kept vertical and with the direction of flight at 90?0.2. The size of the main tires is 1,300 mm × 480 mm. In order to adapt to landing and taking off on concrete and dirt runways, the tires are equipped with a tire pressure adjustment system, which can be adjusted between 2.5 and 5.0×105 Pa in flight. Powerplant Four D-30KP-2 turbofan engines of the Perm Aero Engines Research and Production Consortium are mounted under the wings, with a single thrust of 117.7 kN, a culvert ratio of 2:1, and a service life of 3,000 hours. Each engine is fitted with a clamshell thrust reverser, stowed in the lower part of the tail nozzle. Integral fuel tanks between the fore and aft wing beams of the inner and outer wings, with a total fuel capacity of 109,480 liters. Cockpit Seven crew members, including two cargo handlers. Cockpit The pilot and co-pilot sit side by side in front of the cockpit and enter and exit the cockpit through two upward-folding doors. There are main cargo doors on both sides of the fuselage in front of the wings, and the emergency exit is located in front of, but below, the main cargo door on the port side. The cargo hold measures 20 meters by 3.46 meters by 3.40 meters, and the floor of the cargo hold is reinforced with titanium alloy, which can carry 140 heavily armed soldiers or 125 paratroopers; it can also carry a variety of armored vehicles, troop carriers, anti-aircraft guns, and missiles; and it can also carry six 5,670-kilogram 2.99-meter by 2.44-meter by 2.44-meter containers, or 12 2,500-kilogram 1.46-meter by 2.44-meter containers or 1.90-meter containers or 2,500-kilogram 1.46-meter by 1.44-meter containers. ×x 1.90 m containers or six 2.99 m x 2.44 m pallets weighing 5670 kg. The cabin layout can be quickly changed using segment assemblies, and each segment can carry up to 36 passengers (4 seats per row), stretcher patients and accompanying medical personnel, as well as cargo. Each aircraft can carry three segments, each segment is 6.10 meters long, 2.44 meters wide and 2.44 meters high. The rear of the cargo hold has a clamshell hatch and a cargo bridge, as well as loading and unloading rails, which are adjustable in width. 2 electric cranes, each with a lifting capacity of 2,500 kg, and 2 winches, each with a pulling force of 3,000 kg. The cargo hold is airtight and can maintain the air pressure of 3,000 meters at an altitude of 10,668 meters. The cockpit can be pressurized if necessary. SYSTEMS The hydraulic system consists of servo motors and motors for actuating the flaps, slats, landing gear and its hatches, loading platforms, and aft cargo doors. The flight maneuvering booster is powered by an electric pump and is separate from the central hydraulic source. The booster can be manually operated when it fails. The electrical system consists of an alternator driven by the engine and a standby generator driven by the auxiliary power unit, with a DC converter and batteries. The on-board power supply primarily powers the flight maneuvering system booster, radios, electronic equipment, and lighting systems. On-board equipment The aircraft is equipped with all-weather day and night takeoff and landing equipment, including automatic flight maneuvering system and automatic landing system. The nose radome is equipped with a large weather radar and terrain mapping radar. Il-76 Transport Aircraft - Main Missions After the Il-76 was delivered to the PLA, most of it was traditionally placed under the control of China United Airlines, but in practice it mainly carried out military missions, such as airborne transportation and paratrooper training. Il-76 Transport Aircraft - Il-76MT The latest version of the Il-76 series is the Il-76MT, which is based on the Il-76MII, designed by the Ilyushin Aviation Complex and manufactured by the Chkalov Aviation Manufacturing Complex. The aircraft is powered by a PS-90A-76 engine produced by JSC Perm Engines, and has a longer fuselage, allowing it to carry more personnel and large cargo (e.g., tanks, armored vehicles, and standard containers, etc.), which meets a wider range of military and civilian airlift needs.The first of the new IL-76MTs was completed by the Chkarlov Aircraft Plant in Tashkent on August 2, 1995, and made its first successful flight. Test flights began in January 1996 and ended in the second quarter of 1996, after which the airworthiness license was obtained and test production began. Both the Russian and Ukrainian sides are confident that the new IL-76MT transport aircraft will be put into production, and have already made offers to the Tashkent Joint Venture to purchase such a transport aircraft. One of the main reasons why the Russians and the Ukrainians have made major improvements to the IL-76 and developed its latest model is that the prototype IL-76, although not small in terms of load, has a limited cargo compartment size, which is not sufficient to meet the needs of carrying large cargoes. For example, the IL-76 could have been loaded with up to 40 tons of tanks, armored vehicles and other heavy equipment, but because of the cargo hold limitations, if the transport of other materials and equipment, the weight of the load will not reach this number. For this reason, the improved design of the new IL-76MT, the full length of 53.39 meters (lengthened by 6.6 meters), the cargo volume increased from 321 cubic meters to 400 cubic meters, can carry 217 people (single-deck mode, an increase of 72 people), 305 people (double-deck mode, an increase of 100 people), can be loaded with BMII-3-type armored vehicles 3 (increased by 1) and other equipment and goods, maximum load capacity of 52 tons (increase of 13 tons). Another improvement is the replacement of four PS-90A engines with higher thrust, each with 156.9 kN (an increase of 39.3 kN). The longer fuselage of the IL-76MT, the increased payload, and the increased takeoff weight required the engines to have more thrust, which was natural. In addition to this there is a reason is the original IL-76 aircraft with D-30KII type engine, noise and work to the atmosphere when the emission of hazardous substances have exceeded the standards set by the International Civil Aviation Organization, so that the airports of some countries to prohibit the landing and takeoff of such a transport aircraft, which seriously affects the use of the aircraft and the development of the aircraft. This situation necessitated the improvement of the IL-76. In contrast, the PS-90A-76 engine, which not only has high thrust, but also is quieter and emits fewer harmful substances, was naturally adopted for the new aircraft. In addition, the engines produced by the Perm Engine Manufacturing Enterprise have the added advantage of being economical. If the D-30KII engine consumes 8 tons of fuel per hour, the PS-90A engine consumes only 9 tons, and fuel efficiency can be increased by 12.15%. After conversion, its range can be increased by 15-20% under the same conditions. Therefore, its economic benefits are very considerable. Compared with similar foreign engines, this type of engine in the price also has an advantage, such as the United States PW2037 engine unit price of 10.8 million dollars, while the PS-90A engine is only 3.16 million dollars. Improvements have also been made to the cargo hold equipment and the tail structure. The IL-76MT transport aircraft is fully capable of relying on onboard winches and small electric cranes for loading and unloading. It can carry 4 yyK-20 international standard containers or 4 yAK-10 air containers, 9 yAK-5 air containers or 9 IIO-5/6 air trailers, and even 2 large public **** cars. Because of its own equipped with loading and unloading transportation equipment, it can get rid of the dependence on the ground special equipment, and improve the flexibility of the aircraft to independently carry out the mission and field capability. The aft structure of the cabin has been improved to make it more convenient to load and drop supplies and equipment. The cargo compartment and cockpit are sealed to ensure a normal air pressure environment inside the compartment, so that both the crew members and the airborne soldiers traveling on the aircraft will feel very comfortable. In terms of flight performance, due to the increased takeoff weight of the IL-76MT, its takeoff and landing performance is not as good as previous models, and the takeoff and landing skidding distances are 1,600 meters and 1,000 meters respectively, which is about double that of the IL-76. The IL-76MT has triple slit flaps on the wings, which are intended to improve takeoff and landing and low-speed performance. The IL-76MT transport is said to be equipped with Kubo-3 navigation equipment and satellite navigation systems, allowing it to fly to any location in the world to perform its missions, which is very important for a large military transport aircraft. The aircraft also has an improved internal arrangement of the cockpit, as well as more advanced on-board equipment, such as pointer-type engine gauges changed to two digital displays. In January 2003, Russia's Voronezh Aircraft Plant will begin serial production of the latest variant of the IL-76MF/TF. Ilyushin will bear the burden of the financial allocation for the technical preparations alone, as the military lacks the required $100 million in funding. Originally scheduled to be built in Tashkent, Ilyushin has been forced to decide to batch produce the new model in Russia. The General Command of the Russian Air Force has decided to make a preliminary assessment of the IL-76MF's compliance with the order requirements and the status of batch production at the Voronezh plant in the first quarter of 2003. The IL-76MF has a new PS-90A turbofan engine and a fuselage extension of 6.6 meters, which will increase the volume of the cargo hold by half, increase cargo capacity by 30-50%, improve fuel efficiency by 15%, increase range at standard cargo capacity by 15-20%, and significantly reduce noise and hazardous emissions. The Russian Air Force is said to have a demand for 100 IL-76MFs. Based on the IL-76 prototype, it has also been converted into a variety of specialized aircraft, such as the A-50 Airborne Early Warning Aircraft, IL-76III Firefighting, IL-76MIIK for weightlessness training of cosmonauts, IL-76MIIIC for search-and-rescue and IL-78M aerial refueling tanker developed from the MD model. The IL-78's three cargo bays can carry 35 tons of aviation fuel and refuel in the air at a rate of 2,000 liters per minute.
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