Abstract: The automobile maintenance industry is an indispensable and important part of the road transportation industry, which is the technical logistic support of road transportation. However, there is still a big gap between the automobile maintenance industry and the same industry in developed countries, and there are still many problems that need to be further analyzed and studied. This thesis, on the basis of elaborating the characteristics of automobile maintenance industry, historical evolution and advanced management system of foreign automobile maintenance industry, systematically analyzes the status quo and problems of China's automobile maintenance industry and puts forward corresponding countermeasures.
Keywords: automobile repair, current situation, development countermeasures
I. Introduction
Automotive maintenance is a general term for automotive maintenance and repair. Automobile maintenance is in order to maintain the automobile intact technical condition or working ability to carry out the operation, mainly on the automobile parts of the inspection, cleaning, lubrication, fastening, adjustment or replacement of certain parts. Its purpose is to keep the car neat and tidy, to find and eliminate hidden faults at any time, to prevent early damage to the vehicle, reduce the failure rate of the vehicle and the frequency of minor repairs.
Currently, China's automobile ownership has increased dramatically, from 1.36 million in 1978 to 2003 has reached more than 20 million. An increase of 14.6 times. According to the automobile industry development plan forecast to 2010, the number of cars in China is predicted to reach 71.67 million, of which the number of cars can reach 20.7 million [1]. Rapidly growing car ownership for the development of automotive maintenance industry has laid a solid foundation, automotive maintenance industry is rapidly rising, in the development of the market economy plays an increasingly important role. How to improve and develop the automobile maintenance market system under the new situation, play the role of service economy, so that it adapts to the construction of socialist market economy and to meet the needs of the people's living standards are increasing, has become an important issue.
II. Domestic and foreign automobile repair industry characteristics and development trend analysis
1 Foreign automobile repair industry characteristics and development trend analysis[1][2]
1.1 Automobile repair to specialization, collaboration direction
In foreign countries, a considerable portion of the enterprise evolved into the special maintenance enterprises, maintenance object focused on a certain or a few famous company's products. 1995, the United States automobile market, the General Motors, Ford and the United States automobile market. In 1995, the U.S. auto market, General Motors, Ford and Chrysler's three major automobile company's products, accounting for about 74% of the market share; in Japan, Toyota, Nissan and Honda's three major companies are also concentrated in the national automobile production of 86%. As a result, specialty repair companies are doing very well. In addition, as automobile technology continues to advance, the systems and structures of automobiles are becoming more and more complex, and the old model of jack-of-all-trades maintenance is becoming less and less adaptable, thus the business continues to evolve in the direction of its own specialties.
② maintenance operations to mechanization, automation, electronic direction
With the continuous progress of science and technology, foreign automotive maintenance enterprises are increasingly getting rid of the traditional workshop operations, more and more use of mechanization, automation, electronic overhaul equipment. In foreign countries, enterprises are generally configured with comprehensive engine performance tester, four-wheel aligner, fault decoder, electric or hydraulic lifter, etc., in specialized maintenance enterprises, such as body repair enterprises, but also the configuration of the body measurement and correction equipment, electronic paint spraying equipment, spray / baking paint booths, etc., in order to ensure the quality of repairs to improve the speed of operation, reduce labor intensity, and to achieve high labor productivity, high quality of repairs, high repair costs Low labor productivity, high maintenance quality, low maintenance cost, and low number of people employed are realized in a saving operation.
1.2 Focus on technical training, strengthen vocational education and training, improve the quality of practitioners
Gradually get rid of the traditional mode of production at the same time, foreign maintenance enterprises are to strengthen the degree of education of employees and the quality of the requirements, and vigorously absorb the formally trained specialized technicians and craftsmen, to abandon the backward "master with apprentice "way. Generally speaking, developed countries require mechanics to first enter the Technical College (Technical College), after 2 years of professional learning and internship before entering the automotive maintenance industry to work independently. Even so, countries also generally pay attention to the continuing education and retraining of practitioners, so that they can cope with the challenges posed by the rapid development of automotive technology, because the quality of personnel on the survival and development of modern automotive maintenance enterprises have a pivotal role, the competition between enterprises under market economic conditions can be said to a large extent is the competition for talent.
1.3 Strengthen the old repair work
Auto repair of old parts, especially specialized repair, in terms of its consumption of materials, energy and man-hours, are much lower than the manufacture of new parts, and is conducive to environmental protection. Therefore, countries around the world have attached great importance to this, and vigorously strengthened. When the repair of the professional way, not only the production of large batches, equipment utilization rate is high, and can be organized in the production of water, and the use of advanced technology and means to ensure the quality and reduce the cost of repair. In the United States, about 40% of the old pieces of repair work concentrated in several large parts repair enterprises, mainly manufacturers attached to repair the old plant; in the western region of Germany, almost all of the scrap engine crankshaft are concentrated in 3 professional repair shop to repair. Foreign countries generally provide for the repair of parts or assemblies of the service life is not less than or even slightly higher than the new parts or assemblies, so that the interests of users are fully protected.
2 Analysis of the characteristics and development trends of the domestic auto repair industry
China's accession to the WTO, non-tariff barriers will be gradually eliminated, the auto repair market is more open to foreign capital and advanced automotive repair technology, equipment and management experience will have a positive impact on China's automotive repair industry and a huge role.
2.1 Rapid growth in automobile ownership, automotive maintenance industry has an optimistic outlook
In recent years, the automobile market is developing rapidly. Car ownership has been rising rapidly, especially the proportion of private cars is increasing rapidly. 2004, China's private car ownership has reached 13.65 million, of which more than 5 million cars. The growth of automobile ownership, especially the rapid growth of private car ownership has had a far-reaching impact on motor vehicle maintenance. According to the relevant departments predicted that by 2010 China's private car ownership will reach 20 million, cars into the family to speed up the pace of maintenance services become the focus of society. At the same time with the automobile tariffs reduced year by year, creating conditions for automobile imports. The high-speed growth of the automobile market will inevitably drive the high-speed growth of various industries related to it.
With the rapid growth of China's automobile ownership, the annual need to pay for automobile repair and maintenance fees, the vehicle broke down after the rescue fee, the supply of repair parts and related services, roughly speaking, the average annual fixed consumption of each vehicle is more than 10,000 yuan. China's auto repair market will accompany the rapid development of the automobile market, and become a recognized sunrise industry, with a large space for development and profit margins.
In addition, the reform and opening up 30 years, China's highway construction investment increased year by year, the highway has also been a great development. After the "WTO", such as highway projects, is likely to attract foreign investment, coupled with the western development focus on infrastructure construction, highway construction accounts for a large proportion. The development of highway construction will provide strong support for the development of automobiles, will also provide strong support for the automobile maintenance industry.
2.2 High-tech content increased, maintenance strength
With the influx of various foreign brands of cars and domestic automobile replacement accelerated, especially the wide application of electronic technology in the automobile, such as various forms of electronically controlled engine systems, automatic transmissions, ABS antilocking system, EBD brake force distribution system, ESP electric power steering system, SRS Airbags and so on. The introduction of new technologies will inevitably bring an increase in maintenance programs, while the added value of electronic products is higher, the cost of maintenance hours is also higher. Especially in the early stage of application, this will all increase the profit level of the industry.
"WTO", foreign capital and automobile maintenance technology will provide some support to China's auto repair industry, regardless of what kind of foreign capital is the way of entry, will have a positive impact on China's auto repair industry. The reduction of tariffs, import quotas reduced or canceled and other factors, so that the introduction of foreign high-tech and the purchase of testing equipment has become possible, which will be conducive to speeding up the pace of updating existing equipment and the introduction of new technologies to improve the overall level. With high-tech content of automobile maintenance and testing instruments will be commonly used in the automobile maintenance industry, China's automobile maintenance industry is a great promotion.
2.3 industry standardization of behavior, the market pattern is more reasonable
China's accession to the WTO, foreign capital will likely enter China's automotive maintenance industry and gradually occupy a larger market share, its advanced maintenance technology, management experience and strong capital will make the automotive maintenance market competition is more intense, but also will improve the entire automotive maintenance industry's level of technology and service quality. China's auto repair market will present a diversified, internationalized situation, joint ventures, cooperation, chain management, wholly foreign-owned and other economic methods will replace the previous kind of state-owned, private, individual economy-based loose business model, the market pattern will be more reasonable. Foreign advanced service concepts and management models will be influx of people in China, a variety of brands of automobile repair shop of the Trinity or Four (4S system: that is, automobile sales, after-sales service, supply of spare parts and user information feedback) is widely used. "The user first, quality first" service purpose and "the user is God" service attitude will be truly reflected, the relationship between maintenance enterprises and users will be re-established. After the "WTO accession", the market for public vehicles faced by maintenance enterprises is gradually shrinking, and the market for private vehicles is gradually expanding. A series of national reforms on the use of vehicles and other systems will help improve the current maintenance market in China, the existence of unfair competition.
2.4 motor vehicle insurance maintenance market standardization
"WTO", China's auto insurance market will be affected by the impact of foreign capital, foreign insurance companies standardize the operation of China's automobile insurance industry and automobile insurance claims to bring a change. Previously rely on interpersonal relationships, with the "backroom" operation of the motor vehicle maintenance sources will be rapidly reduced. On the contrary, the maintenance service to do a good job of enterprises, accession to the WTO will be a good opportunity to fight for a larger market share.
Three. China's automobile industry problems and development countermeasures
1 China's automobile industry problems
Currently, China's automobile maintenance market started not long ago, compared with the developed countries of the automobile maintenance enterprises, in all aspects is still very immature, there are many aspects of the inadequacy of the specific embodiment of:
1.1 automobile spare parts market in the phenomenon of serious disordered operation
Currently, China's auto parts market, disordered operation phenomenon is serious
The current Chinese auto parts market, the phenomenon of disorderly operation is very serious. From the field of production, the accessories recognized by vehicle manufacturers, the accessories produced by the remaining capacity of supporting parts manufacturers, imitation accessories, counterfeit and shoddy accessories, etc. flow into the market together; from the import channel, the accessories recognized by foreign automobile manufacturers imported through the formal channel, the accessories not recognized by foreign automobile manufacturers imported through the formal channel, the accessories recognized by foreign automobile manufacturers imported through informal channels Informal channels imported by foreign automobile manufacturers recognized accessories, not recognized by foreign automobile manufacturers recognized accessories, etc. are under the banner of the "original authentic" influx of domestic auto parts market; from the operators, some people are operating legally, but there are also some operators to make all the means, hustle and bustle, fraud, so that the owner of the car can not be guarded against.
1.2 Maintenance management technology is relatively backward
Maintenance management is a systematic work involving a wide range of personnel and interrelated work, such as the record of business operations, maintenance interval control, project implementation, which includes people, operating procedures, inspection and implementation of economic analysis and control issues, a link in the problem will affect the final implementation of the results.
1.3 The current situation of automobile maintenance practitioners
Compared with developed countries, China's automobile after-market service system is still in the primary stage. The overall performance of the whole automobile repair industry is characterized by low labor productivity, low management level, low service quality, high accident rate and high repair cost. The latest national research was organized by the Ministry of Transportation in 2003, and the research results show that. The overall situation of automobile repair industry employees is not optimistic, the legal awareness of employees, technical quality is not high, has become a major constraint on the continuous development of the automobile repair industry "bottleneck". At present, many of the domestic automobile maintenance enterprise human resources have been unable to meet the needs of modern automobile maintenance, practitioners of the overall academic qualifications are low, the proportion of high-level skilled personnel is low, accept the proportion of professionally trained personnel is low, low wages and treatment, can not retain the talent and so on. Therefore, "talent is difficult to get, talent is difficult to stay" which is many automobile maintenance enterprises *** with the problems faced.
2 China's automobile industry development countermeasures
2.1 The establishment of a sound automobile maintenance market
Related departments to strengthen the horizontal integration, the formation of automobile maintenance industry management synergy, due to the management of automobile maintenance industry involves such as: transportation, industry and commerce, taxation, urban management and other departments, often due to the lack of effective communication and cooperation, so that the various sectors of the automobile maintenance industry supervision and management is greatly weakened. The supervision and management of the industry is greatly weakened. Therefore, the relevant management departments should strengthen cooperation with horizontal departments to create a unified **** management of the momentum. Automotive maintenance industry management is the competent authority of the industry, the management of the content including quality disputes, price tag business practices, personnel licensing and other aspects of the situation, so in the day-to-day management work is bound to be with industry and commerce, price, technical supervision, labor and security departments in frequent contact with these horizontal departments to strengthen communication and cooperation is very important. Especially in the large-scale market rectification activities, appropriate use of public security, urban management, industry and commerce, the power of these departments or can use the power of the Municipal Comprehensive Law Enforcement Bureau, will be adjacent to the city on both sides of the street of the three types of repair stores into the Comprehensive Law Enforcement Bureau of the day-to-day amount of law enforcement content. These will be for the fight against unauthorized operation, maintenance of market order can play a multiplier effect.
2.2 The establishment of an effective market monitoring mechanism to regulate business behavior
In order to regulate the price of auto repair market, the traffic department should be the implementation of the working hours quota and charges as an important part of the daily inspection and supervision of those who are in violation of the provisions of the appropriate administrative and economic sanctions should be given in a timely manner. At the same time, to actively cooperate with the local price departments, the strict implementation of the explicit price system and price filing system, regularly publicize the price of automobile maintenance to the community, to guide enterprises and reasonable charges. In the management tools should be taken to develop a unified settlement vouchers, so that the management and the majority of users of the automotive maintenance industry to implement the supervision.
2.3 pay attention to the cultivation of various types of technical personnel, training
June 21, 2004 in Beijing, established by the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Transportation, the national shortage of talent project "vocational colleges and universities in the field of automotive application and maintenance of professional skills shortage of personnel training training bases," which shows that China has begun to This shows that China has begun to pay attention to the cultivation of automobile maintenance personnel. We can see that to make the automobile maintenance industry to develop smoothly, to solve the shortage of talents this bottleneck restricting the development of the industry, mainly to strengthen the training of talents school establishment and improvement. The second is the cultivation of the quality of talents, so that we can inject new vitality into the automobile maintenance industry, so that our automobile maintenance work from the age of physical force to the age of brain power, so that we can gradually improve the level of automobile maintenance technology, and better promote the development of the automobile maintenance industry in the direction of health [3].
2.4 Maintenance business model chain
The chain business model refers to the operation of a number of organizations of the same type of goods or services, in a certain form of organization of a consortium, through the standardization of the corporate image, the professionalization of business activities, the standardization of the management style and the modernization of the management tools, so that the complexity of the commercial activities in the division of functions on the basis of the realization of the relative simplicity, so as to Realize scale efficiency. The chain management business model grafted and transplanted to the automobile maintenance industry, is the beginning of the developed countries in Europe and the United States economy, about forty, fifty years of history, and accompanied by the prosperity of the automobile manufacturing industry, but the rapid development of the twentieth century eighties. On the whole, developed countries engaged in automobile maintenance enterprise chain management in technology, management and service, etc., has experienced a continuous improvement process. In the automotive repair and maintenance industry, chain management has constituted the main form of business, become the dominant force in automotive after-sales service, most of the companies doing automotive chain management have been successful, thus proving the advantages of chain management and the charm of the place.
At present, China's automobile maintenance chain management is used in the "four body" mode, "four in one" refers to the automobile sales (sale), spare parts (spare part), after-sales maintenance service (service) and information feedback. Service) and information feedback (survey) four functions in one of the automobile sales and maintenance service mode, that is, "4S" store [4]. As an emerging automobile overall service mode, "4S" store from 1999 gradually from Europe into the country, because it has a luxurious and comfortable car buying environment, can provide professional technical support and maintenance services, in the introduction of the country in just a few years time has been the rapid development.
Four. Conclusion
The development of the automobile industry has moved towards the combination of mechanical, electrical, electronic, intelligent control of the road, the structure of the car has changed a lot. This change requires maintenance of modern automobile personnel should have the appropriate knowledge, can adapt to the maintenance equipment updates, but also have a certain maintenance organization ability. As far as the automobile maintenance industry is concerned, the modern automobile maintenance industry to keep up with the rapid development of modern automobile technology, it is necessary to meet the needs of high-tech automobile maintenance from the talents, equipment and management.
References:
1. Wang Zhijiang. Research on the government's standardized management of automobile repair industry. Master's thesis of Tianjin University. 2005.
2. Chen Xu. Toward the New Century - Research on the Development of Vehicle Repair Industry (I). Automobile and accessories, 2000
3. Tian Guanghui. Automobile maintenance enterprise talent status quo and talent training. Beijing Automobile, 2005
4. Sha Zhenquan. Theory and Practice of Chain Management in China. South China University of Technology Press, 1998
5.