(for engineering and science majors)
Subject name
Subtitle
College (Department)
Specialty
Student's name
XXXXXX College of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Water Supply and Drainage Engineering XXX Student number XXXX
2008
March 19, 2008
I. Background of Graduation Design (Thesis) (including literature review)
Since 1986, with the development of the construction industry, the rapid development of building water supply and drainage specialties, has become an indispensable and unique component of water supply and drainage.
During this period, the professional team has accumulated a certain amount of experience and professional training in design, construction, installation management personnel. Technically, the accumulation of previous practical experience, drawing on new technologies from abroad, the professional and technical breakthroughs and development, in which the fire water supply system in the construction of water supply and drainage development is particularly prominent. In the organization, the establishment of the National Building Water Supply and Drainage Engineering Standards Technical Committee and China Civil Engineering Society Water Supply and Drainage Society Building Water Supply and Drainage Committee. In recent years, the academic activities are active, and strengthen the international technical exchanges. In 1996, the National Conference of Young Engineers in Building Water Supply and Drainage was held, the Sino-Japanese Academic Exchange Conference was held, and the International Conference on Water Supply and Drainage (W PC) was attended to strengthen the technical contact. In addition, the development of China's building water supply and drainage products and equipments also promoted the development of building water supply and drainage technology in this period. The development of building water supply and drainage technology is related to scientific research, engineering practice (design, installation), product development and other aspects. In recent years, high-rise building water supply and drainage is increasing, such as Shanghai in Pudong will be built in Jinmao Tower ( 88 floors, 420m ) and the Shanghai International Finance Center ( Shanghai World Finance Center 96 floors, 465m ), to promote the development of building water supply and drainage technology. China's scientific research in this area of basic work has been done less, but in practice, especially in the design has been at a certain level. In the development of products, also constantly introduce the technology of advanced countries. In order to make the traditional water supply and drainage engineering and social sustainable development in China's economic conditions, China is actively developing the water industry as a new development of water supply and drainage engineering in the 21st century. Which also requires the building of water supply and drainage to the comfortable, hygienic, safe and reliable development.
1 water supply
1. 1 water supply
In the residential community water supply, gradually to a variety of forms. The traditional roof tank water supply system is reliable, simple, reduce the peak value of water to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand for water, can make full use of the municipal water supply network pressure, investment, maintenance and other advantages. However, there are also problems such as easy to be contaminated, insufficient water pressure, poor frost resistance, affecting the appearance of the building, increasing structural loads. Shanghai regulations, the size of the new residential area in more than 400 multi-storey residential, it is not appropriate to use the water tank water supply, can be used in pools - water pumps and other water supply.
In the high-rise building water supply, there are generally zoned series water supply and zoned parallel water supply.
1.2 Pressurization facilities
In China's urban water supply network, the most unfavorable place in the network water pressure requirements ≮ 0.1M Pa, and the urban water supply plant water supply development lagged behind the development of residential and public **** building water demand, coupled with the aging of the pipeline, the decline in the pressure-bearing capacity, so the water supply for most of the buildings need to be partially pressurized and the amount of water storage, regulation. The water supply for most buildings requires localized pressurization and water storage and regulation. China's commonly used pressurization facilities are pumps, pneumatic water supply equipment and frequency control water supply equipment, the latter two technology has become increasingly mature.
1.3 decompression mode
In high-rise buildings, the main use of pressure reducing valves, tanks, pumps, three ways to carry out the vertical partition of water supply. Now the most used is the pressure reducing valve, which overcomes the disadvantages of occupying more space, noise, secondary pollution and high cost. In the life of the water supply system, usually using spring pressure reducing valve. Living water supply system requires sanitary ware maximum hydrostatic pressure ≯ 0. 6M Pa, residential, hotels, hospitals and other zoning pressure control in the 0. 3- 0. 35M Pa, office buildings and other daytime activities only in the building zoning pressure control in the 0. 35- 0. 45M Pa. In the fire water supply system, our country is now more than a proportional type of pressure reducing valves to the zoning. Fire hydrant water supply system control the most
Unfavorable hydrant at the maximum hydrostatic pressure ≯ 0. 80M Pa, automatic sprinkler water supply system control network working pressure ≯ 1. 20M Pa.
1. 4 water storage device
In the case of insufficient water supply from the external pipeline network, reinforced concrete cisterns, whose bottoms and walls should be paved with white tiles. Set up on the roof of the regulation of water tanks, from the material and processing methods to diversified development, galvanized, enameled, composite steel, and the use of plastic-coated, glass fiber reinforced plastic and stainless steel tanks, in order to overcome the secondary pollution of the tanks, reduce the weight of the structure and the construction of inconvenient problems.
1.5 water-saving technology
China's per capita freshwater resources are not much, coupled with water pollution, so that water has become a very important work. In the building water supply and drainage, mainly to promote water-saving fittings and building waterways. Water-saving fittings are hydraulic flushing tank fittings, two-stage flushing toilet fittings, roof tanks, counterweight reverse open check valve, hydraulic control of the multi-function valve and water sanitary ware fittings, can have a flow restriction, automatic temperature adjustment, high temperature limit and other functions. Improvements in fittings also focus on saving water consumption and preventing leaks. In the building water design, the sewage and wastewater diversion, wastewater reuse after biochemical treatment, used for flushing toilets, circulating cooling water, such as supplementary water. China's Beijing, Shenzhen and other cities have been clearly required to reuse wastewater to save water and protect the environment.
1.6 Design second flow calculation of domestic water consumption
From 1990 to 1995, China's urban water rationing conducted a new study. The data of 55 cities and 77 residential neighborhoods were collected, and the proposed values of residential water consumption and comprehensive domestic water consumption were put forward for different city sizes and different areas.
The design second flow rate of domestic water supply pipeline in the "Building Water Supply and Drainage Design Code" gives the square root and at the same time using the percentage of the two formulas. In recent years, when the law of water use in line with the characteristics of water use in developed countries, according to the U.S. Hunter method (probability method) to calculate the design second flow and hot water design second flow.
1.7 Quality water supply
In the creation of modern life in the residential environment and high quality of life in the community, people put forward higher requirements for drinking water quality. In order to improve the quality of drinking water, China initially treated drinking water in the form of small household water purifiers, whose main method was adsorption and filtration with activated carbon, but it was not easy to control the replacement of filter media when in use. In recent years, the emergence of the concept of "quality drinking water", which refers to the water that can meet the direct drinking water quality standards, including ultra-pure water, pure water, distilled water, mineral water and y treated water. High-quality drinking water source is from the city tap water or underground mineral water, the treatment process of ion exchange, ultrafiltration, membrane filtration, distillation, disinfection and sterilization. The water supply method has the barrel supply and pipeline quality supply, the barrel supply is set up in the residential district centralized high-quality water supply station, with barrels sent to the residents at home or self-collection, this way in the current majority; pipeline quality water supply system in Shanghai residential district has built a set, the process uses ozone oxidation, activated carbon adsorption, pre-coated membrane fine filtration, microelectrolysis and ultraviolet sterilization and other technologies, can be removed from the human body harmful organic substances, especially carcinogenic The process uses ozone oxidation, activated carbon adsorption, pre-coated membrane filtration, micro-electrolysis and ultraviolet sterilization technology, which can remove organic substances harmful to the human body, especially carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic substances, while retaining the minerals and trace elements in the water that are beneficial to the body. High-quality drinking water is sent to each kitchen after purification treatment, using frequency conversion constant pressure water supply system, end-of-pipe circulation.
1.8 vibration isolation, noise protection
In the pump vibration isolation technology has made some progress, in addition to horizontal pumps also solved the vertical pump vibration isolation components, the development of rubber vibration isolators and spring vibration isolators. In the pump pipeline also used a bendable rubber joints, to prevent vibration and noise
transmission, has developed a large-diameter flexible joints, and bendable elbows, reducer joints, so that an increase in the function of the fittings, pipeline design and installation.
In the water pump outlet pipe, require the installation of muffler check valve and prevent water hammer and noise. Life water supply pipe speed control is, when the pipe diameter ≤ 25mm, the water flow rate control in 0. 8 ~ 1. 2m?s; when the pipe diameter & gt; 25mm, the flow rate control in ≯ 2. 0m?s.
2 hot water
2. 1 hot water heating and equipment
Hot water heating methods are direct heating and indirect heat transfer. In the use of hot water boiler heating equipment, mainly gas-fired hot water boilers, oil-fired hot water boilers, from a general point of view, the efficiency of the primary heat transfer is higher than the efficiency of the secondary heat transfer. Now the domestic research out of the automatic high-efficiency hot water boiler, basically solved the hot water boiler set up in the upstairs safety issues, in order to apply to China's southern regions without heat pipe network. In direct heating, the use of solar energy has also made some progress. In the past two years, the domestic also carried out a number of hot water supply, heating methods and equipment for the seminar.
In the indirect heating mode, the heat medium used is mainly steam and hot water. The theory of its heat transfer equipment has been developed to a certain extent, the design of volumetric water heating proposed "turbulent heating" concept, that is, to increase the flow rate of the heat medium and heated water, in order to improve the heat medium on the wall of the exothermic coefficient and the wall of the exothermic coefficient of the heated water, in order to improve the heat transfer effect. In the secondary heating equipment, the emergence of inflow-type volumetric heat exchanger, semi-volumetric heat exchanger, semi instantaneous heat exchanger. In the design has been aware of the comprehensive consideration of the safety of the equipment, advanced and one-time investment in equipment and floor space factors, reasonable and economical choice of heating equipment.
2.2 hot water supply design calculations
In the integrated hot water supply places, the maximum hourly hot water consumption calculation has a reasonable understanding. Calculation of heat medium consumption reflects the relationship between the hot water production capacity of the water heating equipment, the heating capacity of the heat medium and the amount of stored heat. There is also a method of calculating the maximum limit value of the system heat and a simple method of calculating the amount of circulating water.
In the system design, pay attention to maintaining the water supply pressure, water temperature balance and stability, in order to achieve water comfort, the purpose of saving. In the hot and cold water pressure balance, pay attention to the control of head loss, pay attention to the location of the water heating equipment, a reasonable choice of hot and cold water vertical zoning. In the stabilization of water temperature control, select the appropriate water heating equipment, automatic temperature control devices, deal with the mechanical circulation system of hot water.
2.3 Energy saving in the hot water system
The energy saving of the hot water supply system is mentioned in a new position, and its energy saving measures are: improve the water temperature, reduce the use of water temperature, the use of mixing faucet or thermostatic adjustment device, reduce heat loss, selection of high-quality thermal insulation materials, improve the heating method, the selection of high-efficiency heat transfer equipment and so on.
2.4 Hot water quality treatment
Mainly to prevent scaling of hot water, damage to equipment and piping, reduce heat transfer efficiency. When the water consumption, poor water quality, centralized hot water supply system should be heated before the water softening treatment, in addition to the use of treatment technology, the use of drug treatment and the use of electrostatic treatment technology, electronic treatment technology and magnetization treatment technology to ensure that the hot water in the cycle of water quality stability.
In addition, the hot water in the Legionella (Legionella) problem, also caused concern. China's water heaters or storage tanks in the volume as well as the structure of the improvement, to take a certain inhibition of bacteria and legionella breeding conditions.
3 Drainage
3.1 Drainage riser capacity design theory
The popularization and application of plastic drainage pipe, the depth of the drainage riser capacity design theory discussion. Existing in three points of view: one is the ring water film gravity flow theory, it is assumed that the water flow pressure fluctuations in the riser, not to destroy the apparatus of the water seal, which produces the riser design flow rate of the load limit value; the second is the denial of the ring water film gravity flow formula, in the ring water film flow state, the establishment of riser air movement energy equation, the resulting riser drainage results there is a contradiction; the third is to think that the ring water film gravity flow state is to achieve the purpose of flow calculation. The third is that the annulus gravity flow state is highly hypothetical for the purpose of flow calculation of water flow state, it is used for the calculation is conservative, feasible, and for the establishment of the energy equation of air movement is not comprehensive. In this regard, there is a lack of a large number of tests and practice to verify. The key to the control of the riser water capacity is still the pressure in the riser, which is related to the above drainage, pipe wall roughness coefficient, and water velocity and other factors.
3.2 Drainage Aeration Technology
The main purpose is to provide the drainage of gas dissipation, to achieve the role of air permeability; to prevent negative pressure siphonage and positive pressure spatter phenomenon in the drainage system, to ensure that the air circulation; to maintain the drainage of water quickly smooth and quiet. The ventilation methods include internal (external) ventilation and permeable ventilation. And carried out the development of ventilation valve and special fittings single riser drainage system, the ventilation valve is used to make up for the gas and prevent the pipeline internal gas into the room, is now in the stage of engineering practice; special fittings single riser drainage system has introduced a design procedure, the riser of the water capacity increases, reducing the number of risers. But the product is now limited to cast iron products.
3.3 roof rainwater drainage problems
Through years of practical experience in engineering, roof rainwater drainage technology has been a more comprehensive understanding, and conducted a systematic study. In the design of a clear piping system in the state of water flow is pressure flow drainage or gravity flow drainage, the two design methods are included in China's "roof rainwater drainage design
Regulations.
3.4 small domestic sewage local treatment and disinfection
China in the southern region has been set up in a certain range of buildings with domestic sewage treatment equipment, which also puts forward new requirements for the design of building drainage. Building sewage and urban sewage have certain differences, its discharge standards after treatment has its own characteristics. In the treatment process is often used in contact oxidation, A2O method, SBR process, the purpose of treatment to reduce BOD, COD and ammonia nitrogen indicators. Treatment structures can be located in the outdoor underground or in the basement of the building, the material used in concrete, fiberglass or steel structure. Building wastewater treatment also needs to consider the treatment of odor emissions.
In the disinfection of sewage, the South uses chlorine tablets to disinfect more; the North uses chlorine dioxide synergistic disinfection device, electrolysis to produce a mixture of ClO2 gas.
3.5 Sanitary ware
Improvement of living standards on sanitary ware put forward new requirements, sanitary appliances pay more attention to comfort, reliability, quietness, energy saving, now also appeared in various types of high standards, leisure sanitary ware. Many well-known foreign manufacturers have entered our country to produce a variety of new products. 4 building fire suppression technology
4.1 hydrant water supply system
Building fire suppression design has become an important part of the building water supply and drainage. In the hydrant water supply system to pay more attention to fighting the initial fire, the system is often used in the pressure regulator pump to keep the system at a constant high pressure. The addition of small-caliber self-rescue water gun, providing non-firefighting professionals
Use. In the sub-district there are pressure-reducing valves, multi-outlet pumps, as well as the use of pressure-regulating valves to ensure that the hydrant water pressure and water output. In order to ensure that the fire-fighting setup can be put into operation in a timely manner, to strengthen the work of the pump and the standby pump automatic switching device.
4.2 Automatic sprinkler system
The development of high-rise, ultra-high-rise and large-scale industrial buildings, strengthening the application of automatic sprinkler technology. Automatic sprinkler facilities are set up in easy to fire parts, evacuation routes, crowded places, not easy to find the fire parts, people are not easy to evacuate the parts and the need to spray water to cool the location. In high-rise buildings on the glass curtain wall, atrium corridor, escalator openings and ordinary fire shutters, taken the nozzle encryption method to replace the water curtain. In the elevated warehouse introduced a foreign large droplet nozzle, ESFR nozzle, the sprinkler from the "fire control" into the "fire" for the purpose.
4.3 gas fire extinguishing
Actively apply halogenated alkane substitutes. At present, the gas fire extinguishing agent and fire extinguishing system is becoming more diversified, there are FM 200, CEA, IN ERGEN, Trio-dide, etc., in addition to the use of water spray to electrical fire extinguishing, water spray foam used in the garage to extinguish fires, expanding the scope of application of automatic sprinkler systems.
5 pipe and equipment
5.1 pipe and connection
In the water supply, hot dip galvanized steel pipe, water supply plastic pipe and metal-plastic composite pipe appeared one after another. Rigid polyvinyl chloride is actively promoting the use of chemical building materials, it overcomes the problem of corrosion of pipes, low resistance to water flow, light weight, easy to install. These new materials have begun to be applied to the hot water supply, drinking water system.
Drainage, the Ministry of Construction in 1989 issued a building drainage rigid PVC pipe technical specifications, and in the 100m below the building internal drainage projects to promote the application of U PVC pipe. After years of engineering practice, pipe expansion, heat requirements, anti-aging and other technical issues have been resolved, now focusing on the interface leakage, drainage noise control and the application of plastic pipe in high-rise buildings. There is also a composite plastic pipe to reduce noise transmission, the use of fire casing to prevent the spread of high-rise fires, began to use centrifugal casting molding or the use of ductile iron pipe. Pipe connection, in addition to the clamping type has a flexible connection, such as RK-type, RP-type, STL-type, ZPR-type flexible interface.
5.2 Building water supply and drainage equipment
In the pneumatic water supply technology, the emergence of a mandatory hydraulic automatic replenishment, there are replenishment tanks set high and low settings; the emergence of the form of hot water can be mitigated, adjusted volume expansion, but also specializing in the adjustment of fire-fighting water and pressure control. In the frequency control water technology, the emergence of variable pressure variable water supply equipment, multi-point control of constant pressure variable water supply equipment, for life and fire systems, dual constant pressure water supply equipment, frequency control and pneumatic tanks combined with frequency pneumatic water supply equipment. In the pump products, the emergence of a low center of gravity, low water vertical pumps, there are two or more outlets of multi-outlet pumps, there are suitable for fire water with the flow - head curve of the pumps and so on. In the production of heat exchangers to take improvement measures, such as increasing the heat medium flow rate so that the heating coil churning, line into a local turbulence area, additional flow baffles, separation of water heating and storage areas, reduce the water heated water cross-section, set up a circulating pump to the heating process in the continuous cycle, the use of steam condensate residual heat, and so on. In addition, the country has been able to produce water pressure reducing valve and accumulated some test data. In the drainage has been widely used submersible pumps, developed with the tearing function and grinding device of the non-clogging drainage pump. Local water treatment equipment, such as grease traps, sedimentation tanks have become a series. Floor drains are produced in various forms such as multi-channel, overflow-proof, quick-open, adjustable and side-wall. Building sewage treatment, water treatment equipment has a variety of products to choose from. Swimming pool water treatment equipment, the beginning of the application of mechanical wave and
Hydraulic wave technology equipment. In the circulating cooling water system, cooling tower production has reached the international level, water quality treatment and stabilization have the corresponding equipment.
6 Other aspects
6.1 Engineering construction standards
In the past, the norms of the preparation of the cycle is longer, the content is too simple, the technology is lagging behind the serious, in recent years, to strengthen the revision of the norms. Building water supply and drainage technology in the mandatory norms at the same time, has completed more than 10 recommended norms, to fill the gaps in the domestic engineering construction standards. In the construction of standard drawings are also constantly supplemented with new content, often revised and updated to enhance operability. Timely reflection of the technical level of building water supply and drainage, improve the overall professional level.
6.2 Application of CAD technology
CAD technology has been popularized and applied among designers. Water supply and drainage specialty appeared a variety of application software packages. In computer graphics, can do to draw a plan at the same time automatically generate and display a perspective view, so that the plane and three-dimensional more intuitive. Software can also be drawn in the plane and then generate perspective drawings. In the development of software, highlighting the characteristics of the profession, are AutoCAD as a platform, but in the calculation and optimization of the software has not been well developed. The software is in the primary drawing application stage.
6.3 Intelligent buildings in the water supply and drainage design
Emphasis on building automation systems and the use of computer technology for water supply and drainage equipment measurement, monitoring and automatic control. Water supply and drainage specializing in sanitary equipment and fire extinguishing equipment to put forward monitoring requirements. In the water supply system, the proposed flow, pressure (differential pressure), temperature, level monitoring, control, measurement, recording; drainage system, the proposed flow measurement, recording, blocking the display, etc.; fire extinguishing system, put forward the monitoring method, monitor the location, and can reflect the operational status in a timely manner.
The automation system started late, but now there are intelligent building design standards. In residential areas, water metering began to promote the use of remote water meters. Due to the small number of product specifications, investment is large, limiting the water supply and drainage requirements for self-control.
In order to the development of China's construction water supply and drainage, we must continue to summarize the experience, draw on new technologies from abroad, to create a technical system of water supply and drainage of buildings, building water supply and drainage engineering technology to a new level.
Second, the graduation design (thesis) program introduction (main content)
Suzhong words and materials equipment communication building building building water supply and drainage and fire protection design of water supply and drainage and fire protection construction drawings design and compilation, expansion of the initial design specification and the calculation of each system; foreign language translation.
This building project is located in Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, west of the Xincheng River, north of Wenchang West Road, the building underground two floors, 13 floors above ground, a total construction area of more than 29,000 square meters, above ground floor area of more than 22,900 square meters, underground floor area of more than 69,000 square meters, 59.5m high, is a class of high-rise buildings.
The second floor is a non-motorized garage; the first floor of the underground has a wartime human defense material storehouse, a pool, a pump room, strong and weak electricity rooms, etc.; the first and second floors are customer reception services; the third floor is a cafeteria and a restaurant; the fourth floor is a conference room; the fifth to the seventh floors are call centers; the eighth to the ninth floors of the office; the eleventh to the thirteenth floors of the data room; the rooftop is set up for a machine room layer.
I) water supply related preliminary program
The project is fed by the city municipal water mains to meet the requirements of living and fire fighting water from the north side of Wenchang West Road municipal water mains access, municipal water pressure of 0.16Mpa.
The water supply method adopts the zoning of the water supply, the basement, the first floor and the second floor of the municipal pipeline network for direct water supply, more than two floors of the pumps and water tanks. Above the second floor, the water pump and water tank are combined with the water supply system of "municipal pipe network - storage tank - pressurized water pump - roof water tank - water point".
Pools and pump rooms are centrally located in the first floor.
(2) drainage-related preliminary program
Domestic wastewater indoor and outdoor are combined, through the septic tank pre-treatment is discharged into the municipal sewage network system.
Catering wastewater wastewater is degreased by grease trap, and underground garage wastewater is discharged into municipal pipeline network after being elevated to outdoor by grease trap. Roof rainwater adopts gravity flow rainwater system and is directly discharged into the nearest rainwater inspection well.
(C) fire-related preliminary program
1, automatic fire extinguishing system
In this project, in addition to the floor area of less than 5 square meters of the bathroom, not suitable for the use of water to extinguish the electrical equipment room and the open corridor connected with the outdoors are set up automatic sprinkler system, to the hazardous level of the calculation of the layout.
Alarm valves are centrally located in the first floor pump room.
Sprinkler water is extracted directly from the fire fighting pool through the sprinkler pump, and the fire fighting tank is set on the roof and the pump combiner is set outdoors. When the static pressure of the fire tank does not meet the requirements of the set of pressurized pump system.
In addition: all data rooms, battery rooms and substations are proposed to use Heptafluoropropane FM200 gas fire extinguishing system
The first floor of the diesel generator room adopts the water spray fire extinguishing system
2, fire hitch system
The water for fire hitch is extracted from the fire fighting pool directly through the fire fighting pump, with fire fighting tanks on the roof and pumps combined outdoors. Fire extinguishing system is set up on each floor.
It is proposed to use pressure-reducing and pressure-stabilizing fire hose at the fire hose outlet pressure greater than 0.5MPa.
When the static pressure of the fire tank does not meet the requirements, a pressurized pump system is set up.
3, fire pool
As the project only one way into the water, so set up a fire pool to protect fire safety. The fire pool is located in the basement pump room. Size according to the automatic sprinkler and fire extinguisher to protect the time to determine the amount of water.
4, fire extinguisher configuration
The project should be arranged on all floors of the fire extinguishers. The office area is configured according to the medium risk level, the machine room area is configured according to the serious risk level, the strong and weak power room, elevator machine room, control room, and the substation should be added with fire extinguishers.
(D) the preliminary program related to human defense engineering
The project basement human defense **** there is a human defense materials warehouse. Need to set up automatic sprinkler and fire extinguishing system. Water supply, drainage and fire system design calculations must refer to the specific requirements of the relevant norms of human defense engineering.
Third, the graduation design (thesis) of the main references
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