National Day 60th Anniversary Materials: Genetic Engineering
(1) In 1965, China's scientists in the world for the first time after deciphering the gene of bovine insulin, successfully synthesized the insulin artificially. Nobel Prize Committee Chairman Tiselius commented on this: "More convincing than nuclear power is insulin. Because, people can learn to make atomic bombs from books, but they can't learn to make insulin from books ......"
(2) April 15, 1998, the Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the successful use of genetic methods to recombine human insulin.
(3) March 9, 1984, China's young scholars Xu Rigan, in cooperation with Japanese scholars, bred the world's first child "test tube goat", in 1989, "test tube sheep" was successfully bred.
(4) by the world known as "the father of hybrid rice" Yuan Longping, in 1973, the world's first known as breeding indica hybrid rice. Until the 1990s, the impact of hybrid rice continues.
(5) From 1980, the Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics and the Institute of Genetics of Fudan University cooperated to carry out research on transgenic sheep with human coagulation factor IX in their milk to obtain a major breakthrough, so that China's transgenic sheep technology is at the international leading level.
(6) A kind of transgenic pig with low growth consumption, good meat quality and strong disease resistance has been successfully cultivated by the Institute of Animal Husbandry of Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, with a total efficiency of gene importation of 2.1%, which is more than double that of foreign countries and exceeds the international advanced level.
(7) in the gene drug, in 1988, China successfully developed a genetic engineering vaccine for hepatitis B; in 1992, the successful development of the treatment of hepatitis A and hepatitis C have special efficacy of synthetic artificial interferon and a number of genetic engineering drugs, some of which have entered the market.
The 60th anniversary of the National Day information: agricultural technology
(8) As early as 1956, farmers in Guangdong Province breeding experts bred China's first large-scale dissemination of short straw indica varieties. Since then, with the breeding and promotion of a series of short straw varieties, in 1965, the southern rice areas of China basically realized the dwarfing of indica rice, and the yield per acre was increased from 200-250 kilograms to 300-350 kilograms.
(9) In the 1990s, China's agricultural scientists and technicians used modern biotechnology to isolate and clone the photosensitive nuclear sterility gene, and further developed the two-line method hybrid rice technology using only male sterile and maintained lines. In the national large-scale trial planting, showing high-yield, high-quality and multi-resistant and other characteristics, the average yield per hectare up to 11250 kilograms.
(10) In November 1995, the State Key Laboratory of Plant Protection of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the Department of Biology of Shandong University jointly bred the world's first strain of transgenic wheat resistant to barley dwarf virus.
(11) In July 1997, Huang Dainian, a researcher at the China Rice Research Institute, and his scientific collaborators successfully transferred a herbicide-resistant gene into rice and applied it to hybrid rice after years of research.
(12) In October 1997, Guo Sandui of the Biotechnology Center of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences successfully developed China's first bivalent insect-resistant cotton.
(13) In September 1998, Zhejiang Agricultural University Nuclear Agriculture Institute Professor Gao Mingwei and other groups led by the use of Agrobacterium-mediated method, the world's first successful cultivation of transgenic stem borer-resistant strains of stem borer rice.
In addition, China's laser breeding, radiation mutagenesis breeding, space breeding and other advanced technology has also made great achievements.
National Day 60th anniversary information: communication technology
(14) In December 1983, the National University of Defense Technology Computer Research Institute developed a large computer system named "Galaxy". Since then, China has entered the ranks of the world's development of giant machines.
(15) In October 1993, the Dawning One massively parallel computer was successfully developed.
(16) Since the first successful research and development of monolithic integrated circuits in 1965, several key research and production bases for integrated circuits have been established. Now it can produce 250 million circuits per year, with a growth rate of 45%. "Ninth Five-Year Plan" at the end of the mass production of integrated circuits for the level of 1-1.5 micron, the level of research for the 0.8 micron, and in the 0.5-0.6 micron process technology pre-research results.
(17) At present, China has developed successful intelligent robots are: mobile operating robots in the nuclear industry; wall crawling robots; mobile robots working in harsh outdoor environments; underwater 1,000 meters and 6,000 meters cable-free robots ......
(18) After more than 10 years of research , China's research in X-ray, oxygen-iodine chemical laser, free-electron laser, high-power solid titanium glass laser and excimer laser reaches or approaches the international advanced level.
(19) In the 1980s, China successively built three major high-energy physics research devices - the Beijing Positron-Negative Electron Collider, Lanzhou Heavy Ion Accelerator and Hefei Synchrotron Radiation Device.
(20) After the United States, Germany and a few other countries, Chinese scientists developed microalloyed steel.
(21) China is now able to pull out a large-diameter silicon single crystal with a diameter of 300 millimeters and a weight of 81 kilograms. The actual information written is at the international leading level.
(22) energy, ceramics, superconductivity and other aspects of the performance of materials to reach the world's advanced level.
The 60th anniversary of the National Day information: two bombs, one star and space technology
(23) October 16, 1964, China's first atomic bomb explosion was successful, the world was shocked; in 1967, China's first hydrogen bomb explosion was successful. This is our country's famous "two bombs".
And on April 24, 1970, China's first artificial satellite sang "Dongfanghong" flew out of the earth, into space. Since then, the "two bombs and one star" was written in the history of science and technology of the new China.
(24) In 1960, China's first close-range surface-to-surface missile was successfully developed.
(25) In the early 1960s, China began to develop large-scale launch vehicle technology, and in May 1980, the launch of a large-scale launch vehicle to the Pacific Ocean was a success, marking a new level of China's launch vehicle technology.
(26) According to the needs of space transportation, China has successfully developed the Long March I, Long March II, and Long March III. The Long March IV is the most powerful launch vehicle in the world, "Long March I, Long March II, Long March III, Long March IV and other four types of Long March series rockets. At present, China's Long March rocket family has developed into a series of nine types of rockets, which makes foreign countries realize China's aerospace capacity and level, and marks the solid foundation of China's aerospace technology.
(27) On April 24, 1970, China carried out the first launch of an artificial Earth satellite, and successfully put the first satellite into a predetermined orbit. on March 3, 1972, China launched the second scientific and technological test satellite. on November 16, 1975, China's first return remote sensing satellite was successfully launched.
(28) In November 1999, China's manned space program first "Shenzhou" unmanned test spacecraft flight was a complete success. 2001-2002 and successive development and launch of the Shenzhou 2 ~ 4 unmanned test spacecraft, and access to valuable test data. Shenzhou 5 spacecraft is the first manned spacecraft developed on the basis of unmanned spacecraft, which is a high degree of cohesion of the wisdom and spirit of the Chinese nation, and is a new milestone for China's space industry in the new century.
National Day 60th anniversary information: energy technology
(29) In October 1966, China's first launch of missile nuclear weapons experiments were successful.
(30) In August 1971, China launched the first nuclear submarine of its own manufacture.
(31) In June 1958, with the help of the former Soviet Union, China built its first experimental atomic reactor. Qinshan Nuclear Power Station in Zhejiang Province is the first nuclear power plant designed and built by China itself. It adopts the world's mature technology, safe and reliable pressurized water reactor type, and adopts the safety design standard which has been tested in practice. 1984, the construction started, and in December 1991, it was completed and connected to the grid for the first time to generate electricity. So far, China has two nuclear power plants in Qinshan and Daya Bay, Guangdong, and the country intends to build four more nuclear power projects in the near future.
(32) In addition, China is also developing several other nuclear reactors: 1, Tsinghua University Nuclear Energy Design and Research Institute has developed a successful 5 megawatts of nuclear heat reactor; 2, 600,000 kilowatts of advanced pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant AC600, is currently under the development of the China National Nuclear Power Research and Design Institute; 3, 10 megawatts of high-temperature gas-cooled reactor development and development of experimental reactors, is currently being carried out by the Institute of Nuclear Energy Design and Research of Tsinghua University; 4, fast neutronuclear power plants. Research Institute; 4, fast breeder reactor nuclear power plant is expected to be put into commercial operation in 2020 or so; 5, fusion reactor nuclear power plant manufacturers since 1958, is now included in the "863 program".
(33) magnetic fluid power generation since the 60s began research, the 80s has established three research bases with a certain scale, this project has been included in the "863 Program", plans to build a 2 MW coal-fired magnetic fluid power generation at the end of this century, a steam combined cycle experimental device.
(34) solar power development began in 1958, there are about 38 units and universities engaged in photovoltaic research and development work. Since 1976, since the beginning of commercialized production of solar cells for terrestrial use, there are now **** 12 production lines or factories of solar cells for terrestrial use.
(35) wind power generation in the northern region of the three northern and southeastern coastal and island development is rapid, 1986 Rongcheng City, Shandong Province, the introduction of three generating units, composed of China's first wind power station, 1991 and Germany *** with the completion of the construction of Zhejiang Shengsi wind power station, and grid power are running well.
(36) Biomass energy is in recent years, the government of China to take "local conditions, multi-energy complementary, rational use, and seek efficiency" policy, vigorously develop the rural energy, has achieved significant results.
(37) geothermal energy, China's Tibet region has built the use of geothermal power generation Yangbajing geothermal power station, power generation capacity of 27,000 kilowatts.
(38) China has built several experimental tidal energy power stations in the southeastern coastal areas, with an installed capacity of 40-640 kilowatts.
National Day 60th anniversary information: scientific investigation
(39) Since the 1960s, China's scientific investigation of the Tibetan Plateau region has been uninterrupted. 60-70 years of the Mount Everest region of the two scientific investigation and the 1970s Chinese Academy of Sciences Tibetan Plateau Comprehensive Scientific Expedition, the Tibet Autonomous Region carried out a comprehensive, systematic investigation, published 46 ****56 volumes of works.
Since 1973, several generations of Chinese scientists have gone to the Grand Canyon eight times to carry out scientific research on the history of the formation of the Grand Canyon, resources and environment and its interrelationship with human and natural resources have a new understanding.
National Day 60th Anniversary Materials: Oceanic and Polar Scientific Expeditions
(40) In 1970, the ship "Xiangyanghong 5" carried out the first comprehensive survey of a specific oceanic area in the Pacific Ocean, and gained valuable information on ocean gravity, magnetism, bathymetry, geology, hydrography, and other multidisciplinary data. In May 1980, the "Xiangyang Hong 5" ship went to the Pacific Ocean to carry out the task of exploring the "El Ni?o" phenomenon for China's marine cause, national defense construction and international maritime cooperation has made contributions.
(41) In the mid-80s, China began polar expeditions; on December 30, 1984, China's first Antarctic expedition boarded Georges Island and established the Chinese Antarctic Great Wall Station, which was inaugurated on February 20, 1985, and on September 26, 1989, China's Antarctic Zhongshan Station was inaugurated on Antarctic continent.
(42) In June 1999, China's first expedition to the North Pole.
National Day 60th anniversary information: paleontological fossil expedition
(43) 1984-1995, Chinese scientists in Yunnan Chengjiang found a large number of fossil fauna, revealing the suddenness of biological evolution, to the traditional "gradualism" represented by Darwin's evolutionary theory challenged. The discovery of a large number of fossilized fauna in Chengjiang, Yunnan Province, revealed the suddenness of biological evolution, challenging the traditional "gradualism" represented by Darwin's theory of evolution.
(44) In 1997, scientists in China in Guizhou urn an investigation of the Precambrian phosphorus stratum, found a large number of miniature multi-cellular animals and grater embryo fossils, the origin of the animal time forward by 50 million years, once again made a major breakthrough in the study of early animals.
National Day 60th anniversary information: Xia, Shang and Zhou dating project
(45) Xia, Shang and Zhou dating project is a combination of natural sciences and social and human sciences to solve the problem of three generations of large-scale projects. The project set 9 subjects, 40 topics, 170 scholars after a joint expedition, in literature, astronomy, archaeology and paleography and other aspects of the fruitful results, these achievements will become a new starting point for the study of ancient Chinese civilization towards the 21st century.
The 60th anniversary of the National Day information: agricultural development
In the agricultural category of scientific and technological achievements, some major scientific and technological achievements have reached the international advanced level and the leading level; super rice, hybrid maize, genetically modified insect-resistant cotton, hybrid oilseed rape, mulching technology and a large number of breakthrough scientific and technological research and development and popularization and application, so that the main crops of the good seed coverage rate of more than 95%, greatly improving the Grain, cotton, oil and other staple crops production capacity, total grain output from 600 billion pounds jumped up to 1 trillion pounds; livestock and poultry breed improvement and large-scale breeding, major animal disease prevention and control, famous new aquatic products breeding technology progress, so that China's animal husbandry, aquaculture and scientific and technological progress of the contribution rate of more than 50% of the meat, eggs and aquatic products jumped to the first place in the world's total production; agricultural mechanization technology progress and application, factory farming and facility-based agriculture, and the total output of the world; agricultural mechanization technology progress and application of agricultural mechanization technology, the rise of factory farming and facility-based agriculture, has substantially increased agricultural labor productivity and land output rate, the degree of comprehensive agricultural mechanization reached 38%. Agricultural science and technology over the past 30 years of great progress in China's overall level of agricultural science and technology jumped to the forefront of developing countries, to solve the shortage of China's supply of agricultural products, to ensure national food security, to promote the structural adjustment of agriculture, to achieve sustained and stable development of agriculture and the rural economy has made an important contribution.
The 60th anniversary of the National Day information: economic development
Since the founding of China, China's exports of electromechanical products has long been in the slow development of the backward state, the party's Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the amount of exports have a certain amount of development, but in general, is still at a low level of wandering. 1985, the Party Central Committee, the State Council leaders have the foresight from the revitalization of the electromechanical industry, to promote the development of foreign trade, from the strategic height of institutional reforms, to promote the development of foreign trade. In 1985, the leaders of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council had the foresight to revitalize the electromechanical industry and promote the development of foreign trade from the strategic height of the institutional reform, the establishment of the export production system, and promote the development of the market and other aspects of the adoption of strong measures to continue to promote the end of the electromechanical products exported to the state of the low level of the prolonged period of fluctuation, forming a sustained, stable and rapid development of the new situation. The achievements are huge, has become an important part of China's foreign trade and driving force.
First, the scale of import and export continues to expand, and the proportion of foreign trade continues to increase. China's exports of electromechanical products since 1995, for 13 consecutive years to maintain the status of China's first major export commodities. 2007, exports of electromechanical products from 1978, 659 million U.S. dollars to 701.17 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 1,063 times, an average annual growth rate of 27.2%; accounted for the proportion of the country's foreign trade exports from 1978, 6.8% to 57.6%. Imports of electromechanical products increased from 5.65 billion U.S. dollars in 1980 to 499 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 87 times, with an average annual growth rate of 18.0%; accounted for the proportion of the country's foreign trade imports from 28.2% in 1980 to 52.2%.
Second, the structure of export commodities has been optimized. In the rapid growth of imports and exports at the same time, the structure of export commodities to capital and labor-intensive and technology-intensive products to accelerate the transformation process, the depth of processing of export products, value-added and technological content to further improve the structure of import and export commodities have been optimized. Exports of machinery and equipment, transportation machinery and instruments and meters have always been higher than the average annual growth rate of exports of electromechanical products, with exports of electromechanical and instrumental products and equipment accounting for more than 93% of the total. The export growth of energy, materials and labor-intensive products has slowed down relatively, and is lower than the national average growth rate of exports of electromechanical products. Over the past three decades, China has exported a large number of complete sets of equipment and large-scale equipment to Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Africa and other countries and regions, including: ships, aircraft, railroads, smelting equipment, communications equipment, power generation equipment and power transmission equipment.
Third, the international competitiveness of key industries has improved significantly. Over the years, through active participation in international competition, it has vigorously promoted the technological progress of enterprises and promoted the improvement of international competitiveness of a number of key industries.
-- China's 300,000 kilowatts, 600,000 kilowatts of large coal-fired generating units manufacturing technology has entered the international advanced ranks. At present, more than 300,000 kilowatts of generating units in foreign countries have been installed and are being implemented projects totaling more than 17 million kilowatts of capacity.
-- In 2004, China's self-developed and manufactured Xinzhou 60 aircraft was successfully sold to Zimbabwe, and has so far received orders for a total of 137 aircraft, of which 87 are overseas, and 15 have been delivered and put into operation.
-- In 2007, China's shipbuilding industry ranked first, second and third in the world in terms of new orders, hand-held orders and shipbuilding completions respectively.
--Automobile is one of the export commodities of independent brands with the largest growth potential in China. At present, China has become the world's first potential market, the second largest consumer market and the third largest producer, in 2007, China produced 8,883,000 cars and exported 610,000 units.
-- China's telecom equipment with independent intellectual property rights provides equipment and services for more than 500 telecom operators in more than 100 countries around the world. Huawei's program-controlled switches have accounted for 32% of the global program-controlled switch market share, with the world's largest sales volume for three consecutive years.
-- China has become the best production base for international home appliances and a major exporting country. in 2007, the export value of China's home appliance industry reached 31.4 billion U.S. dollars, and China's refrigerators, washing machines, air-conditioners, color TVs, laser TVs, microwave ovens and other products have ranked the first in the world in terms of production and export.
Fourth, the implementation of all-round, diversified and key markets, key breakthroughs in the policy has made significant progress, the ability to develop ocean-going markets has been significantly strengthened. While consolidating the development of traditional markets, exports to North America, Western Europe and other key markets are growing faster. In 2007, China's exports of electromechanical products covered 224 countries and regions, and imports covered 194 countries and regions. The import and export of the top 10 trading partners totaled 1014.13 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for 84.5% of the total trade in electromechanical products. In addition to the main export markets to maintain high growth, to Africa and Latin America, the Middle East, India, Russia and other emerging markets have achieved promising results. From the import market, imports from major trading partners dominate, from Japan, the EU, Taiwan, the United States and other major trading partners dominate, imports from other trading partners also have varying degrees of growth.
Fifth, major changes in the organizational structure of export enterprises. State-owned enterprises, private enterprises exports grew rapidly, the main body of the diversified pattern of business is basically formed. Electromechanical production enterprises have become the backbone of the expansion of exports. As of 2007, the import and export of electromechanical products of foreign-invested enterprises continued to maintain stable growth, accounting for nearly 3/4. Private enterprises, after nearly 10 years of rapid development, the export of products related to electronics, home appliances, electricians, automobiles, motorcycles, construction machinery, communications and other industries, the status of the import and export of electromechanical products has been on the rise, accounting for 12%, the growth rate of import and export of 20 percentage points higher than that of foreign-invested enterprises, showing a strong and stable growth rate. The growth rate of import and export is 20 percentage points higher than that of foreign-invested enterprises, showing a strong development momentum. According to the statistics, in 1985, there were less than 10 enterprises with the export value of more than 5 million US dollars, and in 2007, the number of enterprises with the export value of more than 100 million US dollars amounted to 849, among which, 75 enterprises exported more than 1 billion US dollars annually, and 3 enterprises exported 10 billion US dollars. Production enterprises have become the main force to develop the international market, and gradually formed a number of export enterprise groups, showing the advantages of technology, management and export strength.
Six, mechanical and electrical products import and export contribution to economic growth, become an important driving force for foreign trade and economic development of the national economy. 2002, the total import and export of mechanical and electrical products accounted for the total amount of foreign trade import and export of the country's proportion exceeded 50%, in 2003 the proportion of mechanical and electrical products exports accounted for the country's foreign trade exports exceeded 50%, the proportion of the incremental increase in exports of mechanical and electrical products accounted for the country's exports of foreign trade In 2003, the proportion of exports of electromechanical products in the country's foreign trade exports also exceeded 50%, and the proportion of incremental exports of electromechanical products in the country's foreign trade exports reached 68%, and the proportion of exports of electromechanical products in the country's foreign trade exports reached 57.6% in 2007. Expanding the import and export of electromechanical products has played an important role in optimizing the structure of imported and exported commodities, upgrading the technological level of the industry, promoting the upgrading of the industrial structure, enhancing the international competitiveness and promoting the development of the national economy. At the same time to increase employment and maintain social stability has also made a positive contribution.
National Day 60th anniversary information: people's lives
First, the monthly 1500 yuan deduction standard, can basically ensure that the basic standard of living of urban residents are not affected by the tax. Due to the different national conditions and personal income tax system of each country, their expense deduction methods and deduction standards vary greatly, but a **** the same point is, but the expenses allowed to be deducted is only to ensure that the taxpayers and their supporting population of the basic living expenses, including the taxpayers' own basic living needs, the basic living expenses of the supporting population and medical insurance premiums, as well as the cost of children's education.
According to the statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics, in 2004, the national average salary of urban on-the-job workers was 16,024 yuan (1,336 yuan per month), and after deducting the portion used for savings, the annual per capita consumption expenditure was 7,182 yuan, and calculated on the basis of the coefficient of support of 1.9, the average monthly consumption expenditure of urban workers was 1,143 yuan.
Considering the expenses of housing, medical care and education of about 210 yuan, the monthly per capita consumption expenditure in our cities and towns is about 1,350 yuan. The monthly expense deduction of 1500 yuan proposed in the new program is obviously higher than the average monthly salary level of employed workers and the average monthly basic consumption expenditure level of employees. If we add the 1500 yuan deduction for the spouse who has a job, the tax-free income of 3000 yuan for a family is able to ensure the basic living needs of the individual and the family, and this expense deduction standard also has a certain forward-looking space. It should be noted that, according to the existing salary income of the implementation of the ultra-progressive taxation method, for the taxpayer's monthly income of more than 1500 yuan of exemption, the government is not all levied away, the need to bear the tax is only a very small proportion, to ensure that more than 1500 yuan of the vast majority of the income is left to the taxpayer, for the improvement of life.
Second, the 1500 yuan monthly deduction standard is basically suitable for the current stage of China's national conditions and financial capacity. China is still a developing country, financial resources are not generous, urban and rural areas, the development of the region is very unbalanced, whether it is economic construction, public **** cause development, or poverty alleviation, the government has to spend a lot of money, the distribution of financial resources in all aspects of the contradiction is still very prominent. The basic principle of dealing with the contradiction in the distribution of financial resources is: "One must eat, two must build, and three must develop scientifically." At present, personal income tax has become an important source of revenue for the State, especially for local finances, and after the new program raises the monthly deduction standard to 1,500 yuan, the State's finances will be reduced by about 20 billion yuan a year. Government tax revenues are taken from the people and used for the people, if further and more substantial increase in the expense deduction standard for income from wages and salaries, it will be possible to exceed the financial capacity of our country, to a certain extent, weakening the ability of governments at all levels to ensure the transfer of compulsory education, public **** medical care, agricultural farmers, laid-off workers, as well as other socially disadvantaged groups.
Third, the monthly deduction standard of 1500 yuan can properly regulate the higher income of some regions, industries and individual residents. Accompanied by economic development, China's residents income gap is widening, the government regulation of income distribution, in addition to the need to regulate the initial distribution, further increase the fiscal transfer, but also to give full play to the role of personal income tax. The new program does not distinguish between industries, regardless of developed regions, or less developed regions, the national unified implementation of the monthly salary income deduction standard of 1500 yuan, so that, on the one hand, the majority of low-income classes can be excluded from taxation; on the other hand, can also be adjusted by adjusting the structure of the tax rate, to strengthen the tax administration, and appropriately increase the tax burden of the high-income class, reflecting the fairness of the tax and rationality.
Fourth, the monthly deduction of 1500 yuan is conducive to the popularization of citizens' tax obligations and the gradual improvement of the tax structure to meet the needs of future economic development. Personal income tax is not a wealth tax, rich people tax. In addition to its function of regulating income distribution, it is also an important means for modern countries to obtain financial revenue. From the situation of most countries in the world, the payment of personal income tax has become the general obligation of a country's residents. 10 years ago, China set the expense deduction standard at 800 yuan per month, and its policy focus is mainly to regulate the high income; today, 10 years later, the people's income level and the quality of life have been greatly improved, the purpose of the legislation on personal income tax should be in line with the times from the regulation of the distribution of a single function to the adjustment of the distribution of the income tax and the expansion of tax sources, the popularization of the tax obligation, the tax system, the tax system, the tax system and the tax system. The purpose of individual income tax legislation should be shifted with the times from the single function of regulating distribution to the track of regulating distribution and expanding tax sources and popularizing tax obligations.
It should be pointed out that, with the further development of China's economy and the continuous improvement of people's living standard, the scope of personal income tax will be wider and wider, and the proportion of income will be greatly increased. Under the premise of protecting the basic needs of taxpayers, the gradual popularization of personal income tax to the majority of the working class is not only the inevitable result of economic development, but also a major step forward in the development of society, and it is the obligation of every citizen to the country.