"1" astronaut system
How are astronauts made?
Driving in Beijing Badaling Expressway Bei'anhe exit to the west, turn into the Beiqing Road, driving about 10 minutes, you can see the left side of the road a silver metal sign - "China Beijing Space City". In this small village called Tangjialing, the aerospace city, which covers an area of about 3,500 acres, is heavily guarded. The Chinese astronaut research and training center is located here.
Shenzhou 7 astronauts Zhai Zhigang, Jing Haipeng, Liu Boming, the predecessor of the Chinese Astronaut Research and Training Center was founded in April 1, 1968, the Institute of Cosmic Medicine and Engineering, was renamed the Chinese Astronaut Research and Training Center on September 30, 2005, and has become the world's third astronaut research and training centers following the Gagarin Training Center in Russia, the U.S. space center in Houston, the world's third astronaut research and training centers, known as the "Chinese Astronaut Research and Training Center", the "Chinese Astronaut Research and Training Center". It is known as the "cradle of China's astronaut growth".
It is said that "Shenzhou" is summarizing the "Shenzhou", "Shenzhou" astronauts selection experience based on the basis of each astronaut in the crew of the different division of labor, based on the individual characteristics of the scientific selection, entirely The scientific selection was based on the individual characteristics of each astronaut, and fully complied with the principles of "science, fairness, objectivity and reasonableness". Space experts said, "Shenzhou" astronauts are after five levels of screening to stand out, can be described as "two hundred miles a".
The Shenzhou VII spacecraft 3 positive selection of astronauts, including Zhai Zhigang, who was selected for the Shenzhou V and Shenzhou VI program, as well as two teammates who were also selected for the Shenzhou VI, Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng. The most likely candidate for the mission is Zhai Zhigang, with Liu Boming as the first alternative. 42-year-old Zhai Zhigang, a native of Longjiang County, Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province, joined the Air Force in 1985 and has a record of more than 1,000 hours of safe flights.
Flying suit made in China
Shenzhou VII prepared two sets of space suits, a set of Russian Seahawk "Flying" extravehicular space suits, a set of China's independent research Flying suit. One is the Russian Seahawk "Feitian" space suit, and the other is the Feitian space suit independently researched and developed by China. Feitian is our independent intellectual property rights, in the future the astronauts out of the cabin may rely on our independent space suit, rather than the Russian space suit. The space suit for this walk will be ours.
"2" Spaceship Application System
Spaceship Application System
Spaceship application system is a practical system, which is closely related to people's life and environment. The main task of the spaceship application system is to utilize the space experiment support capability of the manned spaceship to carry out earth observation, environmental monitoring, material science, life science, space astronomy, fluid science and other experiments, with hundreds of payloads and application equipments installed in a number of tasks, and the application of spaceship test phase is of an experimental nature, with a wide range of experimental contents, and the results of which will be widely used in the development of medicine, food and health care, The research results will be widely used in the development of medicine, food health care, prevention and treatment of difficult diseases, as well as in industry, agriculture and other industries. The manned spacecraft system adopts a three-compartment system consisting of an orbital module, a return module and a propulsion module, two pairs of solar cell sails and a lift-controlled return and dome parachute recovery program. The orbital module is located in the front of the spacecraft, equipped with the ship's subsystems for the spacecraft autonomous flight and stay in orbit to fly the equipment and payloads needed for the work.
Spaceship application system successful weather forecasting services
Since 1992, the application system has completed the development of nearly 200 new payloads, *** more than 200 payload equipment were involved in the launch of the "Shenzhou" one to "Shenzhou" five spacecraft. "More than 200 payloads have participated in the launches and in-orbit tests of the Shenzhou I to Shenzhou V spacecrafts respectively, and have achieved complete success; and all the systems of reception, pre-processing, monitoring and management of the Ground Application Center have been operated without failures. It has built a system integration test platform, a payload application center and a space environment forecasting center, conducted scientific research on 67 topics, created more than 100 new technologies and methods with independent intellectual property rights, and achieved fruitful scientific and technological results.
In terms of earth observation, the application system has successfully developed a number of advanced space remote sensors for China, such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS), Multi-Modal Microwave Remote Sensors (MMMS), Earth Radiation Receiver and Expenditure Meter (ERBM), Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Monitor (SUVSM), Solar Constant Monitor (SCM), and so on. Among them, the Shenzhou III Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS), the second MODIS to enter space following the launch of MODIS by the United States in 1999, has clear image quality and good spectral resolution, and the application departments have utilized these results to carry out experimental application studies, evaluating them as follows. "This marks a new stage in China's visible and near-infrared remote sensing, and China's visible and near-infrared remote sensing technology has crossed into the advanced ranks of the United States and the European *** bodies and other international organizations"; "Shenzhou" No. 4 multi-modal microwave remote sensors, which have achieved a large amount of scientific data with application value in orbit. The Shenzhou IV multimodal microwave remote sensor, operating in orbit, has obtained a large amount of scientific data with application value, and has succeeded in testing the microwave radiometer, microwave altimeter and microwave scatterometer in one go, which is an important breakthrough in China's space remote sensing technology; the precision orbiting of the spaceship in conjunction with the microwave altimeter has attained the highest precision in the global orbiting of China's low-orbiting space vehicles; the cirrus detector, with the capability of detecting large-area cirrus and thin cirrus, has exceeded the expected results and has been highly evaluated by users; and it has achieved, for the It is the first time to realize the detection of the absolute amount of important parameters of the global environment, and the systematic monitoring of the solar and earth-gas ultraviolet, solar constant and the state of the earth's radiation balance, etc., and the observation results have reached the international level.
In the field of space life and microgravity science, a number of advanced experimental devices have been developed and dozens of space experiments have been conducted. Among them, the space experiments and theoretical research on thermal capillary migration of microgravity droplets have reached the international leading level; the experiments on space cell culture, cell electrofusion, protein crystallization, space biological effects and space continuous free-flow electrophoresis, as well as the experiments on metal alloys, oxide crystals, and semiconductor opto-electronic materials growth conducted under space microgravity conditions have achieved fruitful scientific results, and some of them have reached the international advanced level. The results of these experiments have been very fruitful, and some of them have reached the international advanced level.
In the area of space astronomy, the space observation of the high-energy burst phenomena of the universe and the sun was the first one in China, and important results of γ-ray burst detection research were achieved. The success of the first phase of the space science program of the manned spaceflight project has enabled China to master important key technologies for space science experiments, and the level of space science experiments and exploration has crossed a new stage. The space environment monitoring and forecasting research arranged as a safety guarantee for manned spaceflight has acquired a large number of valuable space environment parameters of the spacecraft orbit, accurately forecasted meteor storm events and other disastrous space environment states that are hazardous to spacecraft launches, guaranteed the safety of the spacecraft and astronauts, and set up a space environment forecasting center, which has vigorously pushed forward the construction and development of China's space environment forecasting and guaranteeing system, while at the same time It has promoted the research level of related disciplines.
"3" manned spacecraft system
Manned spacecraft structure:
1, the orbital module is in the shape of a drum, which is the place where astronauts work, live and rest. The orbital module has adjusted the layout design of the cabin in order to install the application system equipment and the astronauts' food and drinking water devices. There is a hatch at the bottom of the rear end of the capsule through which the astronauts can enter the return capsule. There are two solar cell wings like bird's wings on both sides of the exterior of the capsule, and the power required by the capsule is provided by these two wings.
2, the return capsule is the only manned spacecraft to return to Earth, the spacecraft takeoff, rise to orbit and return to land, the astronauts are in the return capsule. Shenzhou VI's return capsule is shaped like a clock, and its hatch is connected to the orbital module, through which astronauts can enter the orbital module. The return module is the command and control center of the spacecraft, and astronauts' seats are installed in the module. The astronauts lie on the seats when the spacecraft takes off, ascends and returns to the ground. Return module is also installed in the flight astronauts need to monitor and operate the instrumentation, astronauts through these instruments can always judge, understand the work of the spacecraft, but also when necessary, artificial intervention in the spacecraft's systems and equipment work.
3, the shape of the propulsion module is also cylindrical, the cabin installed propulsion system engine and propellant, its mission is to provide the spacecraft attitude high-speed and orbit to maintain the power required, the spacecraft power supply, environmental control and communications and other systems, a part of the equipment is also installed here. Two solar cell wings are also installed on both sides of the propulsion module to provide the spacecraft with the required electrical energy.
The orbital module and the return module of the manned spacecraft are sealed segments, the cabin is completely isolated from the outside world, and the environment and life support systems installed inside will provide the astronauts with a comfortable living environment like that of the Earth. In addition, two parachutes, one main and one backup, have been installed for landing. Two round windows have been opened on the side wall of the return module, one for the astronauts to observe the scene outside the window, and the other for the astronauts to operate the optical scope to observe the ground driving spacecraft.
"4" Launch Vehicle System
Shenzhou 7 will use the Long March 2F rocket to enter space. The rocket has now arrived at the launch base. The experts agreed that the function and performance of the rocket meet the requirements of the overall project and mission; the technical status of the product is under control, the development quality is good, and all the quality problems have been zeroed out or there is a clear conclusion that the mission will not be affected; the reliability and safety project tests have been completed, and all the preparations have met the requirements of the guidelines for the discharge of products from the factory of manned space flights.
The LM2F rocket is ready to launch
The main technical indicators of the LM2F launch vehicle:
The reliability of the rocket is 0.97, and the safety is 0.997: 0.97 reliability means that in 100 launches, there are only 3 times that the rocket may have a problem; and 0.997 safety means that in 1,000 launches, there are only 3 times that the rocket will jeopardize the safety of the astronauts' lives. The safety of 0.997 means that out of 1000 times the rocket has a problem, 3 times may jeopardize the lives of the astronauts. This is the characteristic of manned rockets. The general reliability of commercial rockets is 0.91 to 0.93, with no safety requirements.
The takeoff weight of the rocket is 479 tons: the rocket plus the spacecraft weighs about 44 tons, and the rest is liquid propellant. Therefore, 90% of the rocket is liquid, which is greater than the water content of the human body. Water is usually 60 to 70 percent of the human body.
The spacecraft weighs more than 8 tons, which is one sixty-two percent of the takeoff weight of the ship-rocket combination: to put one kilogram into orbit, you have to consume 62 kilograms of rockets. The Shenzhou VI spacecraft is an increase in weight over Shenzhou V, so the rocket that launches Shenzhou VI is also a lot heavier.
The core stage of the rocket is 3.35 meters in diameter: the ancient Romans used a cart pulled by two horses, with the wheels grinding two grooves in the stone road. As the wheel width is not the same, the road left a different width of the ditch. Later, they wanted to unify the wheelbase, the two side-by-side horse's ass as a standard, that is, 1.435 meters, and later the British repair railroads also set the railroad track gauge of 1.435 meters, and was followed by the countries. According to this gauge railroad, can transport the widest cargo for 3.72 meters, remove the shell of the carriage, only 3.35 meters. Therefore, the maximum diameter of the rockets transported by standard railroads can only reach 3.35 meters.
The speed of the rocket at the point of entry into orbit is 7.5 kilometers per second: this speed is 22 times the speed of sound. We usually say "Ten Mile Street", refers to the distance from Jianguomen to Fuxingmen in Beijing, which is 6.7 kilometers long. A speed of 7.5 kilometers per second is equivalent to running from the east end of Chang'an Street to the west end in one second.
The rocket orbit is 200 kilometers near the earth and 350 kilometers far away: the radius of the earth is 6400 kilometers, and the distance between the rocket orbit and the earth is only a few tenths of the radius of the earth. If you stand outside the Earth to see, the spacecraft is like sticking to the ground in flight.
"5" Launch Site System
The basic tasks of the manned space launch site are to provide the launch vehicle, spacecraft and payload with reproduction, assembly, testing and transportation facilities that meet the technical requirements; to provide the astronauts with pre-launch life, medical supervision, medical insurance and training facilities; to provide a full set of ground facilities for the launch of the manned spacecraft; to organize, command and implement the testing, launching, and commanding and regulating the flight ascent section of the manned spacecraft; and to organize, command and implement the testing, launching, and commanding and regulating of the flight ascent section of the manned spacecraft. It also organizes, directs and implements the testing, launching, and commanding, scheduling, monitoring, displaying and communication of the ascent section of the flight; organizes, directs and implements the emergency life-saving of the waiting section and the ascent section; completes the tracking and measuring and safety control of the ascent section of the launch vehicle; provides the space command and control center with the relevant parameters and images; and provides the logistic service guarantee for the launch area of the manned spacecraft.
The Jiuquan launch site is built on an oasis in the Gobi Desert, with the mountains to the west and the river to the east, and is a piece of feng shui treasure land personally selected by Marshal Nie Rongzhen back then. To this day, the mention of Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, many people will be in Jiuquan. In fact, Jiuquan Launch Center is located in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Alashan League, Ejinagi Banner, where there are 210 kilometers away from Jiuquan. At that time to "Jiuquan" named, one because at that time the countries missile satellite launch site name are avoiding the real address, the second is the launch site is located in the desert Gobi, it is difficult to choose a well-known name, and Jiuquan is the closest distance from the launch center, and in the history of the city is famous.
Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, also known as the "Dongfeng Space City", is one of China's scientific satellites, technical test satellites and launch vehicle launch test base, is China's earliest creation, the largest integrated missile, satellite launch centers, but also China's current only manned space launch site. With the changes in the mission, the launch site in the Shenzhou 7 mission not only to provide test environment and technical support for the extravehicular space suit, but also to reformulate the test and launch process, the extravehicular space suit and spacecraft joint test, extravehicular space suit and rocket joint test into the test process.
"6" measurement and control communication system
In the "Shenzhou" spacecraft seven systems, measurement and control and communication is crucial. To make an analogy, the spacecraft is like a kite, the measurement and control station and the oceanic measurement ship distributed in the three oceans are the one line holding the kite, the ground control system is like the kite flyer, the measurement and control and communication overall program design level is directly related to the success or failure of the manned space project.
, When the launching of the carrier rocket and manned spacecraft flying in the sky as well as returning, it is necessary to rely on the measurement and control communication system to maintain regular contact between heaven and earth, to complete the reception and processing of the spacecraft's telemetry parameters and TV images, and to manage the measurement and control of the spacecraft's operation and the orbital module's work in staying in the orbit. This measurement and control communication system consists of the Beijing Aerospace Command and Control Center, the land ground measurement and control station and the oceanic space survey fleet of the Sea Fargo, the implementation of the spacecraft orbit measurement, remote control, telemetry, rocket safety control, the astronauts to escape the control task amount.
China's spacecraft measurement and control system has formed a modernized and comprehensive measurement and control network with Xi'an Satellite Measurement and Control Center as the pivot, and more than a dozen fixed stations, active measurement and control stations, and the Yuanwang measurement ship as the backbone. In the manned spaceflight project, China's spacecraft measurement and control system uses a unified S-band system, sending or receiving telemetry and remote control signals, as well as voice and television signals through the same set of transmitter and antenna systems and receiving equipment. After the horn of moon exploration was blown, China's spaceflight measurement and control network and began to build the moon exploration measurement and control system, the second phase of the lunar exploration project will build a 35-meter aperture antenna deep-space measurement and control network, to improve China's deep-space measurement and control capabilities. In the future, China will further strengthen international cooperation in the field of deep space measurement and control.
Flight mission:
The main purpose of this mission is to implement the first space out of the cabin activities of China's astronauts, breakthroughs and master out of the cabin activities related to technology, while carrying out the satellite accompanied by the flight, satellite data relay and other space science and technology experiments. During the operation of the spacecraft, an astronaut with China's development of the "Flying" extravehicular space suits out of the cabin for extravehicular activities, the recovery of test samples loaded in the cabin outside the device.
As planned, the Shenzhou spacecraft will be launched from the manned space launch site at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in China and will operate in a near-circular orbit at an altitude of about 343 kilometers.
After the astronauts' exit activities, the spacecraft will release a companion satellite. It will also carry out the "Sky Link 1" satellite data relay test.
Shenzhou 7 will return to the main landing site in central Inner Mongolia after completing its scheduled mission.
"7" landing site system
Spaceship landing site system refers to the spacecraft re-entry trajectory of the capture, tracking and measurement, search and recovery of the return capsule, as well as the astronauts out of the capsule after the medical supervision and medical insurance, medical care and emergency evacuation and other related sub-systems of the general term.
The landing site is a newly added system in China's manned spaceflight project. The main task of the landing site system is: the spacecraft in space flight, from the return module re-entry into the atmosphere, the use of advanced radio measurement system, the target for capture, analysis and landing point forecast, and then organize a rapid approach to the return module, and the return module to dispose of, and will be safely transported back to the base. The landing site system also includes: airship ascending section of the land and sea emergency return search and rescue sub-system, in the sea life-saving area deployed a special salvage lifeboat and helicopters, equipped with equipment that can be in the complex sea conditions to salvage the return capsule floating on the sea surface.
To make a spacecraft flying at an altitude of more than 300 kilometers to accurately land at a predetermined location on the rotating Earth is certainly not a simple thing, it requires a variety of technical guarantees, to have a very reliable control system, tracking system and safe landing site system. In the former Soviet Union, there was a time when a spacecraft was returning, and because of a deviation in the control system, the spacecraft deviated more than 1,000 kilometers from its intended landing point. As a result, when the spacecraft landed at a certain height from the ground, after three cosmonauts were ejected from the spacecraft (at that time, they landed by parachute, not directly by the spacecraft), two of them landed on the ground, and one cosmonaut fell into the forest. Since the helicopters could not land in the forest, they had to be rescued only by sending special loggers to the scene in an emergency and creating a tarmac for the helicopters to land. The weather was so cold that the astronauts froze in the forest for a day and a night and almost froze to death. So in addition to the control and tracking technology of the spacecraft is very important, the selection and construction of the landing site of the spacecraft is also very delicate.
Of course, the landing site of the airship is not like the parachutist landing site, in a piece of flat ground to draw a circle, make a clear sign, the parachutist to control their own parachute, fall into the inside on the line. The choice of a landing site for a spacecraft is far from simple, and its construction is a very complex system.
Shenzhou VII was launched successfully at 9:10 pm on September 25th.
Shenzhou VII returned safely, and the return capsule landed successfully at 17:37 on September 28