I. Improving the quality of farmers is an urgent requirement for the construction of a new socialist countryside
The main features of a new socialist countryside are, firstly, a new type of farmers, secondly, a well-developed agriculture, and thirdly, a prosperous countryside. Construction of modern agriculture, promote traditional agriculture to modern agriculture across, it is necessary to cultivate millions of "educated, know how, will operate" of high-quality new farmers. But from the situation in our county, since the reform and opening up, the quality of farmers have improved, but most farmers can not adapt to the requirements of the new era, but also with the new socialist countryside required by the new type of farmers have a large gap. Mainly in the following three aspects:
First of all, the scientific and cultural level of farmers constrained the application of advanced technology and equipment in agricultural production. Farmers are generally less educated, low level of rural productivity, and the new rural construction requirements of the "development of modern agriculture" is not compatible. In most of the county townships in rural production tools, plowing the field is still a plough, digging or hoe, harvesting or sickle, chopping wood or axe, such a level of productivity, determines the majority of farmers' concepts are still stuck in the traditional concepts of small-scale production economy, the lack of open market economy consciousness, resulting in the farmers only focus on the immediate interests of the individual, personal interests, local interests, short-term behavior, speculative, even if the tide of the market economy, the farmers will be the most important thing for them. Even if they move towards the tide of the market economy, they cannot really become mature market players. Especially in the market economic system gradually improved, the market economy is increasingly developed today, the farmers of these performances especially out of place, which is an important aspect of the poor quality of farmers.
Secondly, the ideological and moral level of peasants restricts the formation of a good social climate in rural areas. Peasants grass-roots cultural life is relatively monotonous, but also more scarce, the current rural community cultural construction is basically a blank. In Lingchuan, more than 80% of the farmers are not in the townships and bazaars, farmers live scattered, transportation is inconvenient, information transfer medium is scarce, the network is still a luxury in the rural areas of our county, all kinds of cultural and artistic activities basically ceased, in addition to watching TV, mainly playing mahjong and gambling, which makes the social morale complicate the situation. Peasants' public **** life space mainly rely on religion to fill, farmers' beliefs are increasingly diversified, religious activities are more active, but the superstitious elements have resurrected, and even the existence of cult activities in the space, the lack of a good social atmosphere, it is difficult to establish a scientific worldview and outlook on life, is not conducive to the elimination of bad habits. All of these are not compatible with the construction of a new countryside requirements of "civilization" of the ideological and moral construction, which is another important aspect of the poor quality of farmers.
Thirdly, the overall quality level of farmers also restricts the improvement of farmers' self-development ability. The general level of education in rural areas is low, the county's rural labor force only 7.2 years of education, resulting in poor mobility of the rural labor force to go out, even if they go out is mainly rely on out of physical strength, hard work for income, the practice of a great deal of blindness, seasonality and risk. The reasons for this situation are, first, that some of the young laborers only care about immediate interests, unilaterally believing that "it is better to study than to make money," and thus dropping out of school prematurely to work. Secondly, the ability of young laborers to accept new technology and new things is poor, and there are few training opportunities. Thirdly, the majority of the elderly laborers follow the traditional and backward model of farming and technology in the past, and are not interested in receiving skills training. At the same time, information is closed, the concept of democracy and the rule of law is weak, illegal and disorderly things often happen, in their legitimate rights and interests are violated also can not protect their rights and interests in accordance with the law, which to a large extent limits the ability of farmers to self-development.
Two, improve the quality of farmers is to improve the level of employment of farmers, increase the important conditions of farmers' income
In the developed market economy, in the construction of a new socialist countryside and the overall well-off society today, in order to adjust the industrial structure, the development of modern agriculture, the realization of the farmers in the non-agricultural industry, employment, and to increase the income of farmers, can not be separated from the science and technology and the quality of the farmers, the quality of farmers is the capital to make a living, and the quality of farmers is the capital to make a living. Farmers are the capital to make a living, is the main body of market operation, is the key to enhance market competitiveness. From what we know:
(a) The higher the cultural quality, the higher the income level. Farmers with high cultural quality have new ideas, accept new things quickly, have strong self-development ability, have more employment opportunities and obtain more income. On the contrary, the relatively low quality of farmers, small farmers are more conscious, accept new varieties, new technology slower, even in the agricultural industry to develop production, access to income is relatively low.
(ii) The labor force with high cultural quality has a strong ability to go out for employment, high mobility, and a significantly higher proportion of going out, and can also be employed in industries with relatively low labor intensity and relatively high income levels.
(c) Most of the highly educated labor force is employed in non-agricultural industries with high efficiency.
(iv) The contribution of cultural quality to the growth of farmers' income has been increasing.
Improving the quality of farmers is a long-term mechanism to increase farmers' income, and it is more important to improve the quality of farmers relative to their employment and income growth. We should raise awareness from the ideological, based on the long-term, focusing on rural education investment, to solve the current problems, so that the county farmers' education, the quality of farmers have a qualitative improvement.
Three, the current situation of the quality of farmers in our county and the existing problems
Total rural labor force in our county 107,156 people,
10,037 people of working age, the number of 100,136 people, of which 56,721 male laborers, accounting for 56.6% of the female labor force of 43,415 people, accounting for 43.4%; engaged in the primary industry, the labor force of 57,608 people, accounting for 57.4% of the rural labor force, the number of people, accounting for 57.4% of the rural labor force. People, accounting for 57.5% of the rural labor force; in 2006, farmers went out to transfer the labor force of more than 10,000 people, of which nearly 7,000 people transferred within the county, 2,934 people outside the county and province, and 799 people transferred outside the province. In recent years, the quality of farmers in our county as a whole is on the rise.
One is that the quality of science and technology and culture generally improve. At present, the county's rural compulsory education penetration rate of more than 90%. 2006 rural labor force, elementary school, illiteracy, semi-literacy accounted for 28.5%, a decline of 7.8 percentage points compared with 2000; middle school literacy accounted for 57.4%, high school and secondary school literacy accounted for 13.2%, junior colleges and universities and above accounted for 0.9% of the literacy, respectively, compared with the year 2000, an increase of 3.6, 2.3, 1.3 and 0.6 percentage points from 2000. In the labor force transferred by farmers, the number of people with a high school education or above accounted for 24.2%, an increase of 2.9 percentage points over the previous year; the number of people with professional training accounted for 15%, an increase of 3 percentage points over the previous year.
Two, the quality of science and technology management has been significantly enhanced. In recent years, through the science and technology into the household project, new farmers science and technology training project and labor force transfer sunshine training and other projects project implementation, farmers' science and technology and cultural quality has been significantly enhanced. 2006 rural labor force in the number of trained people amounted to 30%, an increase of 7 percentage points compared with the previous year, the government to organize the training of the efforts continue to increase the number of people to participate in the training of the organization of the total number of people accounted for 67.3% of the training, the enterprise The number of participants in training organized by the government has been increasing, with organizations accounting for 67.3% of the total number of participants, enterprises accounting for 14.5%, and spontaneous participants accounting for 18.2%. The county's various types of professional cooperative organizations developed to 33, more than 10,000 farmers to join professional cooperative organizations; farmer brokers reached nearly 900 people.
Thirdly, the quality of health is improving. By the end of last year, the county improved 12 township health centers, the new 257 village health clinics, the county has more than 180,000 farmers to participate in the new rural cooperative medical care, the farmers' health level than in 2000 there is a large level of improvement. A multi-level rural pension insurance system has begun to be established, with nearly 10,000 farmers in the county participating in pension insurance. The overall standard of living of farmers began to move towards a more affluent well-off.
Fourth, the quality of democratic law has been significantly strengthened. The implementation of universal legal planning and the implementation of various training, accelerated the speed of rural legal literacy, improve the legal awareness of farmers; through the sound village affairs and villagers' self-governance system, and actively promote the grass-roots democratic construction, the county implemented the village affairs of up to 100% of the villages, the farmers' satisfaction with the openness of the village affairs and social security of more than 85%; the protection of rights and interests of migrant workers is gradually strengthened.
While the overall quality of farmers in our county has improved in recent years, there are still some problems that should not be ignored.
(a) the relative decline in ideological and moral quality. First, some local farmers collectivist concept of indifference, heavy rights and interests, light obligations, mainly in the collective public welfare, to participate in the deliberations of the easy, hard to work and pay. Secondly, there is a rise in clan concepts in some places, especially in the village committee elections, only voting for their own family name, and the phenomenon of ganging up. Thirdly, some young farmers are one-sidedly pursuing enjoyment, not thinking of progress, and the idea of money worship is serious. Fourth, in some places, there are feudal customs and superstitions such as seeking gods and believing in evil and gathering people for gambling.
(2) unbalanced quality of science and culture. First, the imbalance between regions. The western economy is better than the eastern less developed areas of farmers with high quality. Second, the imbalance between industries, engaged in non-agricultural industry than the primary industry farmers quality. According to statistics, illiteracy and semi-illiteracy among farmers engaged in the primary sector accounted for 8.2% in 2006, 1 percentage point higher than in 2000. Thirdly, there is an imbalance between ages, with younger farmers being better qualified than older ones. Fourth, there is an imbalance between men and women. Men are more qualified farmers than women.
(3) The quality of hygiene and health is generally low. Farmers lack basic knowledge of hygienic living, have not developed scientific living habits, hygiene and health are relatively poor, and the life expectancy of farmers is about 2 years lower than that of urban residents.
The main reason for the above problems, from the outside, the long-existing urban and rural "dual" structure, in the allocation of resources is extremely unbalanced: most of the school buildings in the city are better, better equipped, funded by the public **** construction, the overall quality of the teaching staff is relatively high; and the rural primary and secondary schools, a lot of dangerous buildings, teaching equipment, mostly farmers to raise funds for construction. Lack of, mostly for farmers to build, the overall quality of the teaching force needs to be improved; urban students in addition to receiving general education, some can also choose "vocational and technical", "foreign languages" and other professional characteristics of education, while rural students are limited to receiving general compulsory education. The rural students are limited to receiving general compulsory education. Now, although there has been some improvement, the unfairness of education has not been completely corrected, and there are three specific manifestations: first, the high cost of education, which affects the survival of peasant families; second, the discriminatory policy of investment in education; and, third, the discriminatory policy of urban and rural admission standards. These inequities are the most fundamental reason for the relatively poor quality of farmers. From the internal view of the rural areas, the rural collective economic strength is weak, heavy family management, light collective management, the development of rural public **** cause, for the villagers to do practical things to do good things is not enough; low degree of organization, individual local village committee team prestige is not high, lack of cohesion and appeal, not the ability to organize the peasants to participate in a variety of education and training activities; low level of income of peasants, the current per capita income of peasants only 38% of the disposable income of urban residents, and the urban and rural residents can be used as the basis for the development of the rural areas. Disposable income of 38%, and the income gap between urban and rural residents is widening; farmers have a short and narrow radius of activity, conservative ideological concepts, the ability to accept new things is poor, the main focus of consumption investment in the construction of housing, children's marriages, children's schooling, etc., in improving their own quality of the investment is relatively insufficient, the comprehensive quality of the difficult to improve.
Four, improve the quality of farmers, cultivate a new type of farmers ideas and countermeasures
Improve the quality of farmers, cultivate a new type of farmers is a very complex systematic project, need a long-term complex process, can not be achieved overnight. Party committees and governments at all levels should combine the construction of new rural areas, effectively strengthen the leadership of this work, strengthen the grass-roots leadership team, according to the actual formulation of plans to improve the quality of farmers, into the local economic and social development planning, and the work will be included in the scope of the assessment of grass-roots cadres; further integration of education and training resources, adjusting the layout of the basic education of the countryside, promote the reform of the education and training system for farmers, improve the coordination of the government, the departments, social participation in the operation of education and training. Cooperation, social participation in education and training operation mechanism, the establishment of a sound system of rural education and training of farmers; continuously increase financial input, establish a stable growth of education funding guarantee mechanism, accelerate the exemption of rural compulsory education tuition and miscellaneous fees, make full use of the "green box" policy to increase the investment in farmers' education and training, the development of preferential policies, broaden financing channels, and encourage social forces * * * *. channels, encourage social forces *** with the development of rural, farmer education and training; accelerate the transfer of rural labor force, encourage farmers in non-agricultural employment, encourage rural young and middle-aged labor force to return to their hometowns to start their own businesses in the city, encourage the flow of talented people to the rural areas, the formation of a good mechanism for the flow of talent; universalization of compulsory education in rural areas, strengthen the scientific and technological training of farmers, and prosperity of the rural cultural undertakings, and accelerate the development of rural health services, in-depth ideological and moral education, and widely promote the development of rural health services. In-depth ideological and moral education, widely carry out rural legal education activities, from science and technology and culture, business management, health, ideology and morality, democracy and law and other aspects of the comprehensive improvement of the overall quality of farmers, in order to build a solid foundation for the construction of a new socialist countryside.
--Focus on improving the cultural quality of farmers. Since the reform and opening up, China's basic education in rural areas, although there is rapid development, but compared with some developed countries in the world there is still a big gap. Some areas of rural nine-year compulsory education has not been universal, illiteracy among young adults still exists, the phenomenon of young people out of school is still very serious, this backwardness has been far from adapting to the need to build a new socialist countryside. To fundamentally reverse the passive situation, governments at all levels must conscientiously implement the overall requirements of the State on improving the quality of farmers and accelerating the development of rural human resources, based on long-term development, insisting on starting from the basics, starting from the dolls, starting from the quality of the new labor force education, increasing investment in education, and thoroughly resolving the problem of arrears in rural primary and secondary school teachers' salaries and insufficient funding for education. Efforts are being made to improve school conditions and to transition compulsory education from a nine-year to a 12-year system as soon as possible. By gradually increasing the number of rural high schools, expanding the scale of rural high schools and raising the rate of rural junior high school graduates who go on to higher education, it will ensure that more rural students can receive a better cultural education.
--Focus on improving the scientific and technological quality of farmers. Vigorously developing farmers' vocational education and various forms of technical training, especially free practical technical training, is an effective way to accelerate the improvement of farmers' scientific and technological quality. Therefore, we should focus on the goal of increasing food production, agricultural efficiency and farmers' income, focusing on the development of vocational education, and widely carry out multi-level, multi-channel and multi-form of scientific and technological training and promotion.
--Focus on improving the ideological and moral quality of farmers. The practice of reform and opening up has proved that if we neglect and relax the ideological and moral education of the majority of farmers, people's values will be distorted, social morality and social atmosphere will be slippery slope, will inevitably affect the rural economic development and social progress. Therefore, in building a new socialist countryside, efforts must be made to improve the ideological and moral quality of peasants and to form good social customs. First, we must insist on arming the minds of the vast number of farmers with Deng Xiaoping Theory and the Important Ideology of the "Three Represents". Second, education in basic Marxist theories should be strengthened. Third, the full implementation of the Outline for the Implementation of Civic Morality.
--Focus on improving the legal quality of farmers. Improving the legal quality of peasants is not only a basic task in the construction of democratic legal system in rural areas of China, but also a reliable guarantee for the implementation of the Party's basic strategy of ruling the country according to law and building a new socialist countryside. Therefore, it is necessary to create a good atmosphere for everyone to learn the law, understand the law, and abide by the law by continuously increasing the strength of legal propaganda and education.
--Focus on improving the physical quality of farmers. Improve the physical quality of farmers, fully explore the human resources and human capital in the huge potential advantages of physical fitness, so that the majority of farmers with a strong body to join the construction of a new socialist countryside, is the new situation at all levels of the party committees, governments and competent departments of an honorary and arduous and important responsibilities. Therefore, it is necessary to firmly establish the concept of "people-oriented" to enhance the physical fitness of farmers, improve health as a breakthrough to improve the soft environment of rural public **** health to grasp. First, the development of rural sports to enhance the physical fitness of farmers. Second, the development of rural cooperative medical care and the construction of a health protection system for farmers. Third, control rural population growth and improve the quality of the subsequent labor force.