1. Electronic information science including electronic information science and technology, geographic information systems, optical information science and technology, electrical information engineering, information security, software engineering
Conditional restrictions: can not accurately identify any of the colors of red, yellow, green, blue, purple digital, letters on the monitor can not be admitted to the computer science and technology and other specialties.
2. Medicine, including clinical medicine, preventive medicine, anesthesiology, nursing, dentistry, pharmaceutical preparation, pharmacy, acupuncture and massage, pharmaceutical engineering
Restrictions: A, color weakness or color blindness candidates can not apply to pharmacy, pharmaceutical, medical specialties; B, any one eye of nearsightedness is greater than 800 degrees, strabismus, slow smell, stuttering candidates should not be admitted to the medical specialties.
Medicine can be divided into modern medicine (i.e., commonly referred to as Western medicine) and traditional medicine (including Tibetan medicine, Mongolian medicine, Virology, Chao medicine, Yi medicine, Zhuang medicine, Miao medicine, Dai medicine, etc.) a variety of medical systems. Different regions and ethnic groups have some corresponding medical systems with different aims and purposes. The Indian traditional medical system is also considered to be well developed.
The general direction of the field of research includes basic medicine, clinical medicine, forensic medicine, laboratory medicine, preventive medicine, health care medicine, rehabilitation medicine and so on.
Basic medicine includes: medical biomathematics, medical biochemistry, medical biophysics, human anatomy, medical cell biology, human physiology, human histology, human embryology, medical genetics, human immunology, medical parasitology, medical microbiology, medical virology, human pathology, pathophysiology, pharmacology, medical laboratory animal science, medical psychology. Biomedical Engineering, Medical Informatics, Emergency Medicine, Nursing Care, New Center Law.
Clinical Medicine includes: Clinical Diagnosis, Laboratory Diagnosis, Diagnostic Imaging + Diagnostic Radiology + Diagnostic Ultrasonography + Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine*, Clinical Therapeutics, Functional Therapeutics, Chemical Therapeutics, Biological Therapeutics, Hematological Therapeutics, Tissue and Organ Therapeutics, Dietary Therapeutics, Physical Therapeutics, Speech and Language Therapeutics, Psychotherapy, Internal Medicine, Surgery, Urology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Pediatrics, Geriatrics, Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology, Stomatology, Infectious Diseases, Dermatology, Neurology, Psychiatry, Oncology, Emergency Medicine, Anesthesiology, Nursing, Family Medicine, Sexuality Medicine, Hospice, Rehabilitation, Health Care Medicine, Audiology. Eastern and Western cultural and historical background is the soil for the formation and development of Chinese and Western medicine. In the 2nd century A.D., the two medical giants of the East and the West, Zhang Zhongjing and Galen, inherited different academic ideas, created very different medical paradigms, developed and perfected different theoretical systems, so that the Chinese and Western medical science and technology are heading towards two completely different development paths.
Before the "Treatise on Typhoid Miscellaneous Diseases" written by Zhang Zhongjing, a medical doctor in the Han Dynasty, there were classical medical texts such as the "Neijing", "Nanking", and the "Classic of Materia Medica". Zhang Zhongjing summarized the medical achievements before the Han Dynasty, inherited the basic theories and rich medical knowledge from the Neijing, and combined them with his own clinical practice to write the Treatise on Miscellaneous Diseases of Typhoid Fever. Its contribution lies in the establishment of the theoretical system of identification and treatment in Chinese medicine, which laid a solid foundation for the development of Chinese clinical medicine in later generations.
In the West, Galen lived his life during the reign of Antony and his son during the Roman Empire. At that time, the prosperity of the Roman Empire provided a reliable political, economic, scientific, technological and cultural guarantee for Galen's medical achievements, as well as the prosperity of Western medicine. Galen inherited the academic thinking of Hippocrates, authored more than 200 works, of which 83 are extant, covering anatomy, physiology, pathology, hygiene, medicine, the study of the Collected Works of Hippocrates, philosophy, linguistics, logic, mathematics, history, law and so on. Advocates of empirical medicine, his scientific methodology with emphasis on experimentation, disease localization ideas, emphasis on formal logic, emphasizing the deductive method, etc., on the development of later generations of Western medicine has a profound impact.
Chinese and Western medicine were guided by Zhang Zhongjing's and Galen's completely contradictory medical paradigms, and they began to go their separate ways in the course of history. In the Chinese culture emphasizes "harmony" in the background, the academic community will have a "sea of hundred rivers" relaxed atmosphere. Academic schools of thought were brilliantly presented, such as the plague of cold and temperature of the dispute, the difference between the scriptures and time and so on. Chinese medicine according to Zhang Zhongjing's thinking paradigm, the vigorous development. With the progress of science and social development, especially the development of medical practice, the initial theory of Chinese medicine has been unable to interpret the new scientific facts, therefore, medical theory must be constantly innovated in order to adapt to the needs of society, which prompted the Chinese medicine into the Han Dynasty, after the stage of the overall development of the stage *** including four periods: is a comprehensive compendium of the theory of Chinese medicine, deepening the development of the clinical system of identification of various subjects It is a comprehensive compilation and deepening development of Chinese medicine theories, and the clinical identification system of various disciplines. Such as the Ming Dynasty Lou Ying's "Medical Compendium" and Wang Kendang's "evidence and treatment guidelines", the Qing Dynasty Wu Qian and other compilers of the "Medical Jinjian" and Chen Menglei edited the "Ancient and Modern Book Integration - Department of Medical Records" and so on. Wang Qingren wrote "Correcting Errors in the Medical Forest", focusing on empirical research, correcting some errors in the anatomical knowledge in ancient medical books, affirming "the brain is the master of thinking", and developing the theory of blood stasis. The formation and development of the doctrine of warm diseases marked the innovation and breakthrough of Chinese medicine theory, Wu Youxian wrote "Theory of Warm Epidemic", Ye Tianshi wrote "Warm and Fever Diseases", Wu Jutong wrote "Warm Diseases", etc. In terms of pharmacological research, Li Shizhen's "Compendium of Materia Medica" summed up the achievements of the research of pharmacology in China before the 16th century.
Western medicine, with the fall of the Western Roman Empire, gradually entered the medieval millennium of darkness, science became a slave of theology, priests instead of physicians. From the 13th century, began to gradually restore the light, until the 15th century, breaking through the feudal religious barriers, only to be able to develop rapidly. Vesalius pioneered modern anatomy and created anatomical physiology; in 1731, Italy's Morgagni created pathological anatomy; in 1855, Germany's Weil Tsao created cellular pathology; meanwhile, Western scientific methodology had a guiding role in the development of medicine. Experiment-based empirical methods (observation and comparative analysis), and the complete break with the "philosophy of the academy" in medical research, relying on the technical means and methods provided by various natural sciences, cultivated the scientific consciousness of medical scientists, and endowed medicine with the attributes of the natural sciences, which freed it from the metaphysics of philosophical reasoning, and made it an experimental science under the model of biomedicine. Experimental science in the mode of biomedicine. So far, Chinese medicine in the field of empirical medicine can not be compared with Western medicine. However, the advantage of Chinese medicine over Western medicine is that it starts from the macroscopic level, focuses on the whole, emphasizes the connection between the local and the local, the local and the whole, attaches importance to the identification of evidence, and advocates the individualized diagnostic and treatment strategy of "three reasons for the treatment of the appropriate", and so on.
3. Mathematical and chemical categories include applied chemistry, mathematics and applied mathematics, materials chemistry, materials science and engineering, industrial design, automation
Restrictions: A, color weakness candidates can not apply for chemical, chemical, materials chemistry. B, any myopia greater than 800 degrees of candidates should not be applied for chemical and pharmaceuticals, one eye blindness and another myopia greater than 800 degrees of candidates should not be applied for chemical and pharmaceuticals, one eye blindness and another myopia greater than 800 degrees. B. Candidates who are blind in one eye and myopic in the other eye of more than 800 degrees should not apply for Chemical and Pharmaceuticals.
4. Engineering categories include hydrology and water resources engineering, water supply and drainage engineering, resource science and engineering, transportation engineering, engineering mechanics, vehicle engineering, surveying and mapping engineering, engineering management, civil engineering, thermal and power engineering, mechanical and electronic engineering, architecture, landscape architecture
Employment Prospects: the market is quite optimistic, is a shortage of talent. Landscape architectural design graduates can work in various architectural design institutes, architectural decoration design companies, various types of architectural decoration companies, landscape design units, the relevant government departments, real estate development companies, various types of professional design firms and other units, or in colleges and universities and scientific research units engaged in teaching and scientific research work.
Restrictions: A, color weakness, color blindness, hepatitis B surface antigen carrier candidates can not apply for food science and engineering. B, color blind candidates can not apply for transportation and turbine engineering. C, any eye myopia greater than 400 degrees of candidates should not apply for measurement and control technology and instrumentation, apparel design and engineering; myopia greater than 800 degrees of candidates should not apply for surveying and mapping engineering, transportation engineering. The candidates with myopia greater than 800 degrees should not apply for the surveying and mapping engineering, traffic engineering majors.
5. Environmental resources, including environmental resources and urban and rural planning and management, biological sciences, environmental sciences, ecology, animal science
Restrictions: A, color weakness, color blindness candidates can not apply for biological sciences, bioengineering, ecology, environmental engineering, animal science. B, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, gastrointestinal and other major surgery, has suffered from myocarditis, gastric or duodenal ulcers, chronic ulcers. duodenal ulcer, chronic bronchitis, rheumatoid arthritis and other medical history, hyperthyroidism has been cured for one year candidates, should not apply for environmental science, environmental ecology. C, any one eye myopia is greater than 400 degrees candidates should not be enrolled in biomedical engineering, greater than 800 degrees should not be enrolled in environmental ecology, environmental science.
6. The diversity of agricultural production objects and the complexity of production conditions, determines the wide range of agricultural science and a variety of categories, which focuses on basic theory, but also focus on the application of technology. With the interpenetration of related disciplines, new fields of research are emerging, and the scope of disciplinary content is still expanding.
According to the current situation, in addition to forestry and aquatic sciences have a relatively independent discipline system, agricultural science can be roughly summarized as five major categories, each category has a number of disciplines and their respective branches.
Agri-environmental science agricultural environment is the survival and development of agricultural organisms rely on material conditions, broadly speaking, including the organic environment, that is, agricultural organisms other than biological factors, but customarily often refers to sunlight, temperature, water, atmosphere, soil and other inorganic environmental conditions. Agro-environmental science is to agricultural biology - the occurrence and development of the environment, composition and structure, regulation and control, transformation and utilization as the content of research. The more mature sub-disciplines at present are soil science, agrometeorology and so on. Agricultural engineering, including farmland water conservancy science, etc. is also a part of agro-environmental science, but has developed into an independent discipline.
Crop production science is also known as agronomy or agronomy. Its object of study in addition to field crops, but also includes fruit trees, vegetables, flowers and other horticultural crops. Crop production is a complex process by a variety of factors, crop production science of this comprehensive often make it difficult to separate with some of the natural sciences, but in practice has also developed a number of more systematic disciplines.
The role of crop breeding and crop cultivation is to improve crop yield, quality and resilience, and even change the configuration of plants and plant organs to adapt to the needs of cultivation, packaging and storage and transportation measures. The role of plant pathology, agricultural entomology, weed science and pesticide science, on the other hand, is to minimize losses in crop production.
With the depth of research, these disciplines on the one hand, further differentiation, such as plant pathology and subdivided into plant pathogenic fungi, plant bacteriology, plant virology, plant nematology, plant immunology, etc.; on the other hand, they tend to integrate, such as the use of integrated pest control, plant protection measures and breeding, cultivation and cultivation of the combination of measures. This, in turn, has led to ecology and systems science and so on in agricultural production is increasingly emphasized.
Livestock science is the science that serves to economically increase the production of high quality livestock, poultry and livestock products such as meat, milk, eggs and hides. Among them, the development of livestock breeding science and the use of hybrid advantage and artificial insemination, embryo transfer and other technology applications, has greatly accelerated the speed of good breeding livestock and poultry reproduction. Advances in livestock nutrition have revealed with increasing clarity the nutritional needs of various livestock in different situations, and the contents of various nutrients in many feedstuffs.
Electronic computing technology applied to the study of the optimal feed program, a strong impetus to the development of the feed industry and the mechanization of livestock and poultry production and factory, improve the density of rearing and labor productivity, shorten the production cycle, and make the product more specification.
Veterinary medicine is a large independent discipline, many countries do not include it in the scope of agricultural science. But because of its close relationship with the science of animal husbandry, in many cases will still be compared to the two.
The importance of veterinary medicine is that it is to improve the environmental health conditions of animal husbandry, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of livestock and poultry diseases, thereby reducing the economic losses caused by disease provides a possibility. In the livestock production more and more tend to factory and intensive conditions, the role of veterinary medicine will be more prominent. Subordinate branches of veterinary medicine mainly include veterinary microbiology veterinary parasitology, livestock infectious diseases, veterinary medicine, veterinary surgery, veterinary obstetrics and veterinary medicine.
Agricultural engineering science is a combination of modern agricultural biology and modern engineering an applied science. It synthesizes the application of various engineering knowledge, for the improvement of agricultural production (including agricultural products processing, storage and transportation) process technology and environmental conditions, and sometimes also includes the improvement of farmers' living conditions.
Early agricultural engineering research to solve the design of agricultural machinery, manufacturing, use of management and sales service problems. Now the scope of research has been expanded to include agricultural buildings and environmental control, soil and water resources, rural energy development and utilization. Agricultural systems as the object of agricultural systems engineering applied to agricultural layout, watershed ecosystems, crop group physiology and integrated pest control, etc., will provide an important means of systematization, quantification and optimization of agricultural production research.
Agricultural economic science to agriculture in the production relations and productivity movement law as the object, the study of agricultural production, exchange, distribution and consumption of all kinds of social relations in the process of agricultural products, as well as the utilization of the elements of the agricultural productivity and the combination of the status of the agricultural production sector within the proportionality of agriculture and the layout of the agricultural sector, the economic effects of agricultural production and technical measures. Some of them have formed relatively independent sub-disciplines, such as Agricultural Production Economics, Management Economics and so on. Duration: four years
Degree conferred: Bachelor of Agriculture
Similar majors: horticulture, plant protection Graduates should acquire the following knowledge and abilities:
1. Possess solid theoretical knowledge of mathematics, physics, chemistry and other basic theories;
2. Grasp the basic theories and knowledge of the biological disciplines and agronomic disciplines;
3. Possess the skills and methods of agricultural production, especially crop production;
4. Possess the awareness and basic knowledge of sustainable development of agriculture, and understand the scientific frontier and development trend of agricultural production and science and technology;
5. Be familiar with the relevant guidelines, policies, and regulations of agricultural production and rural work;
6. Possess the basic methods of scientific and technological literature retrieval and information query. Have certain scientific research and practical work ability;
7. Have strong investigation, research and decision-making, organization and management, oral and written expression ability, and have the basic ability to independently acquire knowledge, information processing and innovation. Major Courses: Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Applied Probability Statistics, Genetics, Field Experiment Design, Agroecology, Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Breeding, Seed Science, Agricultural Economic Management, Agricultural Extension.
The main practical teaching links: including teaching internship, production internship, course design, thesis (graduation design), scientific research training, production labor, social practice, etc., generally arranged not less than 30 weeks.
Major specialized experiments: crop development and morphology, field diagnosis, crop hybridization and selection, seed production. Southwest China:
Yunnan Agricultural University Xichang College Sichuan Agricultural University (211 project institutions) Southwest University Southwest University of Science and Technology Sichuan University Guizhou University
Northwest China:
Qinghai University (211 project institutions) Gansu Agricultural University Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University (211 project institutions) Shihezi University (211 project institutions) Xinjiang Agricultural University Ningxia University (211 project institutions)
Central China and South China:
South China Agricultural University (211 project institutions) Hainan University (211 project institutions) South China Tropical Agricultural University Nanjing Agricultural University (211 project institutions) Huazhong Agricultural University (211 project institutions) Zhongkai Agricultural Technology College Zhejiang University (211 project institutions) Hunan Agricultural University Three Gorges University of Henan Agricultural University Henan University
North China:
Shanxi Agricultural University Hebei Agricultural University China Agricultural University (985 engineering institutions) and so on Electronic information science: the professional training with the basic theories and basic knowledge of electronic information science and technology, subject to rigorous scientific experimental training and preliminary training in scientific research, can be in electronic information science and technology, Computer science and technology and related fields and administrative departments engaged in scientific research, teaching, scientific and technological development, product design, production and technical management of electronic information science and technology senior specialists.
Employment direction: the graduates of this specialty has a wide field of engineering and technology adaptability, a wide range of employment, employment rate is high, the graduates of the practical ability, work fast, can be in the electronic information-related enterprises, engaged in the production of electronic products, management and technical management and development work. Mainly for the production of electronic products and equipment and business units, engaged in a variety of electronic products and equipment assembly, debugging, testing, application and maintenance of technical work, but also to some enterprises and public institutions, some electromechanical equipment, communications equipment and computer control and other equipment, safe operation and maintenance management.
2. Medicine: dealing with the definition of human health in the human physiology in a good state of the relevant issues of a science, is to treat and prevent physiological diseases and improve the health of the human physiological organism for the purpose. It refers to the educational activity of training medical and health personnel in a purposeful, planned and organized manner according to the needs of society. Generally, it refers to university-level medical school education. Students of this specialty mainly study the basic theory and basic knowledge of medicine, receive basic training in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of human diseases, and have the ability to classify and identify the causes and pathogenesis of human diseases.
Employment direction: the relevant career guidance experts said that with the deepening of the health care system reform, private hospitals will get more development, which will make the clinical medicine students more sought after. In addition, as people's work pressure, the pressure of life is increasing, the human disease rate is also increasing, the existing health care system can not meet the needs of more patients, which formed the medical industry seller's market. Therefore, as long as you find the right position, it will become more and more popular.
Modern medicine
Modern science and technology, not only the study of a single thing, a phenomenon, but the study of things, phenomena, the process of change and development, the study of the relationship between things. The science of "organizing materials" has developed into a tightly integrated system.
Modern medicine has experienced the foundation of the 16th to 17th century, the 18th century systematic classification, the 19th century development, to the 20th century and modern science and technology is closely integrated with the development of modern medicine. 20 century medicine is characterized by the one hand, to the development of micro, such as molecular biology; on the one hand, and to the macro development. In the macroscopic development, it can be divided into two kinds: one is that people realize that human being itself is a whole; the other is to study human being as a whole that closely interacts with the natural and social environments.Since the 20th century, the most outstanding achievement of the basic medical science is the development of the basic theories, which powerfully promotes the clinical and preventive medical science. Effective means of treating and preventing disease only began to appear in the 20th century.The main reason for the development of medicine in the 20th century was the progress of the natural sciences. Cross-fertilization between various disciplines and specialties, which forms one of the characteristics of modern medicine.
Medical paradigm shift
The medicine of the 20th century, due to the progress of natural science, firmly based on the experimental foundation, there has been unprecedented progress in technology; later people saw that only from the biological point of view to consider health and disease, there are very big limitations. 1977, the American medical scientist G.L. Engel (1913 ~ ) put forward the biological-psycho-social model of medicine advocated. -psychological-social medical model advocates, that is, from biology, psychology and sociology of the three aspects of the integrated examination of human health and disease problems, in order to make up for the past purely from the biological point of view of the defects of the examination, which will have a major significance for the development of future health care.
In short, since the 20th century, medicine has gained great development. In the research level, to the micro and macro development, molecular medicine and systems medicine and progress. In terms of disciplinary system, the separation of disciplines and the cross-fertilization between disciplines go hand in hand. The internationalization of medical research is becoming more and more obvious; the achievement of scientific results is no longer just the result of individual efforts.
The Future of Medicine
Both Chinese and Western medicine, from their birth to the present day, the main role is still to cure the already sick. At the end of the twentieth century, the final conclusion of the global medical discussion is that the best medicine is not the medicine that cures the disease, but the medicine that makes people not sick. Therefore, we believe that the future of medicine should be the scientific treatment of the future disease (scientific prevention), scientific treatment of the future disease is to make people less sick, not sick. So what is scientific treatment of the future disease? That is, the body, mind and intelligence disease prediction and inform the whole body has been sick, not yet sick is how much of the food caused by the lack of food through the complementary food, limit the overfood that is personalized scientific dietary therapy to achieve the purpose of the same treatment of different diseases. Applicable people: prevention of diseases, early knowledge of diseases, and rehabilitation of serious diseases. Critical illnesses require traditional Chinese medicine, western medicine, surgery and radiotherapy, etc., while the future of medicine, i.e., scientific treatment of the disease is the use of green therapeutic dietary balance to prevent and treat diseases of the body, mind and intellect. People are created by nature, food nourishes human beings, any kind of food in the world has the role of medicine, long-term partiality that dietary structure is unscientific, irrational, unbalanced, then all kinds of diseases, and even death. The World Health Organization puts forward the four cornerstones of health: balanced nutrition, moderate exercise, adequate sleep, quit smoking and alcohol.
3. Mathematics and Chemistry: Students in this program mainly study the basic knowledge, basic theories, basic skills in chemistry and related engineering knowledge, and receive training in scientific thinking and scientific experimentation in basic and applied basic research, with good scientific literacy, and have the ability to use the knowledge and experimental skills to conduct applied research, technological development and science and technology management of the basic skills.
Employment: Graduates are mainly engaged in technology development, product development, production management, production supervision, environmental monitoring, quality inspection, technical services and other work in the fine chemical industry-related enterprises and public institutions, trading companies. Can also be engaged in related industries in the application of chemical research and development, safety management, quality inspection and other work
4. Engineering: This specialty cultivates a solid knowledge of natural sciences, good knowledge of the humanities, strong computer, foreign languages, management and other aspects of the application of ability and hydrological resources and water environment and professional and professional knowledge, can be engaged in the water conservancy, energy, transportation, urban construction, agriculture and forestry, Environmental protection and other departments engaged in hydrology, water resources and environmental protection surveying, planning and design, forecasting, management, technical and economic analysis, as well as teaching and basic theoretical research of senior engineering and technical personnel.
Employment Direction: After graduation, they can be employed in the related fields of land and resources, water conservancy, water resources, urban construction, environmental protection, transportation and other departments to engage in scientific research, teaching, management, design and production work. Such as the relevant state ministries and local hydrological engineering survey and design institutes, environmental monitoring units, professional planning and design institutes (such as water survey and design institutes, electric power design institutes, coal design institutes, architectural design institutes, etc.), engineering and construction units, Sino-foreign joint ventures, education sector, the army, and so on, but also in the hydrology and water resources, groundwater science and engineering and other postgraduate specialties to continue to further study.
5. Environmental resources: this specialty cultivates moral, intellectual and physical all-round development in urban and rural planning, environmental planning, land use planning and management and information industry and other scientific research institutions, colleges and universities, enterprises and institutions and administrative departments engaged in urban and rural land area planning, information system design and operation, management, scientific research and teaching professionals.
Employment direction: 1. With the implementation of the national concept of sustainable development and implementation, the future in the use of resources and the environment has great prospects for development. 2. Employment is the direction of the Agriculture Bureau, Environmental Protection Bureau, there are also soil fertilizer station, etc. 3. Employment is mainly oriented to the government units, scientific research institutes, schools, etc.
6. has been specifically listed in the "Nongjia" treatise *** there are 9, 114. Which is recorded in the "six states" works of agronomy basically nothing, we see the pre-Qin literature dedicated to agriculture, only "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" in the "on the farm", "any ground", "defense of the soil", "review of the time" four.
The four articles in the Lu Shi Chun Qiu (Spring and Autumn Annals of the Lu Family) are the most systematic works on agriculture in the pre-Qin period, and their contents are roughly taken from the Hou Ji Nong Shu (Book of Agriculture of the Emperor Hou Ji). The Houji Nongshu should be an earlier work of the Warring States period. This book of agriculture is not mentioned in the Han Book of Arts and Letters, so it can be seen that it has been lost for a long time, but fortunately, this part is preserved in the Spring and Autumn Annals of Lu Shi. Among them, the chapter of Shangnong talks about agricultural policies; the three chapters of Rendi, Dialecting Soil, and Judging Time, talk about agricultural technology.
We can still see the agricultural books of the Han Dynasty, including the "Book of 汜胜之書" and the "Moon Order of the Four Peoples".
The formation of modern agricultural science is only 100 years old, but the process of its occurrence and development has a long history. The formation of ancient astronomical, physical climate, calendar, measurement and other knowledge, in fact, are related to the early human agricultural production practice, is the people of that time on the agricultural production conditions, the law of seasonal alternation, as well as the land use methods and other exploration results reflected.
Later, people from attempting to understand the agricultural environment, progress to try to change the environmental conditions and the object of agricultural production itself, and then promote the soil tillage, fertilization, irrigation, as well as crop varieties and cultivation, livestock breeding and breeding and other aspects of the gradual systematization of knowledge. The vastness of Chinese agricultural books provides strong evidence of the glorious achievements of ancient agricultural research.
After the middle of the 19th century, the results of research in natural sciences, such as biology, chemistry, physiology, genetics, entomology, microbiology, soil science, and meteorology, as well as their experimental methods, were gradually applied to agriculture, which contributed to the qualitative change of agronomical research from empirical level to modern agricultural science.
The publication of Lippincott's classic work The Application of Organic Chemistry to Agriculture and Physiology in 1840 is generally considered to mark the beginning of modern agricultural science. , is generally considered to mark the beginning of the systematic development of modern agricultural science.
From then on, various agricultural sciences based on experiments were successively formed. The application of agricultural chemistry in crop cultivation led to the establishment of the chemical fertilizer industry and the development of plant physiology and plant nutrition, and crop cultivation techniques became more scientific. Mendel's law of heredity and genetic theory, leading to the birth of modern crop breeding. With the principles of biochemistry, physiology, pathology, anatomy and genetics and other disciplines used in livestock production, livestock breeding, breeding and feed science, as well as veterinary medicine and other rapid development.
Early 20th century, power machinery, especially the internal combustion engine tractor and other motorized farm equipment gradually promoted to animal power for agricultural power situation changed, accelerating the process of agricultural mechanization. As a result, the formation of the science of agricultural machinery, for the continuous improvement of agricultural productivity provides a theoretical basis.
After the Second World War, the rise of synthetic chemical industry, promoting a variety of pesticides, herbicides and agricultural plastics research, plant protection means increasingly improved. With the development of cytogenetics and molecular genetics, genetic engineering and other biotechnology in agriculture began to bear fruit, heralding a new revolution in breeding technology. And the application of ecological science and systems science in agriculture has opened up new avenues and fields for the development of agricultural science on a macro level.
At the same time, new research tools provided by nuclear technology, electronic computers and remote sensing, telemetry, etc., have also been and are making agricultural scientific research more sophisticated. As a result of the progress of agricultural science and technology, agricultural producers not only have the possibility of several times to dozens of times to increase agricultural labor productivity, but also can greatly increase the unit yield of various animal and plant products, effectively improve the quality of products, and greatly reduce the loss caused by harmful organisms and adverse natural conditions. Agricultural science has become an indispensable component of agricultural productivity, the modernization of agriculture and a high rate of increase in the level of agricultural production is necessary.
Of course, the increase in agricultural productivity is not due only to natural sciences. The development of agricultural economic science, for people more consciously according to the economic laws of agricultural production, change and improve the relations of production in agriculture and rational organization of agricultural productivity, improve the production, circulation, distribution of agricultural products and constantly improve economic efficiency, also played a great role. Driven by the development needs of agricultural production, agricultural science is continuing to develop in both the micro- and macro-areas. Particularly notable is that because of the solution of many agricultural production problems, requiring multi-disciplinary, multi-disciplinary cooperation, agricultural science in the continuous subdivision of the basis of the trend towards synthesis is being strengthened, thus giving rise to a number of new disciplines and new professions.
For example, in the service of integrated management of low-yield areas of the land area management science in order to cultivate high-yield, high-quality, strong resistance, wide adaptability of good varieties, and a collection of genetic breeding, plant pathology, plant physiology and other disciplines in one of the knowledge of the "genetic evaluation and utilization of the" specialties. Research tools are being further accelerated and refined. At the same time, a wide range of scientific research collaboration and international cooperative research is also being further developed.