-) What is passive smoking?
Passive smoking means that people who don't want to smoke have no choice but to inhale the smoke exhaled by others and the smoke emitted in the environment when cigarettes burn. Passive smoking is also called forced smoking, indirect smoking and secondhand smoke.
The smoke discharged by smoking can be divided into mainstream smoke (that is, smokers smoke inside the crowd) and tributary smoke (that is, smoke discharged outside after cigarettes are lit). Smoking a cigarette will release 2000 ml of smoke, of which carbon monoxide accounts for 369 ml, containing more than 3000 kinds of harmful substances, including more than 40 kinds of carcinogens and 10 kinds of cancer-promoting substances. Cigarettes contain more tobacco burning components than mainstream cigarettes. Among them, carbon monoxide and tributary flue gas are five times that of mainstream flue gas; Tar and nicotine are three times; Phenylglycerol is four times that of styrene; Ammonia is 46 times; Nitrosamine is 50 times. Every time a smoker smokes 1 cigarette, it will burn for about 10 minutes. If someone smokes two cigarettes in a poorly ventilated room, indoor air pollution is 20 times higher than outdoor pollution. The smoke inhaled by a non-smoker is equivalent to smoking a cigarette directly in a room where he once smoked 20 cigarettes. It may cause the same symptoms as smokers and bear similar hidden dangers as smokers. After non-smoking adults, children and even fetuses (through pregnant women) passively smoke, harmful components in tobacco will appear in their blood, urine and saliva. A children's hospital in Canada announced that traces of nicotine and its metabolites were found in the fetal hair of newborns. Children of smoking mothers have more content than children of passive smoking mothers, and fetal hair of mothers who have not been exposed to cigarette smoke does not have the above substances. Non-smokers exposed to tobacco smoke, the most common symptoms are eye irritation, headache, nasal irritation and cough, especially those with heart and lung diseases.
(2) Passive smoking and cancer Because the toxic substances inhaled by passive smoking are several times to 50 times more than those inhaled by active smokers, they can invade the lungs, damage the inner wall cells of arteries and promote atherosclerosis. In addition to lung cancer, it can also cause brain cancer, thyroid cancer, breast cancer and cervical cancer.
A follow-up observation on the incidence of lung cancer in 9 1540 non-smoking housewives over 40 years old showed that the relative risk rate of lung cancer in the wives of non-smokers was 1, that of moderate smokers was 1.6 1, and that of heavy smokers was 2.08. It was also found that the annual standard mortality rate of female lung cancer who did not smoke or smoked passively was 8.7/65438+ 10,000. The annual standard mortality rate of passive smoking female lung cancer is 15.5/65438+ 10,000. After a lot of research, the conclusion is: if the same smoker lives together, the risk of cancer will increase by 1.4 times; Living with two smokers increases the risk of cancer by 2.3 times; Living with more than three smokers increases the risk of cancer by 2.6 times. The probability of suffering from leukemia is also 6.8 times that of the average person.
(3) Research on passive smoking and heart disease proves that the risk of dying of heart disease when living with smokers is 20-30% higher than that when staying away from smokers. In the United States, 53,000 people die from passive smoking every year, and two-thirds of them die from heart disease. In New Zealand, 270 people die from passive smoking every year, and 90% of them die from heart disease caused by passive smoking.
Passive smoking and children health
1. Children's anorexia is related to their parents smoking.
The child's physical development is still not perfect, and the ability to resist nicotine is still very low. It is difficult to eliminate harmful substances in smoke when parents smoke and children smoke passively. Especially when children eat, parents smoking will make children feel sick and uncomfortable. Once this disgusting discomfort is associated with a certain food, it will produce a conditioned reflex and refuse to eat a certain food. After a long time, it will form anorexia.
2. The height of children is related to the smoking of parents.
Children's height is generally related to heredity, but cigarettes are also a hazard. Scientists have conducted long-term research on 1000 children. The results show that family members smoke less than 10 cigarettes a day, and children's 0.45cm is shorter on average. In families that smoke more than 10 cigarettes a day, the average height of children is 0.65cm or shorter; The average height of children in families who smoke more than 20 cigarettes a day is 0.9 1cm shorter.
3. Parents smoking affects children's intellectual development.
According to the survey, the reading ability of children who grow up to 7 years old in a smoking family is obviously lower than that of children who grow up to 1 1 year old in a smoking family, and their reading ability is delayed by 4 months and their arithmetic ability is delayed by 5 months. Most family members of repeat students smoke.
4. Parental smoking and children's respiratory diseases
According to the epidemiological survey of 3528 children aged 5-9, the incidence of respiratory diseases in children with one parent smoking is 6% higher than that in children without smoking, and that in children with both parents smoking is about 15%. According to the survey, children from families with smokers are 3-5 times more likely to suffer from asthmatic bronchitis than children from families without smokers. The incidence of asthmatic bronchitis among children in non-smoking families is only 3. 1%, while that of children in families who smoke 20 cigarettes a day is 10.4%, and that of children in families who smoke more than 20 cigarettes a day is 15.6%.
In view of the harm of passive smoking, the World Health Organization passed a resolution that non-smokers have the right to protect their health from passive, forced or involuntary smoking, and should protect their health from such environmental pollution.
Hazards of smog
The harm of smoking is well known. As many as 2.5 million people die from smoking every year in the world, and smoking is the first killer of mankind. Consciously developing the personal hygiene habit of not smoking is not only beneficial to health, but also the embodiment of noble public health ethics. In the smoking room, especially in the environment with closed doors and windows in winter, the room is not only filled with carbon dioxide exhaled by human body, but also with carbon monoxide exhaled by smokers, which will make people feel headache, burnout and work efficiency decline. More seriously, the contents of tar and nicotine in the cold smoke exhaled by smokers are 1 times higher than those in the hot smoke inhaled by smokers, and benzopyrene is 2 times higher, carbon monoxide is 4 times higher and ammonia is 50 times higher.
Some data show that the incidence of lung cancer, laryngeal cancer and coronary heart disease in long-term smokers is 10-20 times, 6- 10 times and 2-3 times higher than that in non-smokers respectively. The incidence of circulatory system is 3 times higher, and the incidence of tracheitis is 2-8 times higher. A survey was conducted in 1000 families, and it was found that children under 0/6 years old in smoking families/kloc-had more respiratory diseases than children in non-smoking families. Among children under 5 years old, 33.5% of non-smoking families have respiratory symptoms, and 44.5% of smoking families have respiratory symptoms.
Smoking is especially dangerous for women. If women who smoke are using oral contraceptives, they will increase the risk of heart disease and venous thrombosis of lower limbs. Pregnant women who smoke are prone to premature delivery and underweight, and the immune function of infants and young children is reduced, which is easy to get sick; According to statistics, the teratogenic rate of pregnant women's passive smoking infants has increased significantly.
Smoking harms oneself and others, so we should consciously form a good health habit of not smoking.
Why is smoking addictive?
When it comes to addictive substances, people often immediately think of opium, heroin, marijuana and other drugs, but forget the most used and harmful tobacco in the world. In fact, compared with heroin, except one is legal consumer goods and the other is contraband, there is almost no qualitative difference in other aspects, especially from the perspective of material dependence.
There are two main grounds for judging whether a substance is dependent in medicine. First, it depends on whether people have the characteristics of compulsory use and seeking this substance; The second is whether there is a strong desire to use a substance again after stopping using it and the corresponding behavior.
The so-called compulsory use and seeking means that it is already addictive and unnecessary. This sense of necessity is determined by the nature of addictive substances. That is to say, the fundamental reason for forcing addicts to quit smoking is physical dependence and mental dependence caused by long-term use of addictive substances, which is also known as withdrawal reaction, that is, after quitting smoking for dozens of minutes to several hours, they begin to want to smoke, feel restless, fidgety and at a loss, and then have headaches, palpitations, fatigue, abdominal discomfort, nausea, diarrhea, listlessness, difficulty in concentrating and hair-loving. All these symptoms make smokers more eager for tobacco. These symptoms are most prominent within three or four days after quitting smoking, and then gradually disappear around 1 month. But a few symptoms, such as difficulty in concentration and drowsiness, will last for a long time. Very similar to heroin and other drugs, once taken, all withdrawal symptoms can be relieved immediately, which is also the common feature of all addictive substances.
Scholars at home and abroad have done a lot of research on the mechanism of physical dependence and mental dependence. Some scholars let smokers smoke freely in the laboratory and give them different doses of nicotine or normal saline intravenously. It was found that subjects who ingested 4 mg nicotine per hour smoked 60% less than those who ingested normal saline. It shows that the desire and behavior of smoking are regulated by the nicotine content in human blood. The content of nicotine in tobacco is 0.5%~8%, which is mainly absorbed by respiratory mucosa. Nicotine in long-term smokers keeps a constant level, and the body has adapted to this state. Therefore, once you stop smoking, your nicotine level will drop, and smokers will feel all kinds of discomfort. Just like hypertension patients, once their blood pressure suddenly drops to normal, they will feel dizzy and all kinds of discomfort.
In addition, an interesting phenomenon is that when people are nervous or tired, they often unconsciously want to smoke in order to have a rest or relax. But in fact, smoking can make blood pressure rise, breathing excited and heart rate accelerate, which is just the opposite of what happens when people rest, but the subjective feeling of every smoker is really comfortable and relaxed. What is the reason? In fact, nicotine stimulates the secretion of adrenaline in the body, which can obviously increase the stress ability of the human body, thus improving the adaptability of people to external stimuli and leading to subjective relaxation.
Harmful components in tobacco and smoke
Tobacco is mainly composed of carbohydrates (40%~50%), carboxylic acids, pigments, terpenes, alkanes and lipids. And some nutrients (such as nitrate) and some pollutants (such as pesticides and important metal elements) necessary for growth. Unlike other plants, tobacco is rich in terpenes, which are often called "wax" or "nicotine".
The process of smokers inhaling cigarettes is a series of chemical reactions of thermal decomposition and thermal synthesis during the incomplete combustion of cigarettes, and a large number of new substances are formed. The chemical composition is very complicated. More than 3,000 harmful components are separated from the flue gas, among which the main toxic substances are nicotine, cigarette tar, carbon monoxide, hydrocyanic acid, ammonia and aromatic compounds. Protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, amino acids and other beneficial substances in tobacco are beneficial if eaten, but when used as cigarettes, smoke and dust are released after burning and become harmful substances. The smoke from tobacco ignition consists of two parts, of which the gas part accounts for 92%, including a large amount of oxygen and nitrogen harmless gases, a certain amount of carbon monoxide and a small amount of carcinogenic, carcinogenic and ciliary toxic substances. Particulate phase accounts for 8%, mainly nicotine and tobacco tar.
"Secondhand smoke" is more harmful than tigers.
American medical researchers recently published a research report that passive smoking, commonly known as "second-hand smoke", is more dangerous than previously known. Some women who live with smokers are six times more likely to develop lung cancer than ordinary people. Women who have a gene mutation called "GSTMI" or lack this gene are 2.6 to 6 times more likely to develop lung cancer than ordinary people. "GSTMI" gene is thought to inactivate carcinogens in tobacco.
Regarding the prevention of lung cancer, it is wisest to stay away from cigarettes and cigarettes. At the same time, not only try not to smoke, but also don't let yourself get "second-hand smoke". Even in public places, try to avoid smokers and avoid the harm of "second-hand smoke".
A report recently published by the National Cancer Institute of the United States said that eating more foods rich in vitamin E can reduce the chance of smokers suffering from lung cancer by 20%. Studies have found that people with the highest vitamin E content in their blood have a lower proportion of lung cancer. People who smoke for the shortest time and have high levels of vitamin E in their blood have the best preventive effect. However, experts stressed that vitamin E, which can prevent lung cancer, mainly comes from food rather than vitamin E supplements. Foods rich in vitamin E include whole wheat bread, hard fruits, green vegetables, beans and cereals.
10 smoking cessation method
1, Relieve nervousness: Is a tense working environment the main reason for your smoking? If yes, take away all smoking utensils around you and change the working environment and procedures. Put some sugar-free chewing gum, fruit, juice and mineral water in the workplace, take a few breaks and exercise outdoors for a few minutes.
2, weight problem: after quitting smoking, the weight will often increase significantly, generally increasing by 5-8 kg. After quitting smoking, smokers will reduce the basic speed of human metabolism and eat more food instead of smoking, so smokers will gain a few kilograms in a short time after quitting smoking, but they can cope with the weight increase by strengthening physical exercise, because increasing exercise can accelerate metabolism. It is best to eat fat-free snacks. In addition, drink plenty of water and keep your stomach empty.
3, strengthen the awareness of quitting smoking: clear goals to change the working environment and old habits related to smoking, smokers will take the initiative to think of the determination not to smoke. You know, after a few days of quitting smoking, your taste and smell will improve.
4. Looking for substitutes: One of the main tasks after quitting smoking is to find non-smoking substitutes under the temptation: to do some tricks that make people in a hurry, to make their mouth smell like they don't want to smoke by brushing their teeth, or to divert their attention through exciting conversations. If you like to smoke a cigarette after drinking coffee every morning, then you must drink coffee as tea every morning.
5. Bet: Some people who used to smoke had a good experience of quitting smoking by betting, and one of its effects was to quit smoking openly and win the support of friends and colleagues.
6, less gathering: avoid being tempted by smoking when you start to quit smoking. If a friend invites you to a very good party, everyone at the party smokes, at least give up smoking; At first, you should politely refuse to attend such a party until you feel that you are not addicted to cigarettes.
7. Swimming, playing football and taking a steam bath: Regular exercise can improve your mood and talk about smoking addiction. Physical exercise can calm nervous nerves and consume calories.
8. Throw away smoking utensils: ashtrays, lighters and cigarettes will irritate smokers and should be thrown away.
9. Diversion: Especially in the early stage of quitting smoking, spend more money on some fun activities to divert the attention of smoking. Instead of spending the evening in front of the TV as usual, you can go for a massage, listen to CDs, surf the Internet, or discuss the stock market with friends on the phone.
10, which can stand the test of relapse: smoking again after quitting smoking does not mean that you have failed to quit smoking, and it is not too late to take a sip or a cigarette, but the reasons for relapse should be carefully analyzed to avoid repeating the same mistakes in the future.