Difficulties in the development of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

One is the lack of oxygen in the mountains, the second is the problem of permafrost, the third is environmental protection, the fourth is not to affect the migration of animals, the fifth is the complexity of the terrain of the problem of an engineering staff in order to solve the problem of lack of oxygen affecting the work of the staff, so that the project is slow, the large-scale oxygen generator to bring to the plateau, for the construction of tunnels in the engineers to provide sufficient oxygen, the oxygen content of the cave is only equivalent to the elevation of 1,000 meters, which greatly accelerated the project's progress. . In order to overcome the problem of frozen soil, the Ministry of Railways has attached great importance to the frozen soil of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway since the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway began, and has arranged hundreds of millions of yuan of scientific research funds for the research of frozen soil and organized experts from many scientific research colleges and universities to carry out scientific research on the five experimental sections of the frozen soil project of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and obtained a large amount of scientific research data and scientific research results. The frozen soil research of Qinghai-Tibet Railway draws on the frozen soil construction experience of large-scale projects such as Qinghai-Tibet Highway, Qinghai-Tibet Oil Pipeline and Lanxila Optical Fiber Cable, and explores and draws on the frozen soil research results of Russia, Canada and Scandinavian countries. At present, Chinese scientists have taken measures such as bridge instead of road, schist ventilated roadbed, ventilated pipe roadbed, gravel and schist berms, heat rods, heat preservation panels, and comprehensive anti-drainage system, etc., and have made significant progress in permafrost research, and the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has become the largest permafrost research base in China and even the world. The engineers have driven thousands of cement piles on the plateau's moving soil to be buried below the moving soil, to provide sufficient support for the railroad's operation. three. Third, in order to protect the blue sky, clear lake and rare wildlife, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has invested more than 2 billion yuan in environmental protection, accounting for 8% of the total investment in the project, which is the largest investment in environmental protection by the government of China in the railroad construction project, and is the first time to introduce environmental protection supervision in the construction of the national project, and is the first time to sign the environmental protection responsibility with local environmental protection departments. Four staff for the first time for wildlife migration channel, located in the Coco Sili National Nature Reserve of the Qingshui River Bridge, is the Qinghai-Tibet Railway specifically for the Tibetan antelope and other wildlife migration and construction. In order to solve the terrain problem, engineers built the world's highest railway station - Tanggula Station On June 29 this year, the highest railway station along the Gela section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway - Tanggula Station broke ground, this station is also the world's highest railway station The first Qinghai-Tibet Railway The world's longest highland tundra tunnel - Kunlun Mountain Tunnel Tunnel at an altitude of 4,648 meters of the Kunlun Mountain Tunnel Tunnel, June snow, four seasons a day, cold and lack of oxygen, the oxygen content of only half of the mainland plains, the lowest temperature of more than 30 degrees Celsius below zero. minus 30 degrees Celsius. The world's highest plateau tundra tunnel - Wind Volcano Tunnel Wind Volcano Tunnel is located at an altitude of 5010 meters on the Wind Volcano, the total length of 1,338 meters, the track surface elevation of 4,905 meters, all located in the permanent plateau permafrost, is currently the world's highest elevation, across the permafrost area of the longest plateau permafrost tunnels, there is a "The world's first high tunnel. China's Largest Plateau Railway Laying Base--Nanshangkou Laying Base of Qinghai-Tibet Railway From the starting point of Gelmu City of the Gera section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, traveling southward for about 30 kilometers, you will come to the largest and the highest-grade plateau laying base in the history of China's railroad construction--the base is located at an altitude of 3,050 meters above sea level, which is the largest and highest grade plateau laying base. Nanshangkou Laying Base of Qinghai-Tibet Railway. The longest "bridge instead of road" project on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Line - Qingshuihe Special Bridge Qingshuihe Special Bridge is located in the uninhabited area of Coco Sicily at an altitude of more than 4,500 meters, with a total length of 11.7 kilometers, and is the longest "bridge instead of road" special bridge on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Line. The bridge is the longest bridge on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and it is also the key control project for the construction of the Gera section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. The first high bridge on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway--Sanqiaohe Bridge 15 kilometers from the northern edge of the Kunlun Mountains on the Nachidai, a majestic bridge rises up from the ground, like the arms of a giant lifting up the trains that come speeding by. This bridge is the highest bridge along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway - Three Forks Bridge. Three Forks River Bridge is 690.19 meters long, the bridge deck from the valley floor 54.1 meters, is the highest railroad bridge along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. It *** there are 20 piers, 17 of which are round thin-walled hollow piers, the top wall of the pier body the thinnest place is only 30 centimeters. The source of the Yangtze River, the first railroad bridge - Yangtze River Source Bridge Standing in front of the "source of the Yangtze River" environmental monument looking at the Tuo Tuo River, only to see a pier quietly standing in the river. Clear water flows downstream around the bridge piers. Here is the source of the Yangtze River is the first bridge - Yangtze River Source Bridge location a. Why is the permafrost is the project's biggest challenge? Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is China's largest area of permafrost. Permafrost is extremely sensitive to temperature, the construction of railroads have a very big impact. In the frozen state, permafrost is like ice, with the lowering of the temperature volume expansion, built on top of the roadbed and rails will be it up. In summer, the permafrost melts, shrinking the volume and lowering the rails. Repeated freezing and thawing of permafrost alternately, will cause serious deformation of the roadbed, the entire rail appears uneven, and even twisted into a twist, affecting the normal traffic. The construction of railroads in permafrost areas is a worldwide engineering problem that has not been well solved. The world in the permafrost area to build railroads have been more than a hundred years of history, but has been built in the permafrost area of the railroad disease rate is very high, the train speed of only 60 or 70 kilometers per hour. Has been a hundred years of history of Russia's first Siberian Railway, there has been a wide range of melting subsidence and frostbite bulge and other diseases, the 1996 survey of the line disease rate of 45%. The second Siberian Railway built in the 1970s, the line disease rate of the 1994 survey also reached 27.5%. The speed of tundra railroads in the United States, Canada and other countries is similarly low. As far as alpine tundra is concerned, the Russian Siberian tundra railroad is longer than ours, at 3,000 to 4,000 kilometers, but its elevation is not high, only 2,000 to 3,000 meters. Although permafrost also exists in Canada, the United States and other countries, they are high-latitude permafrost, which is more stable. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the world's highest altitude and largest perennial permafrost distribution area in the middle and low latitudes, coupled with the young Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and frequent tectonic movements, the perennial permafrost here is characterized by high ground temperature, thin thickness and extreme instability, etc., and its complexity and uniqueness are unparalleled in the world. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway crosses the area where permafrost is most developed. How to solve the problem of permafrost? For the first time, the construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway adopts the design principle of "active cooling, cooling foundation and protecting permafrost", which is a revolution for "passive heat preservation". In the design, try to bypass the bad permafrost phenomenon development of the section, encountered high temperature is extremely unstable thick underground frozen land section, take "to bridge through" approach. In the construction, it adopts a number of measures to improve the stability of permafrost roadbed such as schist ventilated roadbed, schist ventilated guard road, ventilated pipe roadbed, hot bar, and laying heat preservation board, etc., and many of these permafrost engineering measures are the first of their kind at home and abroad. There is a special roadbed on Qinghai-Tibet Railway, i.e., the bottom of the earth embankment is filled with a certain thickness of schist, and the top is then paved with the earth layer of the roadbed. This 111-kilometer-long "schist layer ventilated roadbed" is the first of its kind in China, which is like a heat dissipation exhaust fan that excludes heat from the embankment and foundation in winter and absorbs less heat in summer, playing a cooling role and effectively protecting the stability of permafrost roadbed. Prof. Zhang Luxin, the head of Qinghai-Tibet Railway construction expert group and permafrost expert, believes that the possibility of large-scale permafrost engineering disease on Qinghai-Tibet Railway is relatively small, and the train speed can reach more than 100 kilometers per hour, so there is no problem to keep smooth flow throughout the year. How to ensure the personal safety of builders? The average annual temperature along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is below zero degree Celsius, and the oxygen content of the air in most areas is only about half of that in the mainland. Cold and lack of oxygen, wind and sand, strong ultraviolet rays, natural sources of disease, known as the human survival limit of the "forbidden zone". How to ensure the safety of builders in the harsh environment is also a worldwide problem. The Ministry of Railways and the Ministry of Health have formulated perfect health protection measures, so that the ratio of medical personnel to construction personnel reaches 1.5%-2%, and the whole line is equipped with more than 3,900 sets (pieces) of conventional medical equipment, so that workers who fall ill are sent to the construction site hospitals within half an hour for effective treatment. Following the physiological laws of plateau, all construction personnel in the lower altitude areas "habit service" for a week before being allowed to work at the site. Limit the operating time of personnel, the use of mechanical construction, reduce labor intensity. In order to prevent plateau oxygen deficiency, the construction unit at an altitude of 4,500 meters to 5,100 meters at the creative use of hyperbaric oxygen chamber, filling the gaps in medicine at home and abroad. It is the first time in the world to conduct scientific research on artificial oxygen production at high altitude. At an altitude of 4905 meters in the wind volcano tunnel, developed an hourly production of 24 cubic meters of high-purity oxygen plateau medical oxygen equipment, and will be summarized in this technology to promote the whole line *** built 17 large-scale oxygen station, effectively improving the operating environment. Fourth, how to protect wildlife? In order to protect the Tibetan Plateau unique and extremely valuable wildlife resources, the railroad line as far as possible to avoid wildlife habitat, activities of the key areas, the Tibetan section of the project bypassed the Linzhou Pengbo Black-necked Crane Reserve. For the road sections that must pass through wildlife activity areas, experts are organized to study wildlife protection issues, grasp the distribution habits and migration patterns of wildlife along the line, and minimize interference with them. Along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, 33 wildlife corridors have been set up, with a cumulative width of nearly 60 kilometers along the route. According to the migratory habits of different animals, the passages are designed to be under bridges, above tunnels and on gentle slopes. V. How to protect the plateau vegetation? Builders use segmented construction, vegetation transplantation method, the first construction area of the turf cut into blocks, and then with a forklift will be turf along with the soil to the turf transplantation area, a person responsible for maintenance. After the roadbed is formed, then the turf transplantation is restored to the roadbed slope. To the south of the Kunlun Mountains, the natural conditions of the better sections, selected grass species suitable for plateau growth, supplemented by suitable spraying, mulching and other technologies, try to restore the surface vegetation. In TuoTuo river, Ando, DangXiong and other high altitude sections, planting and transplanting turf test, after success in the whole line to promote, created the world's plateau, alpine area artificial planting grass test success precedent. In order to protect the plateau wetlands, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway try to avoid wetlands, must pass through the wetlands, generally take the "bridge instead of road", more culverts, the roadbed base fill schist and other measures to avoid the roadbed base runoff is cut to prevent the wetlands from shrinking.