Niu Sengru was born in Tang Daizong in the 14th year of Dali (AD 779) and died in the first year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (AD 847). In the struggle between Niu and Li, he was the leader of Niu and Tang Wenzong was the prime minister. There are five volumes and four poems today. In the fourth year of Yuanhe (AD 809), Zhenyuan was a scholar, who attacked current politics with Li Zongmin and others, and was rejected by Prime Minister Li Jifu for a long time. Mu Zongshi, tired officer to assistant minister, with flat chapter. Jing Zong served as our special envoy for Wu Changjun. In the fourth year of Yamato (AD 830), he served as the minister of war and minister of peace, and became the leader of the Niu faction in the dispute between Niu (Monk Confucianism) and Li (Deyu). Since Wu Zongshi, Li Deyu, the son of Ji Li Fu, has been the prime minister, and Niu has been demoted as the governor of history. Xuanzong died of illness soon after he was recalled. A Summary of Textual Research on the Birthplace of Niu Sengru
According to the above historical data, the native place of Niu Sengru used to be stable quail, now Lingtai County, Gansu Province, because of its ancestors. Then, why is there a saying of "Longxi people"? Let's talk about it
Ancestral figures
Niu Hong died in 607 AD, and Niu Sengru was born in 779 AD, during which 170 years. If they are calculated from the year of birth, the difference between them is 236 years. In this way, monks and children should be Niu Hong's grandchildren from generation to generation. The Niu family has been away for several generations, or it may be that the world mistakenly takes the branch as the basis of origin. When introducing Niu Qiao, a scholar in the fifth year of Ganfu (AD 878), The Chronicle of Tang Poetry edited by You Gong in Song Ji said: "Qiao, whose word is Gong Qing, is from Longxi. Self-cloud monk. " The Chronicle of Linz compiled by Zhang Sidang and Zong Di in the Qing Dynasty also said that Niu Qiao was a descendant of the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty. The Old Tang Book records that monks and Confucians had a grandson named Niu Qiao, whose official rank was Shang Shulang. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, there was a man named Niu Xianke, who was a small county official at first, worked as a garrison ambassador in Longxi, and moved to Sima and Hexi in Zhou Tao, and once stationed troops in Lintao. Later, Shang Shu of the Ministry of Industry was named Duke of Longxi. His father's name is Niu Yiren, and he hasn't done anything important. Because of his noble son, Zhang Jiuling wrote an epitaph for him in the Xuanzong period of the Tang Dynasty, calling Niu Yiren's ancestor "Qi Zhanggong Sui Zongchen" (Lingtai County Records). It can be seen that Niu Yiren and Niu Xianke were also the ancestors of Niu Sengru after Niu Hong. According to the pedigree table of prime ministers in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, the pedigree of Niu Sengru can be traced back to the Han Dynasty. Its ancestor, Han Niu, was once Han Taiwei and lived in Longxi. Another ancestor, Niu Chong, is also the main book of Longxi. So, because of Han Niu, Niu Chong, Niu Xianke and Niu Qiao's official seal, residence and registered permanent residence, it is wrong to say that Niu Senru is from Longxi.
Documentary record
However, the ancestors of Niu Monks and Confucians lived among quails in the Han Dynasty. Zhang Jiuling said: Niu Chong them "because the official transport is stable, they are from the county." In the sixth year of Kaiyuan (AD 7 18), Niu Yiren followed his son (Xianke) to the Western Expedition and was promoted to Fuqiang's official residence (Qin Zhou's official residence) at the age of 70. In winter and November, he was buried in Beiyuan ... the tomb of Yi people, which is now the same as the county government. "Lingtai County Records" said that "Quails are buried with the grave in Yiping Township, Nanxian County. "If Niu Yiren's ancestral home is not from GZ, why did he die in Qin Zhou (Tianshui) and be buried in the northern plain (GZ)? Why did the emperor give him the title of Jingzhou secretariat, Zezhou military? At that time, the gv 10 belonged to Jingzhou. In the Song Dynasty, Taiping Universe recorded that Niu Xianke's ancestral grave was located in the west of Puchuan River, one mile south of Lingtai County. " "Tang Zi San Shi") said, "Niu Xianke is from Jingzhou." "Ji Tang 29" said: "Xianke is a small official. "This shows that Niu Yiren and Niu Xianke are also Lingtai people." "Lingtai County Records" also records that the tombs of Niu Sengru and Niu Hong are in the south of the county seat. Its tomb is located in Niucun, Xinkai Township, Lingtai County, and it is one of the cultural relics protection units in Gansu Province.
villa
In addition, there is a legend about the cultural relics of Niu Sengru and his villa. Its old address is Nansiwa, which is located at the foot of the mountain in the county town of Li Nan. According to Lingtai county records, at first, there was an apricot tree, which was planted in Niuxiangu. In the 4th year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1647), Zhang Qisheng, the magistrate of Lingtai County, said in an inscription in Zhi Ding Temple: "When we arrive at Guo Lixu, there is a towering mountain, which is about to emerge. Under the mountain, surrounded by water, it is said that Daxi is on the shore ... upstream, called Dingsi. The temple was built in the Tang Dynasty, and it is a villa for cattle monks. There is a ginkgo tree in the courtyard, which is old and dry, with a few feet of shade. It was planted by monks and children. " In the first year of Daoguang in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 182 1), Lingtai County ordered Su Yue: "Looking at the south, the mountains are misty, and Niujia Villa looks up to the sages. The old trees in the court are far away, and the county is full of surprises. Father and son can understand the Lord, and the poetry and calligraphy industry comes first. Today, Brahma Temple still lives in its address, and the building has been passed down from generation to generation. " Probably in the late Qing Dynasty, ginkgo biloba was cut down and the house was in disrepair. So, student Zhang Mingxin wrote a poem: "When was the ancient temple built, and the ruins in the palace were still vertical and horizontal?" There is no ginkgo scenery in the hospital, and the land is less dusty. The shade of green trees covered his chin, and the traces of moss made a faint sound. I look at the word "disability" first, because I walk alone. "
son
Historical data Niu Sengru (779 ~ 847) and Wenzong were both prime ministers. The words are very dark. Anding Quail (now Lingtai, Gansu) people. In the famous dispute between Niu and Li, he was the leader of the Niu Party. In the 21st year of Zhenyuan (805), monks and Confucians ascended to the top. In the third year of Yuanhe (808), he served with Li Zongmin and Huangfu as virtuous, upright and remonstrant, and won the highest office. These three people criticized the current politics and offended Prime Minister Li Jifu. As a result, both the examiner and the examiner were demoted; Monks and Confucians awarded a Quewei, and Yuan and Chao failed to win. Later, monks and children, Zong Min and Li Deyu argued for decades, and this imperial examination case was the cause.
Life of Hubei people
Niu Sengru (779 ~ 847) was the prime minister of Tang Wenzong and Tang Muzong. The words are very dark. Anding Quail (now Lingtai, Gansu) people. In the struggle between Niu and Li, he was the leader of Niu Party. Compilation and Drawing of Wuzhong Ren Xian Spectrum
In the 21st year of Zhenyuan (805), monks and Confucians ascended to the top. Tang Xianzong Yuanhe three years (808) imperial examination case, its article violated the prime minister Li Jifu, Yuanhe frustrated. This imperial examination lawsuit is the cause of the struggle between Niu and Li factions that has been entangled for more than 40 years.
In mu zong's time, cattle were appreciated for refusing to accept bribes. At that time, Li Jifu's political enemy was Li Zaixiang. In the second year of Changqing (822), Li Deyu (stepfather) was excluded as the secretariat of western Zhejiang (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), and monks and children were introduced as officials. In the third year of Emperor Wenzong Daiwa (829), the monk entered the phase again, and Deyu was appointed as the ambassador (now East of Huaxian County, Henan Province).
In five years, the governor of Tibet, Weizhou (now northwest of Wenchuan, Sichuan), learned of the plan to lower the Tang Dynasty, and Jiannan Xichuan (now Chengdu, Sichuan) ordered Li Deyu to send troops to Victoria to talk about Chen Yongbing. Monks and Confucians think that it is inappropriate for the Tang Dynasty to form an alliance with Tubo and break the contract. The literati advocated starting with the children of monks and ordered Deyu to withdraw his troops and return to surrender. In fact, in the fourth year of Daiwa, Tubo had broken the contract and attacked the Tang Dynasty. At this time, Tang was no longer bound by the Covenant. The decision of monks and children to Victoria reflects his consistent compromise and anti-war thought. The literati later regretted Victoria's treatment, so the monks and nuns took the initiative to leave, served as our envoys in Huainan (now Yangzhou North, Jiangsu Province), and moved to Dudong to stay in the East Road of Heshan South (now Xiangyang, Xiangfan, Hubei Province). After Tang Wuzong ascended the throne, Li Deyu came to power, and the monks and children were called Prince Shao Shi.
In the fourth year of Huichang (844), he was exiled to Zhou Xun (now Huizhou, Guangdong) for being accused of making friends with Lu Ze (now Changzhi, Shanxi). After Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty ascended the throne, Li Dang was relegated. In the first year of Dazhong (847), the monk and Confucian officials were reinstated as Prince Shao Shi. Monks and children are good at literature, and wrote 10 volume of the legendary Mystery Collection. Now there is only one volume left.
political career
Niu Sengru is a historical figure in Lingtai, Gansu Province. He is a nobleman in politics. He is also a celebrity in the literary world.
Niu Sengru was born in the 14th year of Dali (AD 779) and died in the first year of Dazhong (AD 847). During the 69 years, he experienced the Eight Emperors of Morality, Shun, Constitution, Mu, Respect, Literature, Martial Arts and Xuanba. This is the historical period of decline after the middle Tang Dynasty. During this period, the emperor was fatuous and eunuchs played politics. Therefore, the struggle between courtiers and eunuchs and the party struggle between courtiers and imperial examinations are very sharp and intense. Political groups, when you come to power, he will step down, just like a lantern. The imperial court changed prime ministers very frequently, and the replacement and censure of a prime minister correspondingly caused a large number of replacement of Beijing officials and foreign officials. In the struggle between bureaucrats and giants, the emperor became a stick used by the ruling party to strike at each other. At that time, political corruption, the development of the forces of the buffer region and social unrest led to the end of the Tang Xuanzong. This is the age when monks and nuns live.
In the 21st year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dezong (AD 805), 25-year-old Niu Monk-ru was a scholar in high school and entered Shilin. This made him see the inside story of some corrupt politics. In 808 AD, Tang Xianzong tested the founder Kurt, who was a man of noble character. Niu Monks and Confucians are full of blood and eager to govern the country, and they point to Chen without hesitation in strategy. His courage and insight were greatly appreciated by the examiners, and his grades were ranked first-class. However, the accusation of state affairs offended the then prime minister Li Jifu, so he was attacked by scouts and could not be used for a long time. In the seventh year of Yuanhe (AD 8 12), after Li Jifu's death, Niu Sengru was taken seriously and was promoted as a foreign minister who monitored the imperial history and did nothing.
In 820 AD, Tang Xianzong was killed by eunuchs. After he ascended the throne, Niu Monk-ru was appointed as an imperial advisor, specializing in impeachment (exposing official dereliction of duty). At this time, he was high-spirited, ruled the prison according to law, and did not enforce the law properly. In the first year of Changqing (AD 82 1), Li, a Suzhou secretariat, embezzled and perverted the law, and his crime should be punished. Li bribed eunuchs to intercede for him, and made it clear that he would lend his laws to monks and nuns (played by Li). Niu Monks and Confucians argued that the country's legal system should be adhered to. Niu Monk-ru's correct exposition was moved, saying that "respecting the law gives gold and purple to his face", and the official made peace with him.
Niu Sengru is a decent official. He didn't take bribes. He had a good reputation at that time. The Book of the Tang Dynasty recorded such a thing: When Han Hong, a native of Tu nationality, became an official in the DPRK, his son paid a large amount of tribute to eunuchs. After the death of Han Hong and his son, when the emperor sent someone to help his young grandson clean up his property, he found that there was a "place to accept bribes" in his family book, and he went in the name of a monk and a child, saying, "I will give you 10 million on a certain day, and I won't accept it." Mu Zong was deeply moved by this comment on writing. Talking about the Prime Minister means "Monks before Confucianism".
After the first year of Changqing in Tang Muzong, the Tibetans in the west sent envoys to join the Tang Dynasty Alliance, stipulating that both sides would keep their borders and not invade each other, and carved stones and erected monuments to show goodwill. In the sixth year of Daiwa, in Tang Wenzong (AD 832), Tibetan envoys talked about Dong Boyi's entering the DPRK to repair it. At this time, surprisingly, our Li Deyu said that the Victorian Shoujiang of Tubo informed us that he would offer a city to the Tang Dynasty, and suggested that he should take the opportunity to send troops in order to achieve great things. Scholars put Li Deyu's throne under the discussion of Shangshu Province. Niu Monk-ru wrote to refute Li Deyu's suggestion, stressing that "it is best for China to keep his promise". If it breaks its promise once, it will bring serious consequences. His opinion was adopted by the emperor.
Historian Cen Zhongmian opposed the return of Queen Victoria. He commented that in the third year of Dazhong (849), the Zhengniu Party was in power, and it was only 18 years before the return of Victoria. This time, the seven customs of Tubo Qin, Yuan, Anle and Shimen came to vote and made an urgent imperial edict to try to recover it. Why is it not "trustworthy" this time? When Li Deyu wanted to recover Victoria, the Cattle Party said that "Victoria is slow, but Guanzhong is urgent". How to change 180 degrees at this time? ! Recovering Victoria has the same function as trying to get through Nanzhao to check and balance Tubo, just to save Zhao from Wei. If we don't accept Victoria, all the eight countries in Xishan controlled by Jiannan Festival will be cut off and all barriers will be lost. After years of painstaking efforts, Li Deyu's management of Jiannan Frontier has just improved. A few words from Niu Monk and Ru made all his efforts go up in smoke. How could Li Deyu not hate the monks and nuns? Another serious consequence of Victoria's return is to cut off your attachment to a foreign country-asylum will also send you back to be slaughtered! Who dares to resist the family? Later, Wenzong realized this and was quite dissatisfied with Niu Sengru. To sum up, Niu asked Li Huiwei purely out of personal grievances, harming the public and enriching the private interests.
Literary celebrities
Niu Monks and Confucians are eager to learn and have a literary name since childhood. He often sang with famous poets such as Bai Juyi and Liu Yuxi at that time, which saw some of his anecdotes and poems in the Chronicle of Tang Poetry. In literature, his outstanding work is the ten-volume Record of Mysterious Legends. Mr. Lu Xun said in A Brief History of Chinese Novels: "There are many writers who create legends in one episode, and there are also many writers who write stories in the Tang Dynasty, and the writer who writes stories is nothing more than Niu Senru's Mystery Record." According to scholars' theory, Niu Sengru's Mystery Record has been lost, and now we can only see the quotation from Taiping Guangji. In this respect, although most of his legends are absurd, they are not as realistic and artistic as Jiang Fang's Biography of Huo Xiaoyu, Yuan Zhen's Biography of Yingying, Chen Hong's Biography of Eternal Sorrow, Bai Xingjian's Biography of Li Wa, Shen Jiji's Bedside Story, Li Gongzuo's Biography of Conan and Juyuan Yang's Biography of the Red Line. But his brothers Wei Xie and Cui Shusheng also have certain educational significance and high artistic value.
Niu Sengoku, the official of Zaifu, was given to Qiu after his death and was called a famous figure in the history of the Tang Dynasty. However, scholars have always had different views on his ancestral home. Mr. Lu Xun said: "There are too many monks and too few porridge. This is a Taoist priest in Longxi." (A Brief History of Chinese Novels) Professor Zhang Youhe is also said to be a Taoist priest in Longxi (see 1979 Edition Notes on Legends of Tang and Song Dynasties). And Mu Qing's Textual Research on Ancient Famous Writers and Their Representative Works in Gansu Literature and Art, March 1979 is also this view. (Press: "Drip Road in Longxi" today in Lintao County, Gansu Province. )
Ci Hai published by Zhonghua Book Company 1974 said: "Cows, monks and nuns, (Tang) quails." Today, Lingtai County, Gansu Province is located in Shaozhai Town, 30 miles southeast of the county. Legend has it that Meng Tian, the general of the Qin Dynasty, was stationed here, and Prince Fu Su supervised the army. When the city was built, a quail bird stood above the sacrifice and thought it was different, so it was named quail and set up a county. In the first year of the great cause of Sui Dynasty, the city moved to this county, Qin belonged to Beidi County, and Han, Sui and Tang belonged to Anding and Jingzhou.
Native place problem
Interesting story Niu Monk and Ru and Bai Juyi have a deep friendship, and they often enjoy writing together.
Niu Sengru often talks with Bai Juyi. "Do you think the creator is interested?" said Niu Monk and Ru calmly. Will the embryo be turbid and coagulated, and will it succeed by chance? However, since it has been unchanged for tens of millions of years, it has been entrusted to the cape and has fallen to the bottom of the lake. The highest is only a few miles, and the worst is almost embarrassing. Once there is no whip, it will come smoothly. "In order to commemorate the friendship between the two men and to record the love of cattle, monks and Confucianism for stones, Bai Juyi wrote the famous Stone Story of Taihu Lake in May of the third year of Huichang (843), which concisely and profoundly expounded the theory and method of hiding stones and appreciating them, thus improving the influence of cattle, monks and Confucianism on ancient stone altars. In view of the numerous and excellent works, abstract images and unique styles, Bai Juyi regarded Niu Sangru as a master of Tibetan stones in the Tang Dynasty. Bai Juyi's "The Story of the Stone in Taihu Lake" inscribed for Niu Sengru has become a masterpiece throughout the ages and is praised by the world. The original text is reproduced here for readers:
People in ancient times all had hobbies. Mr. Xuanyan likes books, enjoys the piano in his collection, and enjoys wine in quiet festivals. Today, Qi Huangong likes stones very much. Stone is silent, silent, odorless and tasteless, which is different from the three flavors, but what do the public like? Everyone blames me. I know it alone. In the past, my old friend Li Sheng had a saying about his name. If it is in line with my wishes, it will be used more. To be honest, it's just appropriate. Everyone knows what the public likes. People regard Stuart Bao Li as a river pheasant. Running a family has no precious property, and there is nothing long in his body. However, Dongcheng is the first, and Nanguo is a villa. Carefully repair the palace and select guests carefully. Sexual disharmony, living in a constant state and moving, when resting, interacting with stones, stones have a home, Taihu Lake comes first, Luofu and Tianzhu come second. The person who has a good impression on this public is also A. First of all, he is a public servant of the public, guarding the rivers and lakes and knowing the hearts of the public. However, the stone is good, it is profound and profound, offering roses and surprises. In the past four or five years, the list is endless. The public is supercilious to this thing, and it is listed in the south villa in the east. Rich as a stone, you are not one. Some stand upright like real officials, some are cut into beautiful shapes, and some have sharp swords and halberds. It is also like a phoenix, flying at every move; Like a ghost, like an animal, sudden action will grab the bucket. The cave is open in the rainy and gloomy evening. If you want clouds and thunder, you can expect them and be awesome. If it disappears, the shadow is beautiful and the rock valley is beautiful. If you are on cloud nine, you can play with them. When you are in the twilight, you can't describe it. In a word, three mountains and five mountains, a hundred holes and a thousand valleys are all shrinking. One hundred punches, a flash of thousands of miles, sitting still, is also for the satisfaction of the public. In the third year of Huichang (843), Ding Chou was born in May. Strange Stone in Taihu Lake is the first masterpiece in the history of stone appreciation culture in China. In this masterpiece inscribed for monks and nuns, Bai Juyi put forward the views that "stones are silent, odorless and tasteless" and "the ancients loved them" ... honesty is just right "; The selection criteria of stone species are put forward, that is, "there is a stone family, Taihu Lake is the first, and Luofu Tianzhu disciple is the second". This masterpiece also conveyed to later generations the grand occasion of cattle, monks and Confucianism's obsession with Taihu Stone, that is, "East Shu, set it there, is rich in stone", and "open to this thing, neither humble nor supercilious" love stone complex ... treat customers as friends, treat moss as treasures, and love children and grandchildren ". More importantly, it is mentioned in the article that "stones have sizes, and the number is four, from A, B, C and D, and each product has an upper, middle and lower part engraved on the stone shade, saying: above the stone armor of cattle, middle and lower than B". This method of stone appreciation and grading has been used by others.
Niu Sengru's poetry department is forty years old, and no one is famous today. Don't say that things are ups and downs, see clearly and then struggle. Zhu Yu will cough and spit, and the mountains and rivers still feel the spirit. Don't be afraid to drown words by wine, which has followed the footsteps of the article. -In the Tang Dynasty, Niu Sengru presented Liu Mengde at the banquet.
The Pink Department has been in A Lang for forty years, and no one is famous today. Never mind the ups and downs of the world,
See you before the battle. Zhu Yu will cough and spit, and the mountains and rivers still feel the spirit.
Don't be afraid to drown words by wine, which has followed the footsteps of the article. If the embryo is muddy, it will become empty. Hold Long Hudou to blame ghosts and gods. Bring the rain to a new level, and break the jade sound lightly. Mixed with forks and sharp blades, the fishing line is intertwined. When the water is near, it is extremely cold, and loosening helps to clear the air. The whole body is covered with scales and clear. Ugly convex long Hu Zhun, deep concave carving. The thunderstorm was suspicious and the sky was dark. Itching is slightly cold and early, and the wheels are horizontal. The ground is sunken, and the feet are trapped and supported. Cherish Gu Sushou, pity laziness. In order to explore things in the lake, I am not afraid of whales in the waves. Interests involve thousands of miles, but mountains and rivers are only a hundred miles. At the beginning of the pond, gold and jade are light. The dizzy soul is still shocked, and the meaning of Zhou Guan is gradually flat. Like every three friends, like brothers for ten years. Prosperity adds magic, eliminates troubles and breaks the night. If you are near, you will shine, depending on the level. After reading this garden treasure, you still need to know the essence. Poets and immortals include Bai Liu, who has flattered you several times. -"Li Suzhou Taihu Lake Stone Wonder, because of the title of 20 rhymes, so it is presented" by Niu Monks and Confucians in the Tang Dynasty. Li Suzhou's "Taihu Stone" is wonderful, and it is presented because of its title of 20 rhymes.
Niu Sengru in Tang Dynasty
If the embryo is muddy, it will become empty. Hold Long Hudou to blame ghosts and gods.
Bring the rain to a new level, and break the jade sound lightly. Mixed with forks and sharp blades, the fishing line is intertwined.
When the water is near, it is extremely cold, and looseness helps to clear it. The whole body is covered with scales and clear.
Ugly convex long Hu Zhun, deep concave carving. The thunder wind is suspicious and dark.
Itching is slightly cold and early, and the wheels are horizontal. The ground is sunken, and the feet are trapped and supported.
Cherish Gu Sushou, pity laziness. In order to explore things in the lake, I am not afraid of whales in the waves.
Interests involve thousands of miles, but mountains and rivers are only a hundred miles. At the beginning of the pond, gold and jade are light.
The dizzy soul is still shocked, and the meaning of Zhou Guan is gradually flat. Like every three friends, like brothers for ten years.
Prosperity adds magic, eliminates troubles and breaks the night. If you are near, you will shine, depending on the level.
After reading this garden treasure, you still need to know the essence. Poets and immortals include Bai Liu, who has flattered you several times. ▲ Hey, Zhao Rongdehui. Neither new nor comfortable, I ran nine laps. Wu Liewen's classics should be properly applied. Edited by Yao and Fu Qi, hundreds of millions of people are bustling. -"Ode to the Suburb Temple and Enjoy the Dance of Harmony in the Ancestral Temple" by Niu Sengru in the Tang Dynasty
Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. 2222222222 was neither new nor comfortable, and ran nine laps.
Wu Liewen's classics should be properly applied. Edited by Yao and Fu Qi, hundreds of millions of people are bustling. See more poems by monks and nuns >>