China has made great progress in basic scientific research under the condition of very difficult funds. In the field of high-energy physics, we have established our own research base of high-energy physics, equipped with the electron-positron collider which is most suitable for working in the physical energy region of attractive particles, and installed an ultra-high-energy emulsion chamber at gambara Mountain at an altitude of 5,500 meters. We have achieved the discovery of anti-Sigma negative hyperons, the straton model of particle physics, the law of conservation of pseudovector flow, and the calibration of the mass of ceramics.
In nuclear physics, the 1.5m heavy ion accelerator was built, and the research of low-energy heavy ion nuclear physics was carried out, and the transuranic element californium was synthesized for the first time. In addition, scientific research equipment such as 1.5 MeV linear induction accelerator, synchrotron radiation device, isotope separator, controlled nuclear fusion device, scanning tunneling microscope, and astronomical instruments such as large-aperture reflective telescope, solar magnetic field telescope, 13.7 millimeter-wave radio telescope and hydrogen maser have been built.
Many important achievements have been made in the field of basic research, such as Goldbach conjecture in mathematics, standard algorithm of finite element method, mechanical proof of mathematical theorem, stability of differential dynamic system, theoretical method of molecular orbital diagram, theory of warm cloud precipitation, discovery of slightly faster rotation of the earth's core. In the field of life science, there are many bovine insulin synthesis, yeast alanine transfer ribonucleic acid synthesis, the relationship between three-dimensional structure and function of insulin, modification of protein functional genes, physical map of rice genes, and discovery of comets and asteroids. There are many researches on biological nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis, such as atmospheric circulation in East Asia, paleoclimate and paleonova, Yellow River exploration, Yarlung Zangbo River exploration, Antarctic and Arctic exploration.
An important symbol of technological progress is the ability to master high technology. Scientists and engineers in China have mastered nuclear technologies such as making atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs, nuclear power generation and nuclear radiation, and launching long-range launch vehicles, artificial earth satellites and even spaceships, and have made 654.38 billion supercomputers and/kloc-0.0 million vector machines. Millions of supercomputers and high-performance parallel computers, such as Dawning 1 and Dawning 1000, have developed software systems such as sequential logic language, Chinese information processing system and Chinese language conversion system, developed Chinese intelligent interface and high-density information storage devices, and made gratifying progress in quantum computing and quantum communication.
In laser technology, we have developed high-power laser devices such as Shen Guang, semiconductor quantum well laser, free electron laser and 1.35 micron semiconductor laser system, and mastered high-speed optical fiber communication technology. The original double ion beam epitaxy machine, the breakthrough of 3 micron integrated circuit technology, the manufacture of various robots such as nuclear industry robots, six-dimensional robots and wall-climbing robots, and the success of the 6000-meter underwater robot exploration experiment represent our progress in precision manufacturing.
In biotechnology, great achievements have been made in nitrogen fixation of corn and soybean, insect-resistant cotton, genetic engineering vaccine, test-tube baby and test-tube sheep, expression of human genes in plants and cloning of higher animals. In material science, gratifying achievements have been made in the research of high-temperature superconducting materials and nano-materials, high-performance solid propellants, nonlinear crystals and laser crystals.
In terms of technical science, there are also influential theoretical achievements such as compound combustion theory, three-dimensional flow theory of turbomachinery, cold pressure state equation, gear dynamic total error theory, optimal control of nonlinear system and so on.
The progress in engineering is highlighted in the manufacturing capacity of large-scale equipment. China has been able to manufacture 6,543,8+250,000 kilowatts of double-water internally cooled steam turbine generator sets, 6,543,8+750,000 kilowatts of low-water generator sets, 500,000 kilowatts of high-voltage power transmission and transformation equipment, 200 tons of electroslag furnaces, 6,543,8+500,000 tons of polyester wire drawing equipment, 240,000 tons of urea production equipment, 300,000 tons of synthetic ammonia equipment and 600,000 tons.
The Yangtze River Bridge in Wuhan and Nanjing, the Gezhouba dam in the Yangtze River, the Xiaolangdi in the Yellow River and the Three Gorges Project under construction represent the construction capacity of bridges and dams. Ten thousand tons of ships, seven passenger planes, highway construction and train speed increase show the progress of transportation.
The successful development of Daqing Oilfield fully demonstrates the strength of China's self-reliance policy, and air-jet spinning and synthetic rubber show the ability of technology absorption and innovation.
The contribution rate of science and technology to agricultural progress reached 35%, and great progress was made in the promotion of improved varieties and the reform of farming system. The popularization of indica hybrid rice, Lumian 1 cotton, Tiefeng 1, Dongnong 36 soybean and wheat has played a great role in increasing crop yield. Since 5 1 year, crop varieties have been changed for four or five times, each time the yield has increased by 20% ~ 30%, the coverage rate of main crops has reached 80%, the afforestation survival rate has increased by 20%, and multiple cropping has been implemented.
In the field of medicine and health, microsurgery and early diagnosis of cancer show the progress of medical technology, and there are gratifying progress in genetic engineering of polypeptide drugs, targeted drugs and antibody engineering. Genetic engineering vaccine of hepatitis B has replaced blood-borne vaccine in the market, and acupuncture anesthesia, Datura anesthesia and antimalarial drug artemisinin in traditional Chinese medicine have also achieved results. The success of family planning and population theory has attracted worldwide attention.