E-commerce is a product of informationization and networking in the twentieth century, and has attracted widespread attention due to its rapid development. Any transaction in e-commerce contains the following basic "flows", i.e., information flow, business flow, capital flow and logistics.
Turning over the recent years about e-commerce, we find that such a phenomenon, people are very much emphasis on e-commerce in the information flow and capital flow of electronic, network, while ignoring the logistics of the electronic process.
But with the further promotion and application of e-commerce, the importance of the logistics of e-commerce activities on the increasingly obvious impact. Imagine, in the e-commerce, consumers are online browsing, through the easy click to complete the online shopping, but the shopping is delayed in the hands of the purchase, and even appeared to buy a TV set to send the situation of tea, the results can be imagined, consumers can only give up e-commerce, choose a more secure and reliable traditional shopping.
China as a developing country, the logistics industry started late, the level is low, in the introduction of e-commerce, does not have the ability to support e-commerce activities of the original modernization of the level of logistics, so the introduction of the introduction of the time, must pay attention to equipped with the appropriate support technology - modern logistics model, otherwise e-commerce activities are difficult to promote. Otherwise, e-commerce activities will be difficult to promote.
E-commerce is a fundamental revolution in the field of business, however, the actual situation of its development in China is far from being as good as expected, in which the lagging behind of logistics capacity is a major reason.
In the past, people did not know enough about the importance of logistics in e-commerce, and they did not know enough about the changes that should take place in the e-commerce environment, and they thought that for most of the commodities and services, the logistics could still be done through the traditional distribution channels. However, with the further promotion and application of e-commerce, the lagging logistics capacity is becoming more and more obvious as a constraint to its development. The importance of logistics on e-commerce activities has been increasingly noticed. But what exactly is the relationship between e-commerce and logistics, but few people to explore. At present, the relationship between the most macro grasp of a point of view is "logistics is an important part of e-commerce". Of course, it has a certain truth, but it is not exact. This is based on the following two reasons:
First, the most essential success of e-commerce is the flow of information processing, information processing electronic. E-commerce, in short, is the sale and purchase of goods or services on the Internet. This kind of buying and selling, is the buying and selling of goods or services ownership, that is, the flow of commerce. There are views that the flow of business depends on logistics support, so that "logistics is an important part of e-commerce".
Secondly, the network economy will be the flow of commerce, capital flow information technology, the flow of information electronically, the business, advertising, ordering, purchasing, payment, authentication and other physical and transaction processing virtualization, information technology, can be said to be the virtual economy. Logistics is the location of the entity transfer, said "real" is "virtual" component, how to see is also inappropriate, and the relationship is said to be "virtual and real corresponding" may be more appropriate.
Here to add, the flow of commerce can include services (here the "service" does not include logistics services) the transfer of ownership, and the real "delivery" of services, that is, consumption, is not the content of the logistics, but this is also a kind of The "real and virtual corresponding" relationship, the service consumption and physical displacement together, and e-commerce called "real and virtual corresponding" is really appropriate.
From the above discussion, we can see that the relationship between logistics and e-commerce is extremely close. Logistics is very important to the realization of e-commerce, e-commerce on the impact of logistics is also certainly extremely huge. Logistics in the future development and the impact of e-commerce is inseparable, can be understood in this way: the contradiction of logistics itself prompted the development of e-commerce provides the means to resolve this contradiction; in turn, e-commerce itself the solution to the contradiction, but also need to provide the means of logistics, the new economic model requires a new logistics model.
A general process of business flow and logistics under the conditions of e-commerce
Can be briefly expressed as follows:
1. Enterprises will be the commodity information through the network to customers, customers visit the site through the excursion, select the goods need to buy and fill in the order.
2. The factory confirms the customer through the order, informs the method of charging, and at the same time informs its own application system to organize the procedure of supplying goods.
3. The customer interacts with the financial sector through electronic settlement to execute the transfer of funds.
4. The financial sector informs the buyer and seller of the results of the funds transfer by e-mail (or other means).
5. The factory organizes the goods and delivers them to the customer.
From the actual process of e-commerce mentioned above, e-commerce is the whole trade transaction process that combines information flow, business flow, capital flow and logistics.
Two, e-commerce operation and logistics
(a) manufacturing enterprises of e-commerce and logistics
(b) commerce and trade enterprises of e-commerce and logistics
(c) consumer e-commerce and logistics
(d) direct sales enterprises of e-commerce and logistics
Three, e-commerce logistics system
Three, e-commerce logistics system
Three, e-commerce logistics system
Three, e-commerce logistics system
(A) the concept of logistics system under e-commerce
Logistics system under e-commerce refers to the realization of e-commerce within the time and space of a specific process, by the required displacement of goods, packaging equipment, loading and unloading handling machinery, means of transport, warehousing facilities, personnel and communication facilities, and a number of mutual constraints on the dynamic elements of the composition of the organic whole with a specific function.
(B) the characteristics of the logistics system under e-commerce
Compared with the traditional logistics system under e-commerce logistics system has the following characteristics:
1, the entire system has unlimited openness
2, logistics nodes generally implement information management
3, information flow in the logistics process to play a leading role in integrating the role of
4, the system has obvious scale advantages
(C) the requirements of the logistics system under e-commerce
1, the logistics system under e-commerce logistics system requires the operation of logistics - informationization, networking
2, e-commerce logistics system requires to improve the level of operation of logistics - Standardization, informationization
3, e-commerce logistics system requirements to improve the rapid response capacity of logistics - high speed, systematic
4, e-commerce logistics system requirements to improve the dynamic deployment of logistics capacity - personalization, Flexibility
5, e-commerce logistics system requirements to change the form of logistics operations - socialization, globalization
Purchasing and logistics costs
In the network economy, knowledge-based economy and e-commerce as the characteristics of the new economic environment, the traditional manufacturing enterprises are facing more serious challenges, including ways of thinking, business models, and technological systems. In the new competitive environment, new management mode and new management means of intense changes, manufacturing industry how to enhance competitiveness through advanced models and means, is currently an important issue facing IT enterprises. Relevant information shows that China has become the world's fourth largest producer, there are more than 100 kinds of manufacturing products production is "the world's first", "MadeinChina" in the international rise.
There are three stages in the supply chain of the manufacturing industry, the first is the integration of business within the manufacturing industry, that is, the completion of the typical ERP framework; the second is the establishment of the enterprise community, the optimization of the supply chain between the suppliers; the third is the completion of the production of raw materials to the customer from the production of all the business process synergies, to achieve the combination of supply and demand relationships. China's manufacturing industry is still in the first stage, the manufacturing industry's high supply chain costs as well as logistics enterprise management decentralization is affecting the development of China's manufacturing industry.
Continuing market competition, shrinking differences in product technology, and increasing integration are a true reflection of the current state of the entire market. With the shortening of the product life cycle, order changes in the ups and downs of the increase as well as the pressure of the product delivery period multiplied, component procurement and sales of finished products this head and tail, has become the key to the development and survival of electronic manufacturing enterprises. As the basis of procurement management and procurement behavior, the importance of procurement analysis is increasingly prominent.
Taiwanese manufacturers are famous for their low-cost production capacity, and they have accumulated rich procurement experience in the process of fighting for a long time in the process of competing with low profit margins. This article will introduce their techniques for controlling logistics costs.
1Purchasing analysis is an important part of corporate cost control
Generally speaking, manufacturing companies usually spend 4070% of their sales on purchasing raw materials and components. The speed and efficiency of purchasing and order fulfillment will directly affect whether the enterprise can quickly and flexibly meet the needs of downstream customers.
Therefore, manufacturing companies must realize at the very beginning of their operations that purchasing analysis, as an important part of the entire supply chain management, is very important for cost control. Purchasing analysis is not done well, means that the enterprise supply chain and cost control is not good, the enterprise's operation, survival and development there are problems.
Many domestic small and medium-sized enterprises do not have the concept of procurement analysis, only when the enterprise scale reaches a certain level to realize the importance of procurement analysis; in contrast, Taiwan's electronics manufacturing companies have set up a special procurement management department to perform procurement analysis.
2 basic principles of procurement analysis
The so-called procurement analysis, both to analyze what to buy, how much to buy, when to buy, how much money to spend, when to get and how to get the problem. As a result, the basic information to be considered in the procurement analysis includes the cost analysis of the purchased materials, delivery time and place, the payment term of the transaction and so on. Cost analysis is one of the most important parts, and buyers need to consider not only the raw material costs, but also the costs of upstream suppliers.
The principle of purchasing is that everything is done from the cost perspective of the supply chain, and the supplier's cost is part of the total cost. Most of Taiwan's electronics manufacturers have factories in mainland China, if their suppliers have factories in Taiwan, but no factory in mainland China, will inevitably involve the supply of transportation costs of the device. Regardless of this transportation costs who will come out, always objective, and will play into the total cost. Therefore, the proportion of localized procurement to be more and more, only so that the overall competitiveness of suppliers and buyers can be strengthened. Purchasers should take a long-term view and consider more about the cost of the whole supply chain. Let the supplier earn enough profit to have a long-term cooperative relationship.
3 Combined with the order and supply cycle procurement analysis
In analyzing procurement, must be combined with the inventory situation. The vast majority of electronic products are now dropping in price as soon as they are produced. Products placed inside the warehouse, it is equivalent to money day by day in the loss, the higher the risk borne by the manufacturer. Therefore, the concept of zero inventory is very popular. Many Taiwanese manufacturers are beginning to implement localized procurement, and strive to achieve more and more components JIT (just-in-time management), a little to minimize inventory.
How much is the right amount to buy? When is the best time to place an order? To solve this problem usually need to examine two aspects. The first is to examine their own orders received, by reference to the past "a certain period of time" the average amount of material used and the magnitude of change, the two values are weighted to get the future plan. Secondly, we need to examine the supplier's history of supply, that is, "a certain period of time" the average value of the number of supplies and the magnitude of change, in order to calculate the supplier is more suitable for the delivery cycle and the number of deliveries.
There are two messages here. First, increased competition has led to rapid changes in orders, and the definition of "within a certain period of time" has become shorter and shorter (now usually 7 days or less), while the magnitude of change has become greater and greater. Second, in the procurement analysis, not only to consider their own order situation, but also to be in close conjunction with the supplier's ability to supply, and put themselves in their shoes, because they also have costs, also have suppliers.
After solving the above two problems, you need to analyze the question of who to order from. The purchase list is usually divided into three subsections: the traditional PurchasingOrder, the JIT order, and the VMI order. This categorization is based on supplier category attributes and reflects the importance of vetting suppliers.
How to set up a supplier evaluation system? Taking the experience of Taiwanese manufacturers as an example, they have a common process for evaluating suppliers. The first step is to review the supplier's basic information, including whether the company's organizational structure is sound, whether its financial situation is stable, the variety and capacity of production, and what customer groups it has. After waiting for the supplier to pass the basic review, a team consisting of R&D, purchasing, production, quality control and other relevant personnel is sent to conduct an on-site review of the supplier and do detailed certification. After that, the supplier will start product sampling until the supplier's products through the batch certification. The most important part of the review of the supplier lies in the on-site verification and sample sampling stage.
At present, many Taiwanese companies have established information technology systems to ensure the accuracy and speed of the procurement analysis process. For example, when BenQ receives a customer order, it will arrange the production process through the ERP system, which calculates the bill of material requirements (BOM) by combining the information on the production process arrangement and inventory, and the SRM (Supplier Management) system will divide the BOM into the traditional PO, JIT, and VMI parts according to the pre-set supplier attributes in the system, and respectively discharge the detailed list and specific feeding time of the required materials. The JIT information can be notified to the suppliers through SMS, etc., so that they can log in the company's website to check the order information; the VMI information will be fed back to the suppliers in time.
However, the basis of the above process is a stable market supply. What happens when supply is tight? Supply disruptions are bound to happen, and when you sense that supply is getting tight, there are usually two things to do: prepare materials in advance and schedule the production cycle.
When supply is tight, you also need to analyze cost versus availability. This trade-off requires analyzing which has the most to gain. If you don't buy in today, that end of production is cut off; but after you eat into the stock, you may have added a little to the cost. Still, while the profit will be a little less, it is better than no shipment at all. Sometimes it is necessary to keep the goods, not to keep the cost.