Hebei Xingtai Earthquake
Between March 8 and 29, 1966, a number of earthquakes of magnitude 6 and 7 occurred consecutively. The first earthquake occurred east of Longyao County in the Xingtai area, with a magnitude of 6.8. Since then, five more 6-magnitude earthquakes have occurred, with the 7.2-magnitude earthquake on the 22nd, southeast of Ningjin County, being the largest. Due to the loose soil, high water table, ancient river channels and other factors in the affected areas, the earthquakes caused serious damage and loss, and the scope of damage was large. the 6.8 magnitude earthquake affected 142 counties and cities, and the damage from the 7.2 magnitude earthquake included 136 counties and cities. The felt range was as far north as Duolun in Inner Mongolia, as far east as Yantai, as far south as Nanjing, and as far west as Tongchuan and other vast areas. The earthquake *** caused 8,182 deaths, 51,395 injuries, destroyed more than 4 million houses and damaged 86 bridges. Accidental fires occurred in the disaster area*** in 115 cases, killing 16 people, injuring 26, and destroying 153 improvised houses. More than 300 landslides occurred in the mountainous areas of western Xingtai and the areas around Jingfu and Wuan, and 22 fires were caused by landslide flying stones, burning 80 hectares of mountains. Ground cracks, sand and water bubbles were common, extending intermittently from dozens of meters to several kilometers. The widest crack in the ground was 2 meters. Rising or overflowing well water was common. Several bridges over the Busan River were severely damaged. The bridge deck of the Aixinzhuang Bridge moved to the south, and the abutments were staggered by 1.8 meters, resulting in the disruption of traffic. The earthquake affected a wide area. Generators in Tianjin and Taku County dropped out, causing brief power outages. The level of damage was also high west of Shijiazhuang and in Xiyang, Shanxi. The State Council attached great importance to the Xingtai earthquake and ordered the local garrison to rush to the disaster area to carry out rescue work. All parts of the country vigorously supported the disaster area, sending medical teams and supporting large quantities of food and relief supplies. Premier Zhou Enlai braved the danger of the earthquake to visit Longyao County in the quake zone on March 9 to listen to the report on the disaster and the relief situation, and to sympathize with the people in the quake zone. The number of medical teams stationed in the disaster area after the earthquake reached 94, with 7115 medical personnel.
Yunnan Daguan Earthquake
On May 11, 1974, a 7.1 magnitude earthquake occurred in Daguan. Most parts of the Sichuan Basin were strongly shaken. The felt area was about 400,000 square kilometers. The earthquake caused 1,423 deaths and more than 1,600 injuries; more than 66,000 houses were damaged, of which more than 28,000 collapsed, and the area of the house destruction zone was about 2,300 square kilometers. There was no damage to the wooden frames of the wooden houses in the extreme earthquake area, but many of the earth and stone walls collapsed, and most of the earth-beamed houses and stone-beamed houses made of burrstone collapsed or fell flat. The earthquake also caused landslides and cracks in the ground, destroying roads, farmland, water channels, and burying village houses. The leading edge of the largest landslide reached the other side of the creek, forming a dam about 30 meters high, blocking the water into a lake.
Liaoning Haicheng Earthquake
On February 4, 1975, a magnitude 7.3 earthquake struck Haicheng. The area of the extreme earthquake zone was 760 square kilometers. The earthquake occurred in a densely populated and industrially developed area and was the largest earthquake ever recorded in the region. As a result of the prediction of this earthquake by our seismic authorities and the timely adoption of strong anti-earthquake measures by the local government, the earthquake disaster was greatly mitigated, and most people evacuated their houses during the earthquake and casualties were greatly reduced, with the exception of house buildings and other engineered structures, which suffered varying degrees of damage and loss. The total number of casualties was 29,579, accounting for 0.32% of the total population, of which 2,041 died, accounting for 0.02% of the total population. Most of the casualties were the old, the weak, the sick, the handicapped, children and those who did not listen to the instructions to support the 5 wine containers and wrens Fischa Fischa Chin ants Kang Gu? Happinjai?00 million square meters, public **** facilities were damaged 1.65 million square meters, rural housing destroyed 17.4 million square meters, urban and rural transportation, water conservancy facilities destroyed 2,937, all kinds of equipment and materials also suffered serious losses, totaling about 810 million yuan. The ground sandblast holes were as large as 2.5 meters in diameter. There was an earthquake rupture, about 5.5 kilometers long, the crack bandwidth of up to 40 meters. The damaged area in Yingkou accounted for 53.1% of the city's total area. After the earthquake, timely relief work was carried out. The PLA mobilized more than 35,000 people, 1,173 vehicles and 12 planes to participate in the relief work. The number of medical teams sent into the disaster area reached 101, with 3,480 personnel. The water supply was restored two days after the earthquake; on February 7, power supply was restored to all the affected areas. The victims celebrated the Spring Festival in "three-proof" houses. Transportation and industrial and agricultural production were basically restored one month later. The success of Haicheng's earthquake prediction achieved great social and economic benefits. It is estimated that without the forecast, the casualties would have been about 150,000 people, and the economic losses would have exceeded 5 billion yuan.
Yunnan Longling Earthquake
On May 29, 1976, two strong earthquakes occurred in Longling County, western Yunnan. The first occurred at 20:23:18, with a magnitude of 7.3, and the second occurred at 22:0:23, with a magnitude of 7.4. The earthquakes were swarm-type earthquakes. The aftershock activity was high in magnitude and intensity. Two extreme seismic zones appeared in each earthquake. From May 29 to the end of the year*** 2,477 earthquakes of magnitude 3 or higher were recorded, of which 19 were of magnitude 4.7 and 5.9, and one each of magnitude 6.2, 7.3 and 7.4. The earthquake caused varying degrees of damage to nine counties in Baoshan, Lincang and Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province. Ninety-eight people died, 451 were seriously injured, 1991 were lightly injured, and 420,000 houses collapsed and were damaged. The affected area was about 1,883 square kilometers. Landslides caused by the earthquake also caused more serious losses. Landslides destroyed 180 farmhouses, nearly 3,900 hectares of paddy fields, pastures and forest tea gardens, damaged 1,126 canals, and destroyed one hydroelectric power plant with an installed capacity of 240 kilowatts and three hydroelectric power plants with a capacity of less than 20 kilowatts. Destroyed 185 kilometers of roads, landslides amounted to 780,000 cubic meters. The Longling earthquake went through the process of medium-term and short-range forecasting, and appropriate anti-earthquake measures were taken before the earthquake. Shallow collapse landslides were typical of this earthquake.
Hebei Tangshan Earthquake
On July 28, 1976, a magnitude 7.8 earthquake occurred in Tangshan City. The epicenter of the earthquake was located in the Tangshan city district. It was a rare urban earthquake disaster in China's history. In an instant, a city with a population of one million was reduced to rubble, and people's lives and national property suffered heavy losses. The cities of Beijing and Tianjin were severely affected. The quake damaged more than 30,000 square kilometers and was felt in 14 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, equivalent to one-third of the country's area. 80% of the people in the city were buried under the rubble in the middle of the night, too late to react. The extreme earthquake zone included 47 square kilometers north and south of the Jingshan Railway. Almost all the buildings in the zone were destroyed. An 8-kilometer-long, 30-meter-wide crack in the earth cut through walls, houses, roads, and waterways. In and around the earthquake area, there were numerous fissure zones, sand spouts, blowouts, gravity collapses, tumbled rocks, slope failures, landslides, foundation subsidence, karst cave-ins, and collapses in hollowed-out areas. Earthquake **** caused 242,000 deaths, 164,000 people were seriously injured, only the Tangshan city area life-long disability of more than 1,700 people; the destruction of 14.79 million square meters of public housing, the collapse of 5.3 million residential houses; direct economic losses of up to 5.4 billion yuan. The city's water supply, power supply, communications, transportation and other lifeline projects were all destroyed, all industrial and mining production was halted, and all hospitals and medical facilities were destroyed. Seven passenger and freight cars and tanker trucks traveling during the earthquake were derailed. Two large highway bridges over the Ji-Canal and Luan River collapsed, cutting off highway transportation between Tangshan and Tianjin and Guanwai. The urban water supply pipeline network and water plant buildings, structures and water wells were severely damaged. Ground buildings and structures of Kailuan Coal Mine collapsed or were severely damaged, and underground production was interrupted, with nearly 10,000 workers trapped underground. Tangshan Iron and Steel Company was severely damaged and forced to stop production, with steel and iron condensed and cast in the furnace. The dams of three large reservoirs and two medium-sized reservoirs slipped and cracked, and the wave walls collapsed. 240 out of 410 small reservoirs were damaged by the earthquake. 60,000 wells were silted up and sandy, and the pipes of the wells were wrongly broken, which accounted for 67% of the total number of wells. More than 33,000 hectares of arable land were sand-pressed and 47,000 hectares were flooded by salty water. More than 55,000 agricultural implements were destroyed. It killed 36,000 large livestock and 442,000 pigs. Tangshan City and the nearby hard-hit counties, environmental health deteriorated sharply, intestinal infectious diseases are particularly prominent. After the quake, the Party Central Committee and the State Council quickly established an earthquake relief headquarters. The People's Liberation Army (PLA) and rescue teams and materials from all over the country gathered in Tangshan in a steady stream, launching an unprecedented scale of intense relief work, controlling the situation in a timely manner and reducing casualties. Of the 600,000 people buried in the city, 300,000 were able to save themselves from danger. PLA units mobilized nearly 150,000 people. Tangshan airport took off and landed 390 airplanes a day. More than 3,000 people from the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan power grid formed an electricity repair team. More than 20,000 medical personnel from 13 provinces, municipalities, autonomous regions, the PLA and the railroad system formed nearly 300 medical and epidemic prevention teams. Airlifting seriously injured people to foreign provinces and cities for treatment, *** used 474 airplane flights and 90 helicopter flights; *** drove 159 special health trains. Governments at all levels have promptly solved the problems of drinking water, eating and clothing for the masses. Reconstruction of homes at the end of 1976 to start preparations, began in 1978, 10 years later a thriving new Tangshan appeared in the land of China.
Sichuan Songpan-Pingwu Earthquake
August 16, 1976, Songpan, Pingwu between the 7.2 magnitude earthquake. The earthquake was of the cluster type, and the main shock was followed by a 6.7-magnitude earthquake on the 22nd and a 7.2-magnitude earthquake on the 23rd. The earthquake was felt over a large area, from Gaotai in Gansu in the west to Kunming in the south, from Hohhot in the north to Changsha in the east, with a maximum radius of 1,150 kilometers. The earthquake was followed by torrential rains, which caused landslides, rockfalls, mudslides, etc., resulting in serious damage to farmland, roads, riverbeds, etc., and disruption of communications. More than 100,000 hectares of arable land were destroyed, grain losses amounted to 5 million kilograms, and more than 2,000 heads of livestock died. The earthquake occurred in a sparsely populated mountainous area, coupled with pre-earthquake forecasts and evacuation measures, so the casualties were only 800 people, of whom more than 600 were lightly injured. Most of them were caused by secondary disasters such as mudslides, landslides and rolling stones after the earthquake. Sichuan provincial governments at all levels set up earthquake prevention and disaster relief commands before the quake, requiring all departments to make preparations in all aspects. After the earthquake, the people in Chengdu and nearby areas, due to the influence of the Tangshan earthquake, developed a serious fear of earthquakes, which led to panic, flight, out-migration, and jumping from buildings, and brought about an impact on social life. At the same time, the earthquake rumors, people's hearts fluctuate, exacerbated the social instability, resulting in school closures, store closures, factories and mines shut down the phenomenon.
Hebei Shangyi Earthquake
At 11:50 on January 10, 1998, a 6.2-magnitude earthquake struck the area east of Shangyi, causing serious casualties and economic losses, and was one of the worst earthquakes in mainland China that year. The earthquake affected 19 townships in Zhangbei, Shangyi, Wanquan and Kangding counties, with a population of nearly 170,000 in the affected areas. Forty-nine people died in the earthquake and 11,439 were injured, including 362 seriously, accounting for 83.9% of the national total that year. Due to the irrational structure and siting of local residents' houses, the construction quality and seismic performance of the houses were not strong, and some of the houses themselves were already dangerous, so the houses were more seriously damaged, with the area of destruction reaching more than 6,500,000 square meters, of which 1,754,000 square meters were completely destroyed. Direct economic losses from the earthquake amounted to 794 million yuan, or 44.6% of the total for that year. The direct economic losses suffered by the neighboring county of Gao Tienzhen in Datong, Shanxi Province, also amounted to 5.879 million yuan. After the earthquake, the government and various parties*** invested 836 million yuan in disaster relief.