It is because of the great harm caused by used batteries to mankind, we realize the seriousness of the lack of recycling of used batteries, and began to analyze the feasibility of recycling of used batteries in China.
First: on the basis of "Solid Waste Prevention and Control Law", the introduction of waste recycling industry policies and laws and regulations, and the development of China's actual management methods and specific operational management and implementation of the rules, the establishment of a comprehensive waste battery transportation management system.
Second: according to the "who pollutes, who governs" principle, the battery manufacturer is responsible for the recycling of waste batteries, battery sales, the implementation of the security deposit system, the state of the battery manufacturer to collect a certain amount of governance costs, and a certain percentage of the return to the recycling and governance of enterprises. In our country can use artificial sorting to reduce costs, thanks to our rich human resources.
Third: realize the low mercury and mercury-free battery production, and strengthen the production of rechargeable batteries. Realize the scale of battery recycling industrialization road. For enterprises that do not meet the requirements ordered to reform or shut down, and those who do not reform and shut down at a fine.
Fourth: the state to give waste battery recycling enterprises a certain policy support for technological breakthroughs, advanced technology enterprises to give incentives and bigger and stronger; in view of China's huge scavenging team, you can maximize the use of economic means to improve the recovery rate of batteries, such as a certain amount of money to recycle every kilogram of old batteries and so on.
Fifth: in the newspaper and television and other media to the people to publicize and educate, cultivate public awareness of recycling.
4. Economic feasibility analysis of recycling of waste batteries in China
The cost of recycling of waste batteries can be summarized as follows:
The cost of concentrating the waste batteries from many consumers to the waste battery disposal place.
Productive expenses required for the treatment of waste batteries at the disposal site.
The cost of selling and financial management of the products derived from the recycling of waste batteries.
Environmental protection costs in the process of recycling waste batteries.
Through policy support, scale and industrialization of transformation, low mercury and mercury-free battery production, the production of rechargeable batteries, effectively reduce the cost in recycling, reduce the difficulty of processing, easy to achieve scale and industrialization benefits.
The benefits of waste battery recycling are shown as follows:
Sales income from the recycling process of the materials obtained. China can produce 10 billion batteries per year, the annual recovery of 156,000 tons of zinc, 226,000 tons of manganese dioxide, 2080 tons of copper, 2.07 million tons of zinc chloride, 79,000 tons of ammonium chloride, 40,300 tons of carbon rods, as well as a variety of non-ferrous precious metals recycling value is higher. Some people calculate that even if we just recycle half of them, we can reach a profit of 20,000/day, and the annual profit of national battery recycling can reach more than 700 million dollars. Due to administrative fines, raising the production cost of ordinary batteries, thus having to raise the sales price of ordinary batteries, and then people will choose cost-effective new batteries, which is conducive to the renewal of batteries, thus promoting the upgrading of the battery industry. From the other side is also to improve the profit margin of the new battery.
5. Analysis of China's waste battery processing capacity
China's economic strength continues to grow, not only attracted the entry of foreign-funded enterprises, but also led to the vigorous development of China's local enterprises, China's economic activities are active and angry, in the face of China's huge market demand for recycling and utilization of waste batteries have a strong viability of the enterprise, such as: a battery recycling business in Guangzhou can be recycling Processing of old batteries 20T / day, but only recycled to 15T / year, and most of the batteries are seized from the customs. For example: Beijing, a foreign-funded battery recycling enterprises, can reach 150T / day of processing capacity, and the development of products with market prospects, but not enough waste batteries and had to import old batteries from abroad, but on the other hand, millions of tons of old batteries are landfilled in landfills. With China's annual production and sales of more than 15 billion batteries in a huge number of enterprises now can not be fully digested, it is gratifying that more and more processing enterprises now on the construction, I believe that with the continuous improvement of technology, processing capacity continues to improve, China's waste battery processing enterprises have enough processing capacity.
5. Comparative analysis of recycling technology with foreign countries
Currently, the recycling technology of foreign developed countries is generally more advanced than that of our country, which is determined by the specific historical conditions, our country in a short period of time the rapid development of many of the technologies and equipment to reach or close to the advanced level of foreign countries. For example, the recycling process of waste batteries in Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, is physical-chemical normal temperature harmless treatment, advanced technology, reliable, and basically meets the requirements of industrialization, providing technical support for the harmless treatment and comprehensive utilization of waste batteries in China. China has its own unique advantages, first, the total amount of waste batteries in China is huge, which provides the basis for the market, second, China's human resources are abundant, the huge labor market provides low production costs; third, China has a deep scientific research strength, scientific research talents continue to emerge, to provide backup for China's scientific research; fourth, China is a centralized socialist country, the state's policies are better implemented and managed, greatly mobilizing the enthusiasm of production.
6. Conclusion
After detailed analysis and argumentation, we can conclude that China can vigorously recycle and utilize waste batteries. Recycling and utilization of waste in addition to the huge economic benefits, there are huge environmental benefits. Specifically manifested in: the recovery of waste batteries intuitively manifested in the reduction of solid waste such as waste batteries and other environmental impact and pressure; at the same time, beautify the environment, reduce the atmosphere, water, soil and other pollution, well protected people's physical and mental health.
7. Treatment of waste water and waste gas generated in the recycling process of waste batteries
The comprehensive utilization of waste batteries can be taken to cleaner production management model, adjust the product structure, comprehensive recycling. In the battery manufacturing industry to vigorously carry out green projects conducive to environmental protection and resource recycling, the establishment of green mark, green products and so on. But waste batteries in the recycling process inevitably produce wastewater waste gas, which is the production process must face the problem, we improve the level of technology at the same time, but also to actively do a good job in the management of wastewater waste gas, to avoid secondary pollution.
Recycling technology of waste batteries?
Waste battery hazards: (1) to the environment, a small button battery can pollute 600 cubic meters of water, equivalent to a person's lifetime of drinking water; a dry battery can pollute 12 cubic meters of water, a cubic meter of soil, and cause permanent public nuisance ...... (2) to human beings: ordinary dry batteries we use every day. There are mainly two types of acidic zinc-manganese batteries and alkaline zinc-manganese batteries, which contain mercury, manganese, cadmium, lead, zinc and other heavy metal substances. After the waste batteries are discarded, the shell of the batteries will slowly corrode, and the heavy metal substances in them will gradually seep into the water and soil, causing pollution. The most important feature of heavy metal pollution is that it cannot be degraded in nature and can only migrate. That is to say, the bad Ordnance? The bad metals are not degradable in nature, but can only migrate. The bad metals are not degradable in nature, but can only migrate. What's the best way to get rid of them? The lanky pin is a great way to get the most out of your life. What's the big deal? What is it? What are you doing? Simply ugly? What are you doing? What are you doing? What are you doing? What's the name of the company? Gazami Breakfast Marine life What is the most important thing you can do? Leading Classes: Leading Classes for Kids and Teachers Cigarette smoking (11) Leading a class? The FOH? What is the reason for this? What is it? What's in the cupboard? What are you doing? What kind of leather products do you have? What? What are you doing? What do you mean? What is it? What are the names of the recipients of polycarbonates? Polycarbonates are a common type of polycarbonate. In addition to Minamata disease caused by mercury pollution, there are others:
Excessive accumulation of manganese in the body can cause neurological dysfunction, the early manifestations of comprehensive dysfunction, the more serious appear monotonous speech, expression of dullness, feelings of indifference, accompanied by mental symptoms.
Long-term consumption of cadmium-contaminated water and food can lead to bone pain, cadmium into the human body, causing bone softening bone deformation, the formation of serious natural fractures, resulting in death.
Zinc salts can make protein precipitation, skin and mucous membranes have an irritating effect, when the concentration in the water more than 10-50 mg / liter into the risk of cancer, can cause chemical pneumonia.
Lead mainly in the nervous system, hematopoietic system, digestive system, and liver, kidney and other organs, can inhibit the synthesis and metabolism of hemoglobin, but also directly on mature red blood cells, infants, young children a great deal, it will lead to children's physical development is delayed, the chronic lead in the pigmented children with low intelligence. Nickel powder dissolved in the blood, to participate in the internal circulation, there is a strong toxicity, can damage the central nervous system, cause vascular degeneration, serious cases lead to cancer.
The current situation of waste battery recycling: Although 8-year-old elementary school students in Beijing have begun to know that waste batteries can not be thrown away. They will use their little hands to throw a section of old batteries into a special recycling box. The act of sorting and recycling used batteries is spreading in shopping malls and offices in Beijing, and a new battery recycling box will now be added next to the previous garbage cans. The number of used batteries collected is increasing rapidly, and Beijing has already collected nearly 100 tons of used batteries in the first half of this year. But these batteries are in an awkward situation, piling up without proper disposal. Currently, Beijing's used batteries are eventually transported to the Beijing Useful Waste Recycling Center. The center is a subsidiary of the Beijing Municipal Management Committee and is responsible for recycling and transferring waste. The recycling center is also worried about the destination of used batteries. Lu Jianguo, head of the business section, said that the recycling center began in April 1998 to recycle waste batteries in Beijing, and the amount of recycling that year was 7 tons, last year's recycling amounted to nearly 40 tons, and so far **** collection of more than 100 tons. Most of these waste batteries are still piled up in the recycling center of the container, the future collection of waste batteries can also only be stored here waiting for treatment, because there is no specialized battery treatment plant for their scientific and harmless recovery.
Waste batteries for the anxious not only in Beijing, the collection of waste batteries across the country in the region are experiencing problems. Recently, the relevant departments in Shanghai jointly held a special meeting on the prevention of pollution from waste batteries, with experts actively contributing ideas. But the last feasible program is still only has been recycled waste batteries properly stored, waiting for the city's hazardous waste landfill site is completed and then safely landfilled. Nanning City, Guangxi Province, to carry out "environmental protection action into the family" series of activities, has collected a considerable number of waste batteries. In order to recycle the batteries, Nanning Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau solicited waste battery treatment technology through the Internet. Two months have passed and no exciting news has been heard. A self-employed person in Xinxiang City, Henan Province, understood the harm of dry batteries to the environment and collected more than 20 tons of waste batteries at her own expense. A few days ago she published an open letter in the China Environment News, spitting out the bitter water, they can not find a final destination for these 20 tons of waste batteries will not pollute the environment. From the enthusiasm of environmental protection to calm down people suddenly realized that the treatment of waste batteries is even more difficult than recycling!
Recycling methods: laboratory recycling methods: ordinary dry cell batteries are cylindrical, the outer cylinder made of zinc, this zinc cylinder that is the negative pole of the battery; cylinder central charcoal stick for the positive pole; cylinder for manganese dioxide, ammonium chloride and zinc chloride. The following two kinds of waste dry cell battery material recycling methods:
(1)Extraction of ammonium chloride: the black material in the battery in water stirring and filtration, part of the filtrate in the evaporation dish evaporation, white solid, and then heated, the use of "sublimation" to collect the purer ammonium chloride.
(2) the production of zinc particles: the zinc cylinder on the zinc sheet cut into pieces, placed in a crucible strong heat (zinc melting point of 419 degrees), after melting, carefully pour the zinc page into the cold water, get zinc particles.
Industrial recycling methods: the international prevailing waste battery treatment are roughly three kinds: curing deep burial, stored in waste mine, recycling.
1. curing buried, stored in the waste mine
such as a factory in France to extract nickel and cadmium, and then nickel for steelmaking, cadmium is reused in the production of batteries. The rest of the various types of waste batteries are generally transported to special toxic, hazardous waste landfill, but this practice is not only too expensive and wasteful, because there are still many useful substances can be used as raw materials.
2. Recycling
(1) heat treatment
Switzerland has two factories specializing in the processing and use of old batteries, Barticle company adopted the method of old batteries are ground up, and then sent to the furnace to heat, which can be extracted volatile mercury, higher temperatures when the zinc is also evaporated, and it is also a precious metal. Iron and manganese are fused together to make a manganese-iron alloy for steelmaking. The plant can process 2,000 tons of waste batteries a year, obtaining 780 tons of ferromanganese alloy, 400 tons of zinc alloy and 3 tons of mercury. Another plant extracts iron directly from the batteries and sells a mixture of metals such as manganese oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide and nickel oxide directly as metal scrap. The thermal treatment method is more expensive, however, and Switzerland also mandates a small fee per battery buyer dedicated to the processing of used batteries.
(2) "wet processing"
Magdeburg suburbs are building a "wet processing" device, where all types of batteries in addition to lead batteries are dissolved in sulfuric acid, and then with the help of ionic resins from the solution to extract a variety of metals, raw materials obtained in this way are more expensive than those obtained by the use of ionic resins. The raw materials obtained in this way are purer than those obtained by thermal treatment and are therefore sold at a higher price on the market, and 95% of the various substances contained in the batteries can be extracted. Wet treatment eliminates the need for sorting (which is a manual process that increases costs). The Magdeburg unit, which has a processing capacity of 7,500 tons per year, costs slightly more than landfill methods, but valuable raw materials are not discarded and do not pollute the environment.
(3) vacuum heat treatment method
Germany Alter developed the vacuum heat treatment method is also cheaper, but this first need to sort out the nickel-cadmium batteries in the waste batteries, waste batteries heated in a vacuum, in which the mercury quickly evaporated, can be recycled, and then the remaining raw materials ground, with magnets to extract metallic iron, and then from the remaining powder to extract nickel and manganese. This processing of one ton of waste batteries costs less than DM 1,500.
Prospects: IV. Prospects
Now, people's awareness of environmental protection has improved greatly, for example, Beijing, Shanghai and other cities have been placed in the waste battery drop-off special barrels. It is believed that in the near future, the problem of waste battery recycling will be well solved.
Japan's Hokkaido Nomura Corporation annually from the national acquisition of waste batteries up to 1.3 million tons, accounting for 20% of the country's waste batteries, the collection of 93% of the way through the collection of private environmental protection organizations, 7% through the collection of manufacturers. In the past, the main recovery of mercury, but now Japan's domestic batteries do not contain mercury, the main recovery of the battery's iron shell and the "black" raw materials, and secondary product development and manufacturing, for example, one of the products can be used for the production of television tubes.
Germany Require consumers to use up dry cell batteries, button batteries and other types of batteries sent to the store or waste recycling station for recycling, the store and waste recycling station must unconditionally accept used batteries, and forwarded to the manufacturer for recycling. Waste recycling stations and manufacturers generally only recycled batteries containing cadmium, mercury and other toxic chemicals, while 90% of the Pu dry zinc-carbon batteries and aluminum-magnesium batteries are used as household waste to landfill or incineration.
The United States is the most detailed legislation on waste battery environmental management of a country, not only the establishment of a comprehensive waste battery recycling system, but also the establishment of a number of waste battery treatment plants, and at the same time unremitting publicity and education to the public, so that the public consciously support and cooperate with the work of waste battery recycling.
With the improvement of people's living standards and the development of modern communications industry, people use batteries more and more opportunities, cell phones, pagers, Walkman, pocket radios and so on need a large number of batteries as a power source. In the coming period, more waste batteries will appear. However, although in recent years, people are paying more attention to the protection of the natural ecological environment, water pollution, air pollution, white pollution and other environmental pollution control has been varying degrees to receive certain results, but the waste battery pollution has not attracted enough attention.
Related information shows that a battery rot in the ground, can make 1 square meter of soil permanently lose the use of value; a button battery can make 600 tons of water undrinkable, equivalent to a person's lifetime of drinking water. The natural environment is the greatest threat to the five substances, the battery contains three: mercury, lead, cadmium. If used batteries are mixed with domestic waste and landfilled together, the exuded mercury and heavy metal substances will penetrate the soil, contaminate the groundwater, and then into the fish and crops, destroying the living environment of human beings and indirectly threatening their health. How to deal with waste batteries in a timely and safe manner has become increasingly prominent in front of people.
Once the human body has absorbed these heavy metals, what diseases will occur? According to relevant experts, mercury is a very toxic heavy metals, the human central nervous system is very destructive, this century, the fifties occurred in Japan shocked at home and abroad Minamata disease is caused by mercury pollution. At present, China's production of mercury-containing alkaline dry batteries with mercury content of 1-5%, neutral dry batteries with mercury content of 0.025%, China's battery production consumes dozens of tons of mercury every year. Cadmium in the human body is very easy to cause chronic poisoning, the main disease is emphysema, bone softening, anemia, is likely to make the body paralyzed. And lead into the body after the most difficult to excrete, it interferes with kidney function, reproductive function.
Currently, China's annual production of more than 18 billion batteries accounted for more than 30% of the world's total battery production, and the annual consumption of 7-8 billion, but the recovery rate is less than 2%.
Recycling batteries into embarrassment
Because of the lack of awareness of the pollution of waste batteries, the phenomenon of randomly discarded waste batteries is very serious, whether it is the city or the countryside, waste batteries can be found everywhere.
It is understood that the annual consumption of batteries in Beijing reaches more than 6,000 tons. Although in recent years on the recycling of waste batteries has attracted the attention of the relevant departments, designated a special recycling of designated units, while in schools, shopping malls, communities and other high-density population areas set up a recycling point, but the results are very little. 1998, Beijing Municipal Garbage Recycling Center *** recycling of more than 400 tons of waste batteries, the recovery rate of only 1.7%. A large number of waste batteries are discarded.
Shanghai from May 1998 to start recycling waste batteries, waste battery recycling points are also increasing year by year, so far the city has set up four or five thousand waste battery recycling points, *** recovery of more than 100 tons of waste batteries, but this is compared with the city's annual production of more than 3,000 tons of waste batteries compared with a far cry.
Hangzhou three secondary school students once through the questionnaire, visits, access to literature and other methods, with a few months to complete the "on the current situation of waste battery recycling survey and research" investigation report, the conclusion is: China's waste battery recycling rate of only 1-2%. They were shocked by the status quo that waste batteries are hazardous and poorly recycled. Three secondary school students in the survey found that nearly 80% of the public think that waste battery recycling activities "has nothing to do with their own" or "do not have time to participate in", 87% of the residents of waste batteries and household garbage together.
Because of the lack of awareness of the pollution caused by waste batteries, the phenomenon of randomly discarding waste batteries is very serious, and many people are very indifferent to the city's initiative to set up recycling bins.
Changchun city once put 200 green recycling bins for waste batteries in the city, and recovered many waste batteries. But after a period of time, part of the recycling box has become the masses throw waste "garbage cans", and some even suffered "closed" embarrassment. Changchun Department Store battery counter on both sides, placed two used battery recycling box, but the "mouth" was sealed by advertising posters. The salesman said, since the recycling box placed here, almost no one came to vote for waste batteries, we all treat it as a garbage can, throw peels, confetti, and even spit into it. They simply cleaned the recycling box and sealed the "mouth" to minimize the trouble.
Related environmental experts analyze that at present, China has not yet established a perfect and effective recycling network and system, which is a major reason for the difficulty of recycling used batteries.
Recycled batteries where to go?
Recycling is only one aspect of the problem, waste batteries can not be dealt with even if the recovery up.
Today in Dalian, 8-year-old elementary school students have begun to know that used batteries should not be thrown away. They will use their small hands to send a section of waste batteries to the school or youth palace, and some shopping malls have set up special recycling boxes. However, these recycled batteries are in an awkward situation because people don't know how to dispose of them properly.
So, Dalian Development Zone Dongtai Industrial Waste Disposal Co., Ltd. has taken up the task of recycling and storing the batteries on a voluntary basis since 1999. Dalian Development Zone Dongtai Industrial Waste Disposal Co., Ltd. a staff named Yin Guoyuan recently received a call from the Dalian University of Technology, the car from the school transported more than 2 tons of waste batteries. Yin Guoyuan told reporters that now they often deal with dozens of universities and primary and secondary schools in Dalian, to regularly go to the door to remove the waste batteries recovered. Although the technology to deal with waste batteries is not a problem now, but the treatment of waste batteries to lose money, the amount is also too small. Reporters in the landfill next to the warehouse to see the recovery of nearly 100 tons of waste batteries are still lying quietly inside.
In fact, more and more enterprises and individuals across the country are aware of the hazards of waste batteries are facing the same embarrassing situation.
In recent years, as people's awareness of environmental protection, the harm of waste batteries has gradually attracted the attention of all sectors of society, more and more people began to collect waste batteries. Environmental organizations across the country have also carried out waste battery recycling activities, calling on people to collect used waste batteries to reduce environmental pollution. However, in the craze of recycling waste batteries, it was soon realized that the recycled waste batteries could not be properly placed.
Tian Guirong, an ordinary woman in her 50s in Xinxiang City, Henan Province, was embarrassed by the 50 tons of waste batteries she had accumulated. She and her husband were the battery sales in Xinxiang City, in 1999 when she learned about the hazards of waste batteries, began to recycle waste batteries, in June 2000, when she recycled waste batteries reached 20 tons, she had sent a letter of help to the media: "Who can help me deal with 20 tons of waste batteries?" But two years on, Tian Guirong has yet to find a final home that won't pollute the environment, despite collecting more than 50 tons of waste batteries.
Some companies that have begun to participate in recycling waste batteries are experiencing the same embarrassment. Guangxi Guilin, a barrel water production company in the local media in June last year published "give me waste, but also your fine" advertisement, to carry out 30 old batteries for a bucket of water, 300 old batteries for a drinking fountain activities. This advertisement, only two days to recover 800 kilograms of waste batteries, 500 barrels of water, water dispensers 26 units. But they did not expect to spend more than 10,000 yuan "to buy" environmental protection but bought a pile of trouble: when they contacted the environmental protection department, the environmental protection department in the affirmative action at the same time, told them that there is no Guilin can deal with waste batteries of the factory, can only be careful to keep their own recycling of waste batteries, and can not cause secondary pollution. The company had no choice but to publish an advertisement announcing the suspension of the campaign.
Some of the used batteries recovered in Beijing have filled two 20-foot-high containers, and because they have not been properly and harmlessly disposed of, they have had to lie in caves on the far outskirts of Beijing.
It is understood that, because China so far there is no one professional, able to batch treatment of waste batteries, the collection of waste batteries across the country in the region have encountered such an embarrassing problem. At present, many departments can only take the approach of piling up.
Waste battery disposal unprofitable?
According to the survey, a variety of current economic factors restricting the development of waste battery disposal industry. Waste battery processing low rate of return, long benefit cycle, it is difficult to attract investors, so it is also difficult to form an industrial scale, and no scale can not realize the benefits. 1997, Beijing began to recycle old batteries, there were seven or eight enterprises to enter the waste battery processing industry, but later were withdrawn.
In fact, the waste battery recycling industry is not unprofitable. Because used batteries contain a large number of renewable heavy metals and acids and other substances, such as through the reuse of used batteries, 40,000 tons of zinc can be renewed each year. According to South China University of Technology, Dr. Wei Chaohai estimates that, according to the daily processing of 100,000 waste batteries, after removing all kinds of costs, you can make a profit of about 20,000 yuan; 7 billion batteries, 50% of the utilization rate of calculations, the annual profit of up to more than 600 million yuan. It can be seen that the scale of operation can create benefits.
But unfortunately, at present, a large number of workshop-type small enterprises filled with waste battery recycling market, disrupting the market order. Dalian Development Zone Dongtai Industrial Waste Disposal Co., Ltd., chairman of Dong Jinqing told reporters: "Button battery recycling value is high, if you can recycle 2 tons a year, the enterprise can be put on the equipment to deal with. Now some township enterprises to see profitable, have flocked to, but due to the scale, not to do harmless treatment, resulting in serious secondary pollution."
Lack of policy support
The reporter learned in the interview, China's waste battery recycling and treatment industry is still a lack of policy support. Profit from waste battery treatment is generally reflected in two aspects: government subsidies and new products generated during the treatment process, such as zinc, manganese, mercury, etc.. The common practice in foreign countries is: the recycling of used batteries to implement the "government subsidies", that is, to deal with a ton of used batteries, the government to give the corresponding compensation. In our country, so far there is no subsidy.
It is reported that foreign recycling of used batteries in the treatment has taken a number of approaches, these practices are worth learning from our country. For example: the United States, Japan, waste batteries recycled and handed over to the enterprise processing, the government gives subsidies; South Korea's production of batteries, manufacturers, every ton of production to pay a certain amount of deposit for the recycler, the cost of the processor, and designate a special plant for processing. There are also countries on the waste battery treatment enterprises to reduce or waive taxes, etc..
When will waste batteries become treasure?
The hazards of waste batteries have gradually aroused people's **** knowledge. If we do not take timely measures, there will be more waste batteries in the future, and will produce more waste battery hazards. Therefore, the recycling of waste batteries must be treated as a major event to grasp, so that waste batteries in a timely manner, "settled", turning waste into treasure.
So, in the end, how to solve the waste battery recycling and treatment of the difficult problem? Environmental experts suggest that to fundamentally solve the problem of waste battery disposal. First, to make the treatment of waste batteries in the industrial policy track, the state should be introduced as soon as possible the relevant industry policies and laws and regulations, and the development of China's actual management methods and specific operational management and implementation of the rules. Second, in accordance with the principle of "who pollutes, who manages", the battery manufacturers levy environmental taxes, subsidies for recycling and treatment. Third, we should establish a sound system of voluntary and mandatory recycling system for waste batteries as soon as possible. The establishment of voluntary recycling system can take the establishment of public **** collection facilities; the establishment of mandatory recycling system, can be taken through legislation to require producers and sellers to collect their product waste. Fourth, due to waste batteries in the transportation, storage process, may cause environmental pollution, therefore, should establish a sound waste battery transportation management system, storage management system, good transportation, storage gate, to prevent secondary pollution. Fifth, to take the battery "trade-in" approach, appropriate concessions to consumers to promote the recovery of waste batteries.
Waste battery recycling domestic use of the battery status
The most used industrial batteries for lead storage batteries, lead accounted for more than 50% of the total cost of storage batteries, the main use of pyrotechnic, hydrometallurgical process, as well as solid-phase electrolytic reduction technology. The shell is plastic, can be regenerated, basic realization of no secondary pollution.
Small secondary batteries currently used more nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries in the cadmium is one of the heavy metal elements of environmental protection and strict control, lithium-ion batteries in the organic electrolyte, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride batteries in the alkali and the manufacture of batteries and other auxiliary materials such as copper and other heavy metals, are constituted by the pollution of the environment. Small secondary batteries currently used in the country's total volume of only a few hundred million, and most of the smaller size, waste battery utilization value is low, coupled with the use of dispersed, the vast majority of domestic waste disposal, the recovery of which there are cost and management problems, recycling there are also certain technical problems.
Civilian dry cell battery is currently the largest use, but also the most decentralized battery products, the annual domestic consumption of 8 billion. Mainly zinc-manganese and alkaline zinc-manganese two series, there are a small number of zinc-silver, lithium batteries and other varieties. Zinc-manganese batteries, alkaline zinc-manganese batteries, zinc-silver batteries generally use mercury or mercury compounds as corrosion inhibitors, mercury and mercury compounds are highly toxic substances. When waste batteries are incinerated as household garbage, a part of the heavy metals in the waste batteries, such as Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, etc., are discharged into the atmosphere at high temperatures, and a part of them become ash, which generates secondary pollution.
There are three kinds of international waste battery treatment: curing and deep burial, storage in waste mine, recycling.
1. Curing buried, stored in the waste mine
Such as a factory in France to extract nickel and cadmium, and then nickel for steelmaking, cadmium is re-used in the production of batteries. The rest of the various types of
waste batteries are generally transported to specialized toxic and hazardous landfills, but this practice is not only too costly and wasteful,
because many of them can still be used as raw materials for useful materials.
2. Recycling
(1) heat treatment
Switzerland has two factories specializing in the processing and use of old batteries, Barticle company adopted the method of old batteries ground up and sent to the furnace heating, which can be extracted volatile mercury, higher temperatures when the zinc is also evaporated, and it is also a precious metal. Iron and manganese are fused together to make a manganese-iron alloy for steelmaking. The plant can process 2,000 tons of waste batteries a year, obtaining 780 tons of ferromanganese alloy, 400 tons of zinc alloy and 3 tons of mercury. Another plant extracts iron directly from the batteries and sells a mixture of metals such as manganese oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide and nickel oxide directly as metal scrap. However, the thermal treatment method is more expensive, Switzerland also provides for each battery buyer to charge a small fee dedicated to the processing of waste batteries.
(2) "wet processing"
Magdeburg suburbs are building a "wet processing" device, where in addition to lead batteries, all types of batteries are dissolved in sulfuric acid, and then with the help of ionic resins from the solution to extract a variety of metals, raw materials obtained in this way are more expensive than those obtained by using the ionic resin. The raw materials obtained in this way are purer than those obtained by thermal treatment and are therefore sold at a higher price on the market, and 95% of the various substances contained in the batteries can be extracted. Wet treatment eliminates the need for sorting (which is a manual process that increases costs). The Magdeburg unit has a processing capacity of 7,500 tons per year, which is slightly more expensive than landfill, but the valuable raw materials are not discarded and do not pollute the environment.
(3) vacuum heat treatment method
Germany's Alter developed the vacuum heat treatment method is also cheap, but this first need to sort out the waste batteries in the nickel-cadmium batteries, waste batteries heated in a vacuum, in which the mercury quickly evaporated, can be recovered, and then the remaining raw materials grinding, with magnets to extract metallic iron, and then from the remaining powder to extract nickel and manganese. This processing of a ton of waste batteries costs less than 1,500 marks!
I. Composition of batteries
Nowadays, there are a lot of various kinds of batteries on the market. Among them, there are button batteries, rechargeable batteries, ordinary dry batteries and storage batteries categorized by purpose and use. Dry batteries, rechargeable batteries are the most widely used in our students' lives. Its composition: zinc skin (iron), carbon rods, mercury, sulfate, copper cap. Storage batteries are mainly lead compounds. For example: the composition of No. 1 scrap zinc-manganese batteries, weighing about 70 grams, of which 5.2 grams of carbon rods, zinc skin 7.0 grams, manganese powder 25 grams, copper cap 0.5 grams, other 32 grams.