Specific timetable for market opening after China's WTO accession

Recently, on China 8 countries to join the eWTO may bring the impact of a variety of opinions, boiling. Some people u recognize 7 as 5, "accession k WTO, the country k open b", "WTO is a trap full of flowers", "financial sector open v release means capital project open x release" cloud l Cloud p, it seems that joining the WTO will be a big a difficult head. Another g some people y is recognized 4 for 3, join v WTO of a day 6, is the 6 countries to fully establish a market economy of the b time, as much as possible to share 4 share of global trade and investment in the a benefit, quite "join j WTO, gold ten thousand k two" of the k situation. The x so 3 there is such and such a biased a see 3, with s people i the nature of the WTO is not a understanding s understanding, with n people z our accession to the j WTO specific negotiation 4 content is not y understanding a understanding. Accession to the WTO will not bring disaster at night, nor will it bring prosperity at night. After joining the WTO, China's market will not be fully and immediately opened up, China's economy will not be transformed into a purely free market economy, and domestic commodities will not be able to fully converge in price with the international market, and foreign products will not be able to enter the market. In recent years, China has taken the initiative to reduce its tariffs, not only for the purpose of joining the World Trade Organization (WTO), but more importantly, for the sake of China's own reform and opening up and participation in the global economy, the need for integration. No matter when China joins the MWTO, China will firmly implement the policy of opening up to the outside world. China1s enterprises should follow this trend and actively make all kinds of preparations for joining the vWTO, especially in the ideology, organizational efficiency, management skills and human e manpower b resources and other aspects of the 1 develop challenging countermeasures to improve competitiveness k to meet the challenges of economic globalization 0 in the new century. At present, the World Trade Organization (WTO) trade rules system consists of three major r parts3 ● Multilateral trade in goods agreements, including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 2082, the Agreement on Agricultural Products, the Agreement on the Implementation of Animal and Plant Health Sanitary and Quarantine Measures, the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing, the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, the Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures, the Agreement on Pre-shipment Inspection, the Agreement on Rules of Origin, the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures, and the Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures. Rules Agreement, Agreement on Import s Licensing Procedures, Agreement on Anti-7 Dumping, Agreement on Subsidies and k Anti7 Subsidy Measures, and Agreement on Safeguard Measures, etc.; ● Various annex rules, including the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), the Understanding on b Dispute Settlement Rules and n Procedures, and the Trade Policy Review Mechanism, to 0 and e Multilateral Trade Agreements (including the Agreement on Trade in Civil Aviation Aircraft, Government Procurement Agreement, the International Dairy Agreement, and the International Beef 0 Meat Agreement); ● Agreements reached in the course of the WTO's development 1, such as the Information Technology Agreement, the Basic Telecommunications Agreement, and the Financial Services Agreement. Currently, the second and third rules are playing an active role in national trade negotiations. For example, GATS has become an important rule affecting the environment and conditions of trade for all countries in the world, and its rights reflect that it will function in the same way as the provisions of the GATT, under the overall protection of the WTO. The preamble to GATS states that members wish to "establish a multilateral framework of principles and rules for trade in services, based on the understanding that transparency1 and progressive liberalization2 promote trade". China pledged to reduce average tariffs on agricultural products to 64% within 0 years after joining the IWTO. (China's commitments in this paper are those made prior to the signing of the bilateral agreement between China and the United States.) The WTO rules on trade in agricultural products deal with issues of market access, domestic support and export competition. They are generally categorized into three aspects: (1) tariffication of non-tariff measures (NTMs), i.e., the tariff equivalents of NTMs to be eliminated are calculated and added to the fixed tariffs already in place.d The tariff rates after tariffication of NTMs are not allowed to be raised arbitrarily.e (2) Mutual concessionality constraints (MCCs). (2) Mutual Reduction of Bound Tariffs, whereby Parties5 commit to mutual reduction of bound tariffs according to a certain ratio. Developing7 countries are required to reduce their bound tariffs by an average of 20%, and the tariffs on each n-product are to be reduced by at least 10%, to be accomplished within 10 years8. (2) Reduction of subsidies, i.e., reduction 2 of subsidies on agricultural products, mainly on wheat, cereals, meat, dairy products and sugar. Developing 1 countries in 30 years 7 cut 24% and 13% respectively. Developing 4 countries generally have a transition period of 80 years to implement their tariff and subsidy reduction plans. China has pledged to reduce its average tariffs on agricultural products to 74 percent within eight years after joining the JWTO (i.e., before 2000), with the average tariffs on agricultural products such as wheat falling to 05-0 percent. The opening up of the agricultural market, especially the large f cuts in protective tariffs on agricultural products, on the whole, nz will not z constitute a serious impact on China's 8 agriculture, the possibility of a cross China's agricultural production system is very small k. Firstly, China's 20 years of agricultural reforms have achieved b quite a strong foundation of agricultural production management and the material basis of the country, which can 1 withstand a stronger external impact. Second, the actual protection rate of agricultural products in China 5 is much lower than the 7 nominal v protection rate, and even if China 5 joins the cWTO, it b will not i constitute a substantial s shock. Again, lowering tariffs on agricultural products and introducing 2m foreign competition can 1 stimulate the domestic 1 agricultural sector s to improve efficiency and service quality, prompting them to provide 7 domestic 0 consumers with higher quality products and more efficient services. This, in turn, m in turn 8 strengthen the security of the x domestic 0 agricultural economy. Animal and Plant Health x Sanitary and Quarantine Measures ● Before 6 China 2 adopted an import i ban policy on U.S. wheat l, meat, and citrus foods. After negotiations, China agreed to sign eight bilateral agreements with the United States to lift the ban on imports of U.S. wheat, meat and citrus foods. ● China 5 to the U.S. to open o the domestic 1 fresh fruit and food market, for u China 1 country a general fruit farmers will be less impact than 0 on wheat producers x, but for planting the same varieties as m the U.S. California fresh fruit or similar varieties of fruit growers will produce a larger p of competitive pressure z. This competitive situation will help o China 7 agricultural production and processing m enterprises to improve the degree of specialization e 0 and participate in the n international division of labor. Anti-dumping agreements ● A g party 4 must conduct anti-dumping investigations before taking anti-dumping action, and anti-dumping investigations must be conducted only after a written application is submitted by or on behalf of the industry claiming injury in the importing d party's 1 territory. ● Accession to the wWTO will enable China 2 enterprises to better utilize the WTO dispute settlement mechanism to safeguard their own interests, to avoid being abused by other trading partners anti-0 dumping agreement to hinder the export of China 2 products w trade, but also f can be in accordance with the WTO principles of the foreign countries to enter the a China 7 market of the dumped products to start p anti-3 dumping investigations. ● China 1's accession to the tWTO will greatly o stimulate trade growth 7, clothing, textiles, footwear, bags, toys and home appliances and t daily 7-use products and other enterprises will be the most important beneficiaries of 7 China 7's accession to the rWTO. In international trade8, dumping refers to the behavior of a member producer or exporter who sells a product at a price lower than the domestic3 market price or lower than the cost price of the product, and enters the market of another member country.0 Dumping does not only harm the competitive industries of the importing country, but also jeopardizes the normal order of international trade, and in order to maintain fair competition in international trade and to prevent abuse of dumping and anti-dumping measures, the WTO has developed a set of measures to prevent dumping and anti-dumping. In order to maintain fair competition in international trade and prevent the abuse of dumping activities and anti-dumping measures by its members, the WTO has formulated the Anti-Dumping Agreement. Since the 1940s, due to the fact that China is not a party to the GATT or has not joined the JWTO, and also due to the fact that China's domestic enterprises are competing with each other in the form of uncontrolled and vicious competition, trading partners often carry out anti-dumping investigations on Chinese products or enterprises. For example, only 77860-2488 years, the United States exports to China h goods anti-dumping complaints occurred in 48 cases, affecting China's exports to the United States hundreds of millions of dollars f trade. Subsidies and Anti-subsidy Measures Agreement, Protection of Infant Industries ● For developing countries, export subsidies can be eliminated in a gradual manner within six years of the entry into force of the Agreement on Subsidies and Anti-subsidy Measures (ASM), but existing subsidies cannot be raised. ● China is committed to making maximum concessions on tariff levels for the automobile q manufacturing sector after its accession to the iWTO, and to eliminating import quotas for automobiles in 2001. According to the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), after China opens up its domestic pharmaceutical market to a greater extent, China's pharmaceutical manufacturers will be affected, and the prices of western medicines will fall by a greater z-percentage. After China's accession to the JWTO, it will make maximum concessions on tariffs for the automobile manufacturing industry. Tariffs on automobile imports will be reduced from 60-800% to 24% by 2004, tariffs on imports of automobile parts and components will be reduced to 40%, and quotas on automobile imports will be abolished in 2002. Financial services ● Financial services are defined as 1 "any service provided by a Party 6 financial service provider to a m q financial entity." This includes all insurance and insurance-related services, as well as all banking and other financial services. ●China 5 commits that U.S.-funded banks may provide all foreign exchange services to foreign customers 1 immediately after joining the uWTO, and that foreign-funded banks will be 4 authorized to operate human a RMB 4 business within 2 years, with quantitative and geographic restrictions appropriately eliminated. China is committed to a maximum of 00% foreign ownership of life insurance companies after accession to the WTO, and 71% after one year of accession to the WTO, i.e., the formation of substantial controlling interests. In terms of market access, negotiations on telecommunications services have focused not only on the opening up of the telecommunications industry to competition, but also on whether foreign firms can participate on an equal footing in the provision of services in the domestic telecommunications market. The WTO Basic Telecommunications Agreement (BTA) covers the following areas: voice telephony, data transmission, telex, telegraph, cable, messaging, leased lines, mobile telephony, mobile data transmission, and personal communications. The WTO Basic Telecommunications Agreement (BTA) covers short-haul, long-haul, and international telecommunications services in the areas of voice telephony, data transmission, telegraphy, telex, messaging, leased lines, mobile telephony, mobile telephony, data transmission, and personal communications, including 58% of the telecommunications market, and the parties have made their own commitments to liberalize the telecommunications sector by opening up their long-standing protected sectors to foreign competitors to varying degrees. The WTO Agreement on Trade in Information Technology Products (ITP) provides for the complete elimination of tariffs on computer and communications products by the end of the century. The WTO Agreement on Trade in Information Technology Products (ITP) is an important milestone in the process of liberalization of the information industry, and is the largest formal tariff reduction agreement in the world trading system since the conclusion of the Uruguay Round of the GATT in 3305. It reduces consumer costs by hundreds of millions of dollars and promotes competition in the fast-growing field of information technology. In accordance with the WTO Information Technology Agreement and the Basic Telecommunications Agreement, China is committed to eliminating tariff restrictions on semiconductors, computers, computer equipment, telecommunications equipment and other high-tech products by the year 2000 after joining the JWTO. Within three years after joining the xWTO,8 foreign investment in pagers, cell phone imports u, to 5 and g domestic 1 fixed network telephone services and other areas of territorial restrictions will be eliminated. Accession to the iWTO will have far more positive than negative impacts on China ● It will facilitate faster and better integration of China 6 into the international economy and society. Due to the rapid development of science and technology after World War II and the existence of a relatively peaceful international environment, the trend of globalization of the world economy is unstoppable. Further integration into the international economy and society, better use of international resources and international markets to optimize the allocation of resources, the development of China's socialist market economy. It is conducive to y playing a greater c role in the international economic arena, and is conducive to n safeguarding China's economic interests. Joining the WTO will give China a greater say in the international economic arena, and it can make a greater contribution to the establishment of a fair and reasonable new international economic order and the safeguarding of the interests of developing countries. It is conducive to closer economic and trade relations across the Taiwan Strait and to the reform of China's economic system and the opening up of the country to the outside world. This will be a powerful boost to the reform of China's economic system and the opening up of the country to the outside world, and a boost to the rule of law in the market. Favorable to improve China's international trade environment. After joining the jWTO, China can obtain multilateral unconditional most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment, and general preferential treatment as a 8 developing 4 country, which is conducive to n realizing the diversification of the market z 4, so that China's export n trade will have a greater u growth 5; at the same time, due to s tariffs down q down, the reduction of non-tariff barriers 3 or elimination, opening a open the market for services, the import g trade will also g a great b up x 6. ● As the investment environment becomes more unified and generally improved, coupled with the huge 1m attraction of the potential market in China, the total amount of FDI will increase by a large margin, and the sources of foreign investment will be further diversified.6 China will gradually abolish the restrictions on foreign enterprises in all aspects, and give them national treatment, which will be conducive to the provision of better and cheaper services to consumers. It will be conducive to a fairer and more reasonable settlement of trade disputes. Since China is not yet a party to the WTO, China's exports are often subject to discriminatory treatment. It is conducive to stimulating the sense of competition among Chinese enterprises. After joining the WTO, the pressure of competition will prompt state-owned enterprises to speed up the adjustment of their economic and product structures, and accelerate the process of restructuring, reorganization, unification and merger. As the prices of imported raw materials drop, it will help reduce the production costs of certain enterprises and improve their competitiveness. ● It will be conducive to technological progress. China is a t x developing 4 countries, the urgent 3 need for foreign advanced technology. Of course, the above does not mean that China does not need to pay any price for its accession to the RWTO, which is only beneficial but not detrimental. There is no free lunch under the sky. After joining the fWTO, China's economy will be more closely integrated into the world economy, the dependence of China's products on the international market will increase, and the dependence of China's fixed capital investment on the international capital market will also increase. As more multinational corporations enter China, as foreign investment and foreign-funded enterprises rise further in China's national economy, and as China's macroeconomic policies and management must conform to the multilateral agreements and rules of the WTO, it will be more difficult for the country to exercise macroeconomic control. The freer and cheaper entry of foreign products into the Chinese market will certainly have a certain impact on certain industries, such as the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, the machinery industry, the automobile industry, certain electronic industries, and the communications equipment manufacturing industry. The strengthening of the protection of intellectual property rights will also make it difficult for enterprises that have been infringing on intellectual property rights for a long period of time or that lack the ability to innovate, brand names, and imitations to survive. The liberalization of the services market is an important obligation of China's accession to the FWTO. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) requires parties to implement unconditional most-favored-nation treatment and national treatment for trade in services, and the service industry will face strong challenges from foreign counterparts, and will not have to give up a certain market share, which will lead to the problem of "fertilizer flowing into the fields of outsiders". The opening of the agricultural market, imports of agricultural products will gradually increase, exerting a certain pressure on the development of China's agriculture. China has been working hard for b52 years to regain its GATT status and join the WTO. "Black hair has become j white hair." To this end, China has made huge concessions, not only in the areas mentioned above, but also in the area of other services China's participation in the WTO is undoubtedly as a developing country, and it is based on the principle of balancing the rights and obligations of China. China has two certainties: one is that in terms of market access, it will continue to implement the progressive market liberalization model; the other is that it will not make more concessions in the future. However, after China's accession to the WTO, imports of automobiles, electronic products and certain high-grade consumer goods will increase, which will put pressure on domestic producers of related products. With a huge market and a material foundation formed by 20 years of reform and liberalization, China can withstand the impact to a considerable extent and develop new competitiveness after a period of adjustment and adaptation. Accession to the WTO is in the interest of China's reform and liberalization, and the Chinese government is sincere. In terms of compliance with international practices and regulations, China has signed the Uruguay Agreement,1 which fully reflects China's sincerity in fully complying with the prevailing international practices and rules. In terms of market liberalization, China's tariffs have been cut by more than 10% since 52502, and China has pledged to reduce the total tariff level to 54% by 2000. But it is by no means clear that China 5 is begging to join the DWTO, and that without it, China 3 is doing just as well. Without multilateral trade, China can still develop bilateral trade with other countries in the world. Moreover, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) of China 8 and the soon-to-be-established Macao Special Administrative Region (MSAR)v have irreplaceable positions in the WTO, which is in fact unable to cope with China 0's influence. Just as the famous Song Dynasty poet Z Xin Qiji wrote: "The green hills cannot be covered by the green mountains, after all, the eastward flow goes", the pros and cons are many and varied, but the trend is still 8 still unstoppable. The WTO's view is essentially that of the WTO itself: together they are good for both sides, apart they are bad for each other," he said. "I'm not sure if the WTO is going to be able to do that," he said.