I'll have to look for Compulsory I again. Forgot where I put it.
Geography Compulsory 2 Class Notes Organized (Memorized Version)
Chapter 1 Changes in Population
1. (1) The natural growth of a population is determined by the birth rate and the death rate.
(2) Population growth accelerated significantly after the Industrial Revolution Reason: the development of productive forces, the fastest growth rate in the last hundred years, especially in the last fifty years.
(3) At present, the population of developed countries is growing slowly, Russia, Germany, Japan and other countries have also seen a decline in population. After World War II, the population of developing countries grew rapidly because of political independence, the development of the national economy, the progress of medical and health care, so that the population mortality rate declined, and after the 1970s, many developing countries have taken measures to control the population, the world's population growth has slowed down.
(4) changes in the type of population growth patterns at different stages primitive (high high low) - traditional (high low high) - modern (low low low). Now, Europe and North America, represented by the developed regions have entered the modern type, most of the developing countries belong to the traditional type, the world's population growth pattern is in the transition stage from the traditional type to the modern type. However, our country has entered the modern type. (Refer to textbook P6 Figure 1.6)
2, (1) international population migration: before the 19th century, the general characteristics of migration is to group, large numbers of immigrants; after the Second World War, the new feature is the flow of population from the developing countries to the developed countries, the reduction of settled immigrants, and the increase of short-term mobility of the population.
(2) China's population migration: from the founding of new China to the mid-80s, domestic population migration is mainly planned and organized. The main direction was to move from the east to the northwest, northeast and interior.
After the mid-80s, population movement was mainly spontaneous migration of people in pursuit of a better life. The main direction is to move from the poorer areas to the developed areas, the emergence of the "wave of migrant workers".
(3) In ancient times, population movements were mainly caused by factors such as war and natural disasters.
3. Factors affecting the population capacity of the environment include resources, the level of scientific and technological development, and the population's living and cultural consumption level. (Their relationship with the environmental population capacity is positive, positive, and negative.)
The environmental population capacity is the maximum value and the reasonable population capacity is the reasonable value.
4, the impact of population migration on the inward and outward places [Understanding Memory]
To the outward place of population migration: the good effects are to reduce the population density of the outward place, to ease the pressure of population on the environment
The bad effects are the loss of talents and labor force.
To the place of population relocation: the good effects include the inflow of talents and the provision of cheap labor, which is conducive to economic development
The bad effects include the increase of population density and the increase of population pressure on the environment.
Chapter 2: Cities and Urbanization
1. (1) China's Chengdu and Hefei have a cluster-like urban form, Lanzhou and Luoyang have a strip-like form, and Chongqing has a cluster-like form.
(2) The general functional areas in a city are residential, commercial and industrial areas.
(3) The functional area with the most extensive land use pattern is the residential area, which generally occupies 40%~60% of the urban space
The high-level residential area is mostly built in the outer edge of the city, where there is a beautiful environment and supporting public **** facilities.
(4) commercial areas are mostly distributed in the city center, on both sides of the traffic arteries or corner intersections, mainly point or line distribution. Some large cities and megacities also form the central business district, it is not only the center of commercial activities or service centers.
(5) Industrial production has a large number of transportation requirements, should seek to close to the convenient traffic zone.
(6) The shape of the urban territorial structure has a concentric circle pattern, fan-shaped pattern, multi-core pattern.
(7) in a competitive market environment, every inch of land for that kind of activity depends mainly on the various activities are willing to pay the rent, and the factors affecting the rent are mainly the degree of accessibility and proximity to the city center. (Refer to the textbook P23 figure 2.8)
2, the city can develop to a certain size or reach a certain level, and the city is located in the geographical location is closely related.
Cities of different grades provide different services: for example, small cities provide fewer types of services, lower grades, and smaller scopes.
The higher the grade, the fewer the number of cities and the greater the distance. (Refer to Figure 2.13 in Textbook P28)
3. (1) The pull and push forces of urbanization development are generated by the uneven development of productive forces.
An important indicator of the level of urbanization is the proportion of urban population.
Urbanization as a global phenomenon occurred mainly after the Industrial Revolution.
(2) The curve of the level of urbanization of each country over time is in the form of an "S" shape that has been slightly flattened (refer to Figure 2.20 in P33 of the textbook)
Initial Stage (25%-30% or less): the level of urbanization is low, and the development is slow.
Accelerated stage: urbanization advances rapidly, urban environmental problems are serious, and suburban urbanization occurs.
Late stage (60% to 70% or more): high level of urbanization, slow growth of the proportion of urban population, and in some areas there is a phenomenon of reverse urbanization.
Most of the developed countries have entered the late stage of maturity, and most of the developing countries are in the early and middle stages.
Reasonable urbanization can improve the environment, but too rapid urbanization will make the quality of urban environment decline, and even environmental pollution and other problems.
Chapter 3: The Formation and Development of Agricultural Territory
1, (1) the essence of agricultural location selection is the rational use of agricultural land, rice production is distributed in the monsoon zone, excluding the Mediterranean climate zone illustrates the impact of climate on agricultural location. Jiangxi Taihe County, Jiangxi Province, a thousand Yanzhou three-dimensional agriculture explains the topography, soil on the impact of agriculture. Since the reform and opening up, China's coastal "rice paddies - sugar cane land - fishponds - flowers" change shows the impact of the market and policy on agricultural location.
(2) The formation of agricultural territory is the result of the development of agriculture according to local conditions and the rational use of agricultural land.
(3) Mixed agriculture in Australia: distributed in the southeast and southwest of the country, the southeast is known as the Murray-Darling Basin. The country is the world's main supplier of wheat market, but also the world's major source of livestock products, the world's largest wool producer-exporter.
2, (1) monsoon paddy field agriculture: the plantation crop is mainly rice, is a labor-intensive agriculture, the main distribution areas of East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia. Location conditions: monsoon area rain and heat at the same time, flat terrain, rich labor force, per capita arable land, food demand, rice yields. Characteristics: small farmers, high yields, low commodity rate, low level of mechanization and technology, water conservancy projects. (Refer to Figure 3.10 in Textbook P47)
(2) Commodity grain agriculture: a market-oriented type of agricultural geography. Crops are mainly wheat and corn. Mainly in the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, Russia, Ukraine and other countries, these countries are generally family-run. China's northeast and northwest also have this type of agriculture, the farm is generally state-run.
The United States is the world's largest producer of commercial grains, mainly distributed in the central plains. (Refer to Figure 3.14 in P50 of the textbook.)
Location conditions: superior natural conditions (flat and open terrain, fertile soil, mild climate, abundant precipitation); convenient transportation; broad markets; sparsely populated; high level of mechanization; advanced agricultural science and technology.
Characteristics: large-scale production; high level of mechanization and science and technology; high rate of commodities.
3, (1) large pasture grazing industry: is a market-oriented agricultural geographical type. Mainly distributed in the United States, Argentina (cattle-based) and Australia, New Zealand, South Africa (sheep-based) and other countries in the arid and semi-arid climate zone. Has a large scale of production, high degree of specialization.
Argentina Pampas grassland ranching. (Refer to Figure 3.15 in textbook P51.)
Location conditions: mild climate, lush grasses; sparsely populated, low land rent; close to the seaport.
Other efforts: improving transportation, planting fodder, opening up water sources, designating areas for rotational grazing, and cultivating good cattle breeds.
(2) Dairy Livestock Industry: commercialized and intensive agricultural territorial type oriented to the urban market with the development of the city. Production object is mainly dairy cattle, the product is mainly milk and its products. Dairy livestock industry is mainly distributed in the Great Lakes region of North America, Western Europe, Central Europe, Australia, New Zealand and other places.
Features: high degree of mechanization, high commodity rate, more distributed around large cities.
Western Europe, the formation of dairy livestock industry factors: ① natural factors: a vast plains and cool temperate maritime climate, conducive to the growth of succulent pasture. ② socio-economic factors: Europeans to dairy livestock products as a staple food, high demand.
Chapter IV The Formation and Development of Industrial Territories
1, (1) the following kinds of industries according to the dominant factors will be filled in the serial number of the corresponding oriented industry:
A. furniture manufacturing B. brewery C. sugar industry D. canning factories E. non-ferrous metallurgy
F. electronic assembly plants G aircraft manufacturing H integrated circuit industry I general clothing
Raw material oriented C , D. Market oriented A, B. Power oriented E. Cheap labor oriented F, I. Technology oriented G, H.
(2) Anshan Iron and Steel location choice consideration of the leading factors Close to the origin of raw materials and fuels, Baosteel consideration of the leading factors close to the consumer market, convenient transportation. (Refer to Figure 4.3 in textbook P59.)
This change shows that due to the development of science and technology and transportation, some raw material-oriented industries have reduced their dependence on raw materials and power. Three changes in the choice of industrial location for iron and steel: coal - iron ore - coastal.
(3) Location choice of heavily polluting industries.
Industries polluting the atmosphere: layout in the direction downwind of the perennial prevailing winds, avoiding the direction of the winter and summer monsoon winds blowing against.
Industries polluting water sources: Layout in the downstream of rivers, with sewage discharge outlets far away from water sources and the upstream of rivers.
Solid waste polluting industries: far away from farmland and residential areas.
2. (1) The benefits of industrial agglomeration are to enhance communication and collaboration among enterprises, reduce production costs and achieve economies of scale. The industrial territories formed by large-scale industries often develop into industrial cities, such as China's famous oil city Daqing, steel city Anshan, automobile city Shiyan.
Spontaneous formation of industrial territories tend to exist in the production process on the link, the planning of the formation of industrial territories can have a production process or spatial connection.
(2) The purpose of industrial decentralization is to give full play to the locational advantages of different places.
3. (1) Traditional industrial zones, such as the Ruhr Industrial Zone in Germany, the Midlands Industrial Zone in the United Kingdom, the Northeast Industrial Zone in the United States, and the Liao-Zhong-South Industrial Zone in China, are generally based on rich coal and iron resources, and are dominated by traditional industries such as coal, iron and steel, machinery, chemicals, and textiles, and are centered on large industrial enterprises.
(2) Ruhr Area (refer to Figure 4.9 in textbook P65)
Location conditions: rich, high-quality coal resources, close to iron ore mines, convenient water and land transportation, vast markets, and sufficient water.
Causes of decline: the impact of the new technological revolution, the decline in the status of coal energy, the world's relative surplus of iron and steel, and the growing problems brought about by the agglomeration of heavy chemical industries.
Comprehensive remedial measures: adjust the industrial structure, adjust the industrial layout, the development of tertiary industry, optimize the environment.
(3) new industrial zones, appearing in some developed countries without the traditional industrial base of the countryside, with flexible and versatile small and medium-sized enterprises. Such as northeastern and central Italy, southern Germany, and the United States "Silicon Valley" and so on.
(4) Italy's new industrial zones to small and medium-sized enterprises gathered in industrial districts as a unique mode of development, mainly light industry. Sassuolo has tile production as its backbone enterprise. (Refer to Figure 4.18 in Textbook P69)
(5) Silicon Valley's is dominated by the microelectronics industry, which is the core of high-tech industry.
Several innovations in Silicon Valley: semiconductors in the 1970s, personal computers in the 1980s, and the Internet in the 1990s.
The location advantages of the rapid development of Silicon Valley geographically advantageous location, beautiful environment; pleasant climate (Mediterranean climate); convenient transportation; the world's talent highland; market stability (military order); innovative environment and innovative culture. (Refer to Figure 4.19 in P71 of the textbook)
Chapter 5 Transportation Layout and Its Impact
1. (1) Transportation modes are developing in the direction of high-speed, large-scale, and specialization.
(2) The starting and ending cities of the South Kunming Railway are Nanning and Kunming. The eastern section is close to the aluminum and coal mines in Guangxi, as well as the petroleum development zone, and the middle section is close to the coal mines and the famous karst landscape scenery in southwestern Guizhou. (Refer to Figure 5.4 in textbook P81)
Location conditions: (economic) the southwest inland, which is rich in resources but has no access to the sea, is linked with South China, so that the resource advantage is combined with location factors; (social) through the areas of China with a large number of poor people, including more than ten ethnic minorities; (nature and technology) along the way the terrain is very undulating and geologically complex, and must rely on science and technology.
2, (1) the layout of transportation affects the spatial pattern of settlements, such as Zhuzhou City, the city along the railroad development, Japan's Tsukuba Science City is a narrow north-south band; Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, the city form, with the development of waterways and land transportation; China's late Qing Dynasty, the Grand Canal silted up, coupled with other modes of transportation, so that the development of the canal city slow.
(2) The layout of transportation affects commercial outlets.
Commercial network density: the density of commercial outlets in mountainous areas is less than the plains.
Commercial outlets location: many commercial outlets to the principle of optimal transportation, built in the urban ring road edge or along the highway.
Chapter 6: Coordinated Development of Humanity and the Geographic Environment
1. (1) Environmental Problems:
Ecological Damage, Resource Shortage: Humans are asking for resources from the environment faster than they can be renewed.
Environmental pollution: human emissions of waste into the environment exceed the environment's self-purification capacity.
The occurrence of the environment and the unilateral pursuit of economic growth mode of development, the developed countries have gone through the "pollution before treatment" road lessons are painful.
(2) the performance of environmental problems:
The main manifestation of urban environmental pollution, the main manifestation of rural ecological damage.
The environmental problems of developed countries are mainly reflected in the environmental impact of excessive consumption of resources. Developing countries environment bearer development and population of the double pressure, developed countries will also be part of the serious pollution of the industrial transfer to developing countries, making the environmental problems of developing countries more serious.
2. Sustainable development:
Concept: development that meets the needs of the present without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Connotation: ecologically sustainable development (foundation), economically sustainable development (conditions), socially sustainable development (purpose), which are interconnected, mutually constraining, and *** with each other to form a system.
Principle: the principle of fairness, the principle of continuity, the principle of ****similarity.
3. (1) Reasons for China to take the road of sustainability: large population base and rapid growth; relative scarcity of natural resources and low utilization rate; serious environmental problems.
Typical ecological and environmental problems in China:
Loess Plateau: soil erosion, Northwest China: desertification, the main distribution area of acid rain in the south of China, the shortage of water resources in North China.
(2) Circular economy is an important way to implement the strategy of sustainable development in China. In the industrial and agricultural economic restructuring, the realization of the basic path of the circular economy, respectively, cleaner production, eco-agriculture.
The biggest difference between cleaner production and the traditional economy is the evaluation of the impact of products on the environment from the whole process. The traditional economy only emphasizes the end of the treatment.
Cleaner production brings environmental benefits: the realization of the sustainable use of resources, reducing the source of industrial pollution. Economic benefits: can make a big difference in technological transformation and industrial restructuring.