Fire safety tips
One, is the LPG cooker can not be placed in bedrooms, offices, balconies or warehouses, auditoriums, and other public **** places, in order to prevent leakage of gas fire.
Two, is the correct grasp of the use of the switch, to fire and other gas, do not gas and other fire, remember to turn off the valve, switch, the valve is bad to be replaced in a timely manner. Do not let children use the stove or play with the switch.
Three, is the use of liquefied petroleum gas, to be supervised, not far away, pay attention to adjust the size of the flame at any time, to prevent the soup overflow out of the flame or the wind blowing out the flame, caused by running gas.
Four, is the liquefied petroleum gas tank should be upright, can not be placed upside down, and can not be soaked with boiling water or fire.
V. Is that if you find a gas leak, you should immediately take measures: open the doors and windows, fan fan, in order to ventilate the air (but can not be blown with an electric fan), and then look for leakage parts.
Basic knowledge of fire extinguishing
(1) isolation method: this is a method of eliminating combustible materials.
(2) asphyxiation method: to prevent the flow of air into the combustion zone, reduce the amount of oxygen in the air, so that the source of the fire does not get enough oxygen and extinguished.
(3) cooling method: water or other extinguishing agent sprayed onto the burning material, the temperature of the burning material will be reduced to below the ignition point, forcing the material combustion to stop; or water and extinguishing agent sprayed onto the combustible material near the source of the fire, reducing the temperature of the combustible material to avoid the expansion of the fire.
(4) suppression method.
The distinction between the sea and the ocean
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The vast ocean, from azure blue to turquoise, is beautiful and spectacular. Ocean, ocean. People always say this, but so many people don't realize that the sea and the ocean are not exactly the same thing; they are not the same as each other. So how are they different and how are they related?
Ocean, the central part of the ocean, is the main body of the ocean. The total area of the world's oceans, accounting for about 89% of the ocean area. The depth of the ocean, generally more than 3,000 meters, the deepest up to more than 10,000 meters. The ocean is remote from land and is not affected by land. Its water temperature and salinity do not vary much. Each ocean has its own unique system of currents and tides. The water of the oceans is blue in color, with great transparency and few impurities in the water. There are four in the world***, namely the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Arctic Ocean.
The sea, at the edge of the ocean, is a subsidiary part of the ocean. The area of the sea accounts for about 11% of the ocean, the sea is relatively shallow, the average depth from a few meters to two or three thousand meters. The sea is close to the continent, affected by the continent, rivers, climate and seasons, the temperature, salinity, color and transparency of the sea water, are affected by the land, there are obvious changes. In summer, the sea water warms up, and in winter the water temperature decreases; in some seas, the sea water also freezes. In places where large rivers enter the sea, or in rainy seasons, the sea water will become lighter. Due to the influence of the land, the river entrained sediment into the sea, the near-shore sea water is turbid and the transparency of the sea water is poor. The sea does not have its own independent tides and currents. The sea can be divided into marginal sea, inland sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The edge of the sea is both the edge of the ocean, but also close to the continental front; this type of sea and the ocean connection is extensive, generally by a group of islands to separate it from the ocean. China's East China Sea, the South China Sea is the edge of the Pacific Ocean. Inland sea, that is, located in the continental interior of the sea, such as the Baltic Sea in Europe. The Mediterranean Sea is a sea between several continents, the depth of water is generally deeper than the inland sea. The world's major sea close to 50. The Pacific Ocean has the most, the Atlantic Ocean is next, and the Indian and Arctic Oceans are about the same.
Formation of the oceans
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How are the oceans formed? Where does ocean water come from?
To this question science cannot at present give a final answer, and this is because they are connected with another question of a universal character, equally imperfectly solved, of the origin of the solar system.
Nowadays research proves that about five billion years ago, a number of large and small nebulae were separated from the solar nebula. They rotated around the Sun while spinning on their own. In the process of movement, they collided with each other, and some clumps combined with each other, and gradually became the original Earth from small to large. In the process of collision of nebulae and clumps, under the action of gravity, the sharp contraction, coupled with the internal radioactive elements metamorphosis, so that the primitive Earth is constantly being heated to increase the temperature; when the internal temperature reaches a high enough temperature, the material in the ground, including iron, nickel and so on, began to melt. Under the action of gravity, the heavy sinking and tend to the center of the earth to concentrate, the formation of the earth's core; light upward, the formation of the earth's crust and mantle. At high temperatures, the moisture inside vaporizes and rushes out with the gases, soaring into the air. But because of the gravitational pull of the Earth's core, they don't run away, only around the Earth, becoming a circle of gas and water.
The layer of crust located on the surface of the earth, in the process of cooling and condensation, is constantly subjected to the impact and extrusion of the earth's internal violent movement, and thus become wrinkled, and sometimes squeezed through, forming earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, spewing out magma and hot gas. At first, this happened frequently, but later it became less frequent and slowly stabilized. This process of dividing light and heavy matter, producing great upheaval and reorganization, was probably completed about 4.5 billion years ago.
After the earth's crust was cooled and shaped, the earth was like a long-playing and air-dried apple, with a wrinkled and uneven surface. Mountains, plains, riverbeds, sea basins, all kinds of terrain are now available.
For a long period of time, water and atmosphere **** existed as one in the sky; dense clouds. The sky is dark, as the crust of the earth gradually cools, the temperature of the atmosphere is slowly reduced, the water and gas to dust and volcanic ash as condensation nuclei, into water droplets, the more and more accumulated. Due to the uneven cooling, the air convection was intense, forming thunder and lightning winds, torrential rain and turbidity, the rain became heavier and heavier, and continued to fall for a long, long time. The torrential flood, through thousands of rivers and ravines, gathered into a huge body of water, which was the primordial ocean.
The primitive ocean, the sea water is not salty, but with acidic, and oxygen-deficient. Moisture constantly evaporate, repeated terrain clouds to rain, and then fall back to the ground, the land and the seabed rocks in the salt dissolved, and constantly pooled in the sea water. After hundreds of millions of years of accumulation and fusion, only to become a largely uniform salt water. At the same time, because there was no oxygen in the atmosphere at that time, there was no ozone layer, and ultraviolet rays could reach the ground directly, relying on the protection of seawater, organisms were first born in the ocean. About 3.8 billion years ago, i.e., organic matter was produced in the ocean, and lowly single-celled organisms came first. In the Paleozoic Era, 600 million years ago, there were algae that photosynthesized in sunlight and produced oxygen, which slowly accumulated as a result of the formation of the ozone layer. It was at this point that organisms began to make their way onto land.
In short, through the gradual increase in water volume and salinity, and the vicissitudes of geological history, the primitive oceans gradually evolved into today's oceans.
Salinity of seawater
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The salinity of seawater varies from place to place, averaging about three and a half percent. The most common of these inorganic salts dissolved in seawater is sodium chloride, the daily table salt.
Some of the salt comes from volcanoes on the ocean floor, but most of it comes from rocks in the Earth's crust. The rocks are weathered and disintegrated, releasing the salts, which are then carried to the sea by rivers. In the cycle of vaporizing seawater and then condensing it back into water, the salt stays behind as the seawater evaporates and gradually builds up to its current concentration.
The oceans contain so much salt that they can lay down a salt layer about 500 feet thick on land around the globe.
Waves
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Waves constantly roll across the ocean, sometimes flat as a mirror, sometimes huge. Except for those caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, waves are mostly caused by winds blowing across the sea, and waves stirred up by distant storms may move for hundreds of miles before reaching shore.
The height between the crest of a wave and the bottom of a trough is usually no more than 10 feet. But in storms, waves can be incredibly high; in 1933, the largest wave recorded in the Pacific reached 112 feet.
Continental shelves
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A few land masses, like volcanic islands, have edges that drop steeply into the sea. But around the continents, most are shelf-shaped land masses covered with shallow sea water, and are extensions of the continents called continental shelves. The continental shelf usually slopes downward to about 650 feet below the surface of the ocean and then drops steeply to the sea floor. The steep sides of the shelf are called continental slopes. Most continental shelves extend to about 50 miles offshore; some are much narrower; however, the continental shelf off the northern coast of Siberia is 800 miles wide and extends well into the Arctic Sea. Much of the world's fishing comes from the rich waters of the continental shelves, and nations claim sovereignty over the continental shelves off their coasts, appropriating for themselves the oil, minerals, and other goods found there.
Islands
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If the number of islands published in the map books of the countries of the world is counted, the claim that there are about 100,000 islands in the world has some basis. However, the world's statistical calculation of the standard, the method is not exactly the same: some of the more than 10 square meters, or more than 100 square meters of the reef even as islands; some 500 square meters, or even more than 1 square kilometers of the ocean in a small piece of land before counting islands. Obviously, the standard method is different, the number of statistics is also different. For example, Indonesia, which is the world's largest number of islands, the Indonesian government department statistics for more than 13,000, while the Indonesian Navy statistics for 17,000. The difference in the number of islands counted by different departments of a country is about 4,000.
The area of the world's islands*** is about 9.77 million square kilometers, accounting for 1/15 of the total land area.
Rich marine biological resources
With the increase in population and industrial development, the per capita area of arable land is gradually shrinking. The whole world is concerned about how the earth to feed the problem of human beings, its focus can not be limited to the further development of land-based agriculture and animal husbandry, but also to actively develop and utilize the vast oceans. The ocean is rich in biological resources, not only can establish sea farms for seawater farming, but also many other uses to be developed.
Sea farms Sea farms and animal husbandry plants have been emphasized by various countries since the 1980s. Japan's earliest proposal to build sea farms, in 1980 began to implement a nine-year "marine take-off plan", vigorously develop the seawater aquaculture industry, at the end of the 80's aquaculture production of more than 2 million tons, ranking first in the world. In the 1980s, the United States also invested more than 1 billion dollars to establish a 100,000-acre marine farm and ranch. Although the former Soviet Union was mainly engaged in offshore fishing, it did not relax its marine aquaculture industry. It put sturgeon larvae in the Caspian Sea and the Sea of Azov, and then caught them when they grew up, and it also set up oyster and scallop farms along the coasts of the Far East. Other countries also started to develop mariculture during this period. China has also recently paid attention to the implementation of marine aquaculture, and has become the world's largest shrimp farming countries.
Since the 80's, the world's marine aquaculture production has been growing at a rate of 10% per year, and by the end of the 80's, aquaculture production was estimated to have exceeded 8 million tons. But from the entire marine fisheries, the proportion of the world's marine aquaculture is still relatively small, less than 10%, so there is still a huge potential to be developed.
Nowadays, many high technologies are being used for the improvement of fish species. For example, the use of genetic engineering technology to cultivate and improve fish, shrimp, shellfish and algae seedlings and young, so that their growth is fast, strong vitality, good meat quality.
In 1984, the United States through genetic recombination technology, shellfish, abalone breeding yield increased by 25%. According to the growth hormone of several kinds of fishes, gene isolation and transfer experiments were carried out, and the growth hormone gene of rainbow trout was successfully transferred to catfish in 1986, which shortened the breeding cycle of catfish by more than half. In 1986, the growth hormone gene of rainbow trout was successfully transferred to catfish, which shortened the breeding cycle of catfish by more than half. The antifreeze gene was isolated from Antarctic fish and transferred to Atlantic salmon, which increased the cold-resistant ability of salmon and expanded its breeding area. Research on sex control in fish using cell engineering has produced all-female salmon and shrimp, and all-male tilapia, which is of great significance for large-scale artificial breeding. Research is also underway on controlling genes so that a certain type of fish with migratory habits can respond to sound waves and light for scientific management.
In addition to breed improvement, high technology is also being used to build marine farms. One example is the creation of artificial reefs. It is a way of creating a comfortable home for fish to attract more of them to live and reproduce there. Artificial reefs are made by piling rocks, cement blocks, used vehicles, used tires, and so on, on the bottom of the sea in various ways to create an environment preferred by marine organisms, to which microscopic marine organisms and seaweeds will attach, providing abundant bait for fish. In addition, the artificial reefs protruding from the seabed will cause seawater to flow from the bottom to the top, bringing up the nutrient-rich seawater from the seabed to increase its fertilizer, in order to attract the arrival of fish.
It is estimated that, without upsetting the balance, the oceans can provide 3 billion tons of aquatic products to mankind each year, or an average of 476 kilograms per person per year, or 39 kilograms per month, based on a global population of 6.3 billion people in the year 2000. In terms of protein production alone, the oceans can produce about 400 million tons of protein annually, which is about seven times the amount of protein currently required by mankind. From this we can see what a great role the oceans can play in solving the food problem of mankind. Of course, this goal cannot be achieved overnight.
The world's four oceans
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The earth's land is widely spread in all directions, separated from each other, while the sea water is all over the place, connected to a whole, this continuous body of water constitutes the world's oceans. The world's oceans are the main body of the ocean, and around it is attached to the sea **** with the composition. There are four major oceans in the world***: the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Arctic Ocean. There are as many as 54 major seas***, such as the Mediterranean Sea, the Caribbean Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Red Sea, the South China Sea and so on. Now, let's make a tour of the world's four oceans!
Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the world's oceans in the widest area, the greatest depth, the edge of the sea and the largest number of islands in the ocean. According to more information, it was first discovered and named by the Spanish explorer Basco, and the word "Pacific" means "peace". 16th century, the Spanish navigator Magellan entered the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic Ocean through the Strait of Magellan and arrived at the Philippines, sailing in the During the voyage, the weather was sunny and calm, so the sea also coincidentally named the "Pacific Ocean". The Pacific Ocean is located between Asia, Oceania, the Americas and Antarctica, and is connected to the Arctic Ocean by the Bering Sea Strait at its northern end, and to Antarctica at its southern end, where it is connected to the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean to form a body of water surrounding the Antarctic continent. The maximum length of the Pacific Ocean from north to south is about 15,900 kilometers, and the maximum width from east to west is about 20,990 kilometers. The total area of 178.68 million square kilometers, accounting for one-third of the Earth's surface area, is one-half of the world's ocean area. The average depth is 3957 meters and the maximum depth is 11034 meters. There are six sea trenches over 10,000 meters in the world all concentrated in the Pacific Ocean. The seawater capacity of the Pacific Ocean is 707.1 million cubic kilometers, ranking first in the world's oceans. The Pacific Ocean is rich in resources, especially fisheries and mineral resources. Its catch, as well as polymetallic nodule reserves and grade are among the world's largest oceans.
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the world's second largest ocean. Located between North and South America and Europe, Africa, Antarctica, the north-south direction, like "s" shaped oceanic belt. North-south length of about 15,000 kilometers, east and west narrow, its maximum width of 2,800 kilometers. The total area is about 91.66 million square kilometers, a little more than half the area of the Pacific Ocean. The average depth is 3,626 meters and the deepest point reaches 9,219 meters at the Puerto Rico Trench. The ocean is rich in marine resources and teeming with fish, with catches accounting for more than a fifth of the world's catch. The Atlantic Ocean's maritime transportation is particularly developed, east and west respectively through the Suez Canal and Panama Canal to communicate the Indian and Pacific Oceans, its cargo volume accounts for about more than two-thirds of the world's total cargo.
Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the world's third largest ocean. It is located between Asia, Oceania, Africa and Antarctica. Area of about 76.17 million square kilometers, the average depth of 3397 meters, the maximum depth of the Java Trench up to 7450 meters. There is a roughly north-south oriented ridge in the middle of the ocean floor. Most of them are in the tropics, and the average temperature of the water surface is 20℃ to 27℃. Its edge of the Red Sea is the world's highest salt content of the sea.
Marine resources to oil is the most abundant, the Persian Gulf is the world's largest undersea oil producing areas. The Indian Ocean is the world's earliest center of navigation, its shipping lanes are the world's first to be discovered and developed, is an important channel connecting Africa, Asia and Oceania. Ocean freight accounted for about 10% of the world's more than, including oil transportation in the first place.
The Arctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean is located in the northernmost part of the earth, roughly this North Pole as the center, between Asia, Europe and the north coast of North America, is the smallest of the four oceans in terms of area and volume, and the shallowest depth of the ocean. The area is about 14.79 million square kilometers, accounting for only 3.6% of the world's oceans; the volume is 16.98 million cubic kilometers, accounting for only 1.2% of the world's oceans; the average depth is 1,300 meters, only one-third of the world's oceans, and the maximum depth is only 5,449 meters. The Arctic Ocean is the lowest temperature of the four major oceans in the frigid ocean, year-round snow, thousands of miles of ice, solid ice covering the surface of the ocean is 3 to 4 meters thick. Whenever the seawater here to the south into the Atlantic Ocean, at any time everywhere can be seen a cluster of huge icebergs floating with the waves, by the flow and go, like some terrible monster, to the human shipping business has brought a certain threat. Moreover, there are two major wonders in the Arctic Ocean. The first big wonder: is there almost half of the year, continuous darkness, just like a long night hard to see the sun; and the other half of the day, is mostly sunny, only day and no night. Because of this, the Arctic Ocean on a day and night, as if a day rather than a year. In addition, in the ocean, often see the aurora borealis phenomenon in the Arctic sky, erratic, ever-changing, colorful, very beautiful. This is the second largest spectacle in the Arctic Ocean.
Oceans - mineral resources of the pot of gold
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Oceans are mineral resources of the pot of gold. After the "international 10-year ocean exploration phase" in the 1970s, mankind has further deepened its understanding of the types, distribution and reserves of marine mineral resources.
Oil and gas fields
The modernization of human economy and life has led to an increasing demand for oil. In contemporary times, oil plays the first place in energy. However, because of the relatively easy to exploit some of the large oil fields on land, some have been exhausted, some on the verge of depletion. For this reason, in the past 20 to 30 years, many countries in the world are spending a lot of effort to develop the marine oil industry.
Detection results show that the world's oil resources reserves of 1,000 billion tons, exploitable amount of about 300 billion tons, of which the seabed reserves of 130 billion tons.
China has a shallow continental shelf of nearly 2 million square kilometers. Through the seabed oil field geological survey, has discovered the Bohai Sea, the South Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, the mouth of the Pearl River, the Gulf of Tonkin, Yingge Sea, and Taiwan's shoals and other seven large basins. Among them, the East China Sea seabed reserves of the rich, comparable to Europe's North Sea oil fields.
The Pinghu oil and gas field in the East China Sea is the first medium-sized oil and gas field discovered in China's East China Sea, located 420 kilometers southeast of Shanghai. It is a medium-sized oil and gas field dominated by natural gas and is 2,000 to 3,000 meters deep. According to the estimation of relevant experts, the natural gas reserves are 26 billion cubic meters, 4.74 million tons of condensate and 8.74 million tons of light crude oil.
Rare manganese nodules
Manganese nodules are a source of rare metals on the seabed. It was first discovered in the Atlantic Ocean by a British oceanographic survey ship in 1973. But the world's formal and organized investigation of manganese nodules began in 1958. The survey showed that manganese nodules are widely distributed on the bottom of the deep sea at a depth of 4,000 to 5,000 meters. They represent the largest metallic mineral resource available for the future. Intriguingly, manganese nodules are a biogenic mineral. It is growing at a rate of about 10 million tons per year and is an inexhaustible mineral.
The total reserves of manganese nodules in the world's oceans are about 3 trillion tons, including 400 billion tons of manganese, 8.8 billion tons of copper, 16.4 billion tons of nickel and 4.8 billion tons of cobalt, which are tens of times or even thousands of times more than the land reserves. Estimated at today's consumption level, this manganese can be used by the world for 33,000 years, nickel for 253,000 years, cobalt for 21,500 years and copper for 980 years.
Currently, with more in-depth exploration and survey of manganese nodules and more mature technology, it is expected that by the 21st century, it can enter the stage of commercial development and formally form a deep-sea mining industry.
Seafloor hydrothermal deposits
In the mid-1960s, the United States oceanographic survey ship in the Red Sea first discovered deep-sea hydrothermal deposits. Later, a number of countries discovered more than three dozen such deposits in other oceans.
Hydrothermal deposits, also known as "heavy metal mud", is by the ridge (undersea mountain) fissure out of the high-temperature lava, through the seawater washing, precipitation, accumulation of and can be like a plant, a few centimeters per week, the speed of rapid growth. It contains gold, copper, zinc and other dozens of rare and precious metals, and gold, zinc and other metals of very high grade, so also known as the "seabed gold and silver bank". Interestingly, the heavy metals are colorful, black, white, yellow, blue, red and other colors.
In today's technological conditions, although the seabed hydrothermal deposits can not be immediately mined, but it is a potential power of the seabed resources treasure trove. Once industrial mining can be carried out, then, it will with the seabed oil, deep-sea manganese nodules and seabed sands together, become the 21st century seabed one of the four major types of minerals.
The ocean -- a place that has not been conquered by mankind so far -- accounts for 3/4 of the earth's surface, with a volume of 14 billion cubic kilometers of seawater and an average depth of 3,700 meters. The intricate food web of the ocean supports a great variety of marine life, which is much more complex than any ecosystem on land, from sulfur-eating microorganisms and bacteria living on the crater rims of the ocean floor, to a variety of deep-sea fish, which put out fluorescent light that can illuminate a great distance, attracting a multitude of organisms for them to eat. In some places, there may even be new species of animals to be discovered, called "sea monsters," such as the 20-meter-long quail.
Scientific research tells us that in this underwater world, the potential economic value of the same is inestimable: the energy of the huge whirlpool currents, affecting most parts of the world's meteorological, if you can understand the mechanism of their formation and the law, can predict the occurrence of climatic hazards, avoiding the loss of trillions of dollars of economic losses. The ocean also has a huge commercial exploitation value of nickel, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, etc.; deep-sea bacteria, fish and plants, may become a source of miraculous drugs to protect human health and longevity. It has been estimated that in the next few decades, the benefits to be gained from the oceans will far exceed the current gains from human exploration of space. If people could freely and safely access the ocean floor, the economic benefits would be immediate.
But reaching the ocean floor, like reaching outer space, is impossible for people without special equipment. Common sense tells us that without the help of an oxygen tank, a person cannot dive for long periods of time into water that is less than 3 meters - which is only one-thousandth of the average depth of the ocean! As one continues to dive underwater, the pressure increases. A person's inner ears, lungs and some orifices then feel the pressure, which is agonizing. The low temperature underwater can quickly suck the heat out of the body. It makes it difficult to hold on for 2 to 3 minutes in water below 3 meters.
For all these reasons, contemporary deep-sea expeditions have had to sit on the sidelines waiting for the development of two key technologies: the deep-sea spherical submersible and the deep-diving chain-bolted steel ball deep-diver. Swimmers have always wondered how to get oxygen underwater. For thousands of years, it has been so. Ancient Greek divers got oxygen from gas-filled bottles, and more recent divers use compressed air more often to get into the dive. Usually a person can dive to a depth of 30 meters. Even the most experienced users of underwater breathing apparatus do not dare to risk diving to a depth of less than 45 meters, because of the increase in the pressure of deep diving and the pressure changes in the process of surfacing, resulting in decompression sickness or even death. The use of sealed diving suits can only dive to a depth of 440 meters.
The spherical deep-sea submersible created a depth of 923 meters, but it was very difficult to operate. Later, a very small deep-sea submarine was invented, but it could only be used for scientific research. Advanced deep-sea submarines are equipped with underwater cameras, collection of specimen baskets and operating robotic arms with manual functions. The practice of deep submarines has answered in the affirmative. The United States, France, Japan, Russia and other countries have developed deep-water submarines for different purposes to collect specimens of animals, plants, rocks, water samples and other information from the depths of the sea. This opened up a new era of deep sea exploration. A great deal of information has been obtained about the world of the deep sea, which has changed some of the traditional views of biology, geology and ocean geography. Scientists are looking at the patterns of wind and ocean currents in a new light; El Ni?o in the Pacific Ocean is extremely harmful to commercially valuable fish stocks and induces peculiar changes in the Earth's climate. The instability of ocean circulation could lead to global climate change or the slow disappearance of the now stable climate on Earth.
Scientists have also recognized that the ocean floor is not flat; it is undulating and more complex than our terrestrial topography, with canyons that could fit the Himalayan mountain range. What is even more amazing is that there is a unique, global, 60,000-kilometer-long mountain range at the bottom of the ocean that snakes through the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and Arctic Oceans like a giant snake, which scientists call the "mid-ocean ridge".
Toward the end of the 1970s, when geologists scrutinized the mountains in the middle of the ocean, they became more convinced of the theory of plate tectonics. According to this theory, the surface of the Earth is not a single crust of stone; it is made up of several giant plate tectonics, the smallest of which are thousands of square kilometers, that float above the mantle. The uplifted portion of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge may be where the crust was first created; the new plate tectonics may have been created by the internal camping forces of the crust beneath it before it formed the seafloor. Rock samples taken from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge have proved this. This is striking evidence of the validity of the theory of plate tectonics. The fact that the hot, mineral-rich seawater that is constantly flowing out of the ocean floor turns out to come from the chimney-like peaks on the ocean floor is yet another piece of evidence. It suggests that there is still a tremendous amount of heat underneath the rocks, and that it comes from relatively young substrate formations. Here, there are what are called hydrothermal vents, which have an average depth of 2,225 meters. Marine geologists have scrutinized the hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor. Observations have shown that these vents are actually geysers on the ocean floor, like the "Faithful Spring" in Yellowstone Park in the United States. Hot seawater flows out from the cracks on the ocean floor, and although the temperature is as high as 400 degrees Celsius, it does not boil because the pressure here is too great. The hot water cools down very quickly after being spewed out. The ejected water contains a lot of minerals, including zinc, copper, iron, a mixture of sulfur, and silicon, which collect and fall on the seabed. These build up thicker and thicker, eventually forming chimney-like peaks that look like "black smokers".
The chemical reactions at these hot vents answered questions that had plagued scientists for years. Why did the large amounts of magnesium present in seawater remain relatively stable while its components were constantly being corroded? It is now recognized that the magnesium was stripped from the seawater as hot water flowed over the rocks.
While scientists see these hot vents as chemical laboratories for studying the undersea world, commercially minded entrepreneurs see them as metal smelters because of the enormous variety of valuable metals they can obtain from the earth's interior. Marine geologists have known for a long time that the ocean floor, at depths of 4,300 to 5,200 meters, is layered with manganese nodules. These potato-sized manganese nuclei contain iron, nickel, cobalt, and other metals. Since the 1970s, a number of mining companies have used sophisticated equipment to harvest them.
If the hot vents on the ocean floor are surprising, scientists are even more surprised to learn that there is life around these sulfur-containing geysers! In 1977, scientists found a number of microorganisms in the water of these hot vents, and also a 20-centimeter-long tubular worm. A strange fish with red skin and blue eyes! When this fact was reported on the news, many people at first did not believe it, but this "disbelief" was soon replaced by "curiosity". People naturally asked questions like: If there are real creatures, what do they eat for a living? How do they survive when there is no light at all? Strangely enough, more than 100 years ago, a Russian scientist discovered the above fact, saying that underwater bacteria live on oxygen sulfide, a compound that is highly toxic to most life! Now scientists have figured out that these bacteria are the opposite of the terrestrial photosynthesized bacteria, which get their survival energy from chemicals; the terrestrial photosynthesized bacteria get their energy from light.
In recent years, the debate has raged around the question of whether people should go deeper into the ocean floor. Scientists and politicians are debating: is it worth it to keep going deeper into the ocean floor? Most recognize that exploring the ocean floor is an undertaking of great theoretical and practical value, but it is too costly and therefore hesitant. Others are opposed to the idea, arguing that it is a waste of money. In the United States and France, there are those who oppose the construction of more advanced deep-sea probes. However, those in favor of the majority, they believe that the practice of exploring the bottom of the world's oceans is comparable to today's Columbus discovered the New World, the reason is that "it must be an unimaginable and magical world," the exploration of this unknown "New World" will certainly change the human race, and for mankind, many traditional views. The exploration of this unknown "new land" will certainly change many traditional views of mankind and bring great benefits to mankind. In the exploration of the ocean floor, scientists from the United States, Japan, France and other countries have done the best work, among which Japan has invested the most and achieved the most remarkable results. The Japanese are always interested in new markets, and they see the world's oceans as a new market as well, so they have a great passion for the oceans. Japanese scientists have discovered that the edge of the Pacific plate tectonics, from east to west, is squeezing the Japanese land mass. Japanese deep-sea probes can reach more than 10,000 meters down to the ocean floor, and researchers were able to see on the screen that it took the robot only 35 minutes to dive to a depth of 10,911.4 meters. At that depth, a sea slug, worms and tiny shrimp were found, proving once again that a wide range of life forms exist in some of the harshest environments on Earth.
In 1996, a new and revolutionary undersea exploration vessel was launched on her maiden voyage in Monterey, a coastal city in central California, USA. The name of this deep-sea exploration vessel is Deep Flight 1, which is 4 meters long, weighs 1,315 kilograms, and is shaped like a fat, bulging, winged torpedo. When it sails underwater, it is very much like a light and swift bird of prey. Compared with the slow-moving submarines that are sailing around the ocean, towing deep-sea probes, the Deep Flight 1 is like an F16 fighter jet in the water. It can do aerobatics, such as horizontal rolls, and race fast-swimming pods of whales, or jump vertically out of the water, where the pilot can see everything outside the pod from the cabin. It can fly on the surface of the water or dive below 1,000 meters to do a variety of scientific research activities.
In short, the ocean is the hope of the 21st century, in today's technologically advanced, mankind should focus on the oceans, of course, only to protect the oceans, cherish the oceans as well as resources, the oceans will be happy to make its contribution.