China is located in the northern hemisphere Eurasian continent, the land is vast, diverse terrain, with the impact of global warming on the Tibetan Plateau, torrential rains, snowstorms and other meteorological disasters, and flooding, landslides, mudslides, forest fires and other meteorological secondary, derivative disasters occur frequently, resulting in losses increased year by year, to the people's lives and property safety and production and life bring a serious threat. The loss has been increasing year by year, posing a serious threat to the safety of people's lives and property and their production and living. Our country has also occurred many natural disasters, life and production caused by a huge impact, so that life and property are subject to a huge threat. 2010 September 21, Guangdong Province, Maoming Xinyi Gaozhou and other cities in the sudden mudslides, August 8, 2010 early morning in Zhouqu County in Gansu Province sudden mudslides led to a number of life for no apparent reason to leave the world, September 8, 20xx, Shanxi Province, Linfen City, Xiangfen County, Taoji Township, Tashan mine sudden mudslides are is an extreme natural disaster events, this paper on the causes of mudslide disasters in which the similarities and differences to try to discuss.
September 15 evening, in the southeast of the Ryukyu ocean tropical depression molding, at the same time, the Pacific Ocean high pressure continues to strengthen, and ultimately the tropical storm Fanapi in the evening of the 15th in the northwest Pacific Ocean generated in the 16th around 11 o'clock strengthened into a strong tropical storm, and began to move in a northerly direction. By the time Fanapi made landfall in China, it had already strengthened into a strong typhoon. Influenced by the typhoon and cold air masses, heavy rainfall occurred on the 21st at the junction of Xinyi, Maoming and Gaozhou cities. The topography of the Maoming area is high in the north and low in the south, tilting from northeast to southwest. The terrain in the area is relatively complex, with high mountains and steep hills, as well as hills, plateaus, plains and basins and rivers. There are three main mountain ranges: the Yunkai Mountain Range which enters the area from the north, the Yunwu Mountain Range which enters from the northeast, and the Hook Leak Mountain Range which enters the area of Guangxi in the northwest. On the border between the southeast of Xinyi City and the northeast of Gaozhou City, there is a mountainous area of about 300 square kilometers, with an altitude of more than 1,000 meters, and the mountainous area makes the invasion of cold air from the north blocked or weakened. The main rivers of the area are the Jianjiang River and the Huanghua River. Jianjiang River originated in Xinyi City, Zhu Sha Town, Li Wu Da Shan south side, along the way to bring together the city's counties (cities, districts) within the 26 rainfall area of 100 square kilometers or more of the tributaries, flowing through Xinyi, Gaozhou, Huazhou, Maonan, in Zhanjiang City, Wuchuan County, Huangpo exit into the South China Sea. The main and tributaries of the Jianjiang River flow from the north and northeast to the south and southwest, playing an obvious role in cutting and eroding the terrain of the whole region. And is located in the transition zone of the northern tropical and southern subtropical, leaning on the mountains near the sea, complex geomorphological types, is a tropical and subtropical monsoon climate zone. Due to the north-south configuration of land and sea, the region is subject to both continental and oceanic climate. According to the terrain, it can be roughly divided into three types of terrain areas, such as northeastern mountains, central hills, and southern low platform plains. From the northern boundary of Xinyi, Chikangdang, Baishi, Dacheng, Ma Gui, Guding, Yuntan in Gaozhou, and the area to the north of Huangling, Luokeng, Huangsha, and Wangfujing towns in Dianbai, the elevation is mostly more than 500 meters above sea level. Such topography provides topographical conditions for the formation of flash floods. Xinyi's southwest, Gaozhou central and western and Huazhou north-central, etc., is in the southwest of the Yunkai mountains, the terrain is undulating, the height of most of the 200 meters below. And the southern part is mostly hostile platform plains. The accumulation of mudslides and very favorable. And the region is located in the southwest of Guangdong, the soil composition is dominated by brick red soil, most of which is aluminum-rich acid type and simple form of huminic acid. It is characterized by large dispersion, small flocculating and solidifying effects, and the formation of aggregates is unstable. In the case of a sudden strong rainfall, it is easy to form mudslides and rapidly form accumulation areas.
In the same year, the flash floods that occurred in Zhouqu were more complex in terms of causes. Zhouqu is located in southern Gansu, due to the special geographical conditions and geological structure, has always been landslides, earthquakes, mudslides three major geologic disasters. Zhouqu area is the folded belt of the western Qinling Mountains, mountain differentiation, mountain high ditch deep, ditch bed ratio drop big, rock body weathering serious, geological landscape is easy to loose broken, most of them belong to the charcoal ash mixed with the soil, both commonly known as the loess land. This year, Zhouqu area vigorously develop the economy, green vegetation has been cut down in large quantities, and the land has been diverted to other uses, which makes the originally fragile soil even less capable of storing water. At the same time, the 5 12? Wenchuan earthquake shook loose the mountains, Zhouqu is one of the hardest hit areas of the 5 12? earthquake, the earthquake led to Zhouqu's mountains loose, very easy to collapse, and the mountains to recover to the pre-earthquake level at least 3 to 5 years. The third point is that meteorological factors should not be ignored. In 2010, most parts of the country suffered from severe drought, which caused the rock and soil to shrink and cracks to be exposed, and when encountered with heavy rainfall, the rainwater could easily enter into the mountain crevices and form geological disasters. Transient rainstorms and heavy rainfall. Because of the cracks in the rock body, the instantaneous heavy rainfall and strong rainfall penetrate deep into the rock body, resulting in the collapse of the rock body, landslides, and the formation of mudslides. Moreover, geologic disasters are characterized by freedom, hiddenness, suddenness and strong destructiveness. This year, 1/3 of the geological disasters in China occurred outside the monitoring point, which is very hidden and difficult to investigate. Eventually, Zhouqu erupted into a huge flash flood and formed a river valley-type viscous mudslide. This resulted in significant loss of life and property. The mudslide that occurred at the Tashan mine in Shanxi province in 20xx, the role of excessive human activity in contributing to geologic disasters is even more obvious
At 8:00 a.m. on September 8, the mudslide that occurred at the Tashan mine in Taosi township as a result of torrential rainfall was about 600 meters wide and 3 kilometers long, and the mudslide washed downstream from a farmer's market and part of the houses in two villages, resulting in the downstream tailings pond at the Tashan iron ore mine collapsing. The Xiangfen County's topography is high in the east and west and low in the center. To the east, there is Ta'er Mountain, belonging to the Taihang Mountains, with an altitude of 1,493 meters, which is the highest peak in the county; to the west, there are the foothills of the Luliang Mountains, and in the middle, the Fen River runs through it from the north to the south. Located in the loess plateau east wing, similar to Zhouqu, soil composition in brown soil, clay, yellow sheep soil and gray calcium soil both. Mountain soil and vegetation zonal distribution is also very obvious. The climate is drier, precipitation is concentrated, vegetation is sparse, and soil erosion is serious. The loess is fine-grained and soft, so it is not resistant to strong rainfall and is prone to forming standard mudslides. At the same time in the Tashan mine mudslide, tailings dam collapse is the main cause of injury, otherwise, the incident is just a general type of mudslide caused by sudden rainfall, not to lead to dozens of deaths of hundreds of people missing tragedy.
Throughout the above three events, the mudslide geological disaster triggered by the unavoidable natural phenomenon, year by year global warming, circulation anomalies leading to the Himalayas snow line elevation, China's range of your air mass activity is different from that presented in previous years the law, to the sudden increase in heavy rainfall to bring the explanation, but the formation of mudslides in the formation of the soil conditions and geological structure of the geographical environment have a close relationship. Maoming Xinyi Gaozhou area in the mudslide, due to the typhoon landfall caused by extremely heavy precipitation inevitably, flash floods and mudslides together with the outbreak. Gansu Zhouqu August 8 mudslide was not encountered stronger precipitation, but because of the many historical accumulation of geological structure, the soil is extraordinarily loose, very easy to follow the eye of the terrain to form a large mudslide. Man-made construction negligence was the dominant factor in the mudslide disaster at the Tashan mine in Shanxi province. The above three locations are closely dependent on the mountain, and the mountain soil water storage capacity is not optimistic. The biggest **** of all is the destruction of the natural environment by human 'over-exploitation and utilization activities, which makes the natural environment sensitive and fragile, weak resistance to geological hazards, a serious lack of green vegetation, and deteriorating soil capacity.
All of the above is only a little discussion of the problems expressed in the title. There are a lot of loose ends in the story.
Rationalized proposals to prevent mudslides Part II
In order to ensure the safety of life and property of teachers and students in the school, to deal with sudden disasters to take emergency measures, so as to ensure that the teachers and students of our school personal and property safety, to create a peaceful school environment, to create a safe campus, according to the actual situation of our school, the development of this emergency plan.
I. Guiding ideology
In order to implement the Youyang County Board of Education flood season work requirements to ? Three Represents? Important thought as a guide, the implementation of the principle of people-oriented, in the spirit of highly responsible for all teachers and students of our school, strengthen the leadership, clear responsibility, adhere to the law flood control, scientific flood control, to ensure that our teachers and students in the flood season life, property safety.
Second, the leadership
1, the leadership group
Leader: Zhang Changzheng
Deputy leader: Ran Guangchang
Members: Wu Shengyuan Ran Hongguang Peng Hongmao Yuan Dejun Wu Biao Shi Xichuan Ran Yu and other all classroom teachers and security personnel.
2, Responsibilities:
(1) a comprehensive grasp of the flood, disaster and various types of dynamics and other news, in the first time to report important information on flood control, to ensure that the information channels are open. Coordination of relevant departments and units *** with the school flood control and rescue work, do a good job of school disaster prevention, disaster relief and post-disaster recovery teaching activities guide. Responsible for checking and supervising the implementation of school flood control measures, responsible for checking and supervising the school's flood control safety, maintaining the normal teaching order in schools, responsible for the students' flood prevention, transportation 1
safety education, guidance to assist the school to do a good job in the dangerous period of the evacuation and evacuation of students. Timely understanding and report on the school's flood control situation, to the higher level of the flood control leadership team to provide the need to understand the flood control information materials.
(2) is responsible for the safety of school buildings, guidance to assist the school to do a good job of school building hidden dangers, remediation work. Responsible for the closure and demolition of dangerous buildings to ensure the safety of teachers and students, to eliminate casualties.
(3) is responsible for assisting in the school disaster relief work, to assist the affected schools to resettle teachers and students, teachers and students to arrange teaching activities, to help schools rebuild the campus.
(4) In addition to the above duties, members of the school flood emergency, are required to undertake surprise flood relief tasks. Clear responsibilities to people, to do their own responsibilities, collaborate to ensure that the critical juncture of the school flood work foolproof. (5) prevention of floods and mudslides is a global top priority, the school and teachers to carry forward the spirit of collaboration, relying on teachers and students to prevent, up and down *** with efforts to effectively grasp the school's flood control and disaster relief work.
Third, the work of the goal
To ensure that my school flood season all teachers and students of personal and property safety. Adhere to the spirit of high responsibility to the party and the people, the implementation of flood control responsibility school leaders responsible system, fast, timely and effective disposal of school flood control work in all types of sudden-onset disasters and accidents. Take effective measures, based on the school, adhere to the self-protection, self-help, disaster prevention, security, to ensure that my school flood safety.
Fourth, the content of the flood emergency plan
1, when the rain reached a certain standard, the school's flood control work leadership team and the person in charge must be in place to strengthen the duty, the strict implementation of the reporting system in the flood season must adhere to the 24-hour duty and reporting system, do a good job of the flood control duty records, to do the top of the situation, the bottom of the situation reported. Duty leaders and personnel encountered emergencies or disasters, timely reporting to the class Pro to.
2, when the storm hit, the school should be timely to the collapse of the school building, teachers and students injured in the first time to report to the leading group of flood control work, by the leading group of flood control work immediately to the higher level of the report, and immediately reported to the LiXi Township Education Management Center to find out if there is a person trapped, such as the discovery of the person trapped, to quickly organize the rescue and rescue of the injured, transfer and resettlement of teachers and students. . Each school must firmly establish? Safety first? The school must firmly establish the idea of "safety first" and effectively implement the responsibility system of safety work. Special attention should be paid to the prevention of natural disasters such as floods, landslides, mudslides, etc., and close cooperation with relevant departments should be strengthened to keep abreast of disaster prediction and forecasting, and to formulate all the flood season safety measures and emergency plans. Each school should immediately conduct a comprehensive inspection according to the characteristics of the school. Where there are potential safety hazards, classes should be immediately moved to a safe place. If necessary, emergency measures such as suspension of classes should be taken to ensure the life safety of teachers and students. During the flood season, schools are strictly prohibited from organizing students to go out and major activities. Schools should be through a variety of forms, targeted at teachers and students to carry out flood safety education, enhance the awareness of prevention and self-help self-care ability to do to prevent problems before they occur. Once the school flood, the leading group of flood control work should immediately according to the disaster, contact the relevant departments rushed to the scene in a timely manner, do a good job of rescue, transfer and resettlement of affected teachers and students.
Fifth, the work requirements
(a) effectively raise the importance of school safety during the flood season, the urgency of awareness, firmly establish the flood control, disaster awareness. Flood control is a political task, must enhance the concept of discipline, follow orders and listen to command. When a disaster occurs, the school staff must be immediately in place, waiting for orders. To AWOL, disobedience, disobedience to orders, do not listen to the command, disregard for the overall situation, resulting in losses; on the flood season, neglect prevention, negligence, negligence and caused accidents directly responsible for the person and the main leadership of the unit concerned.
(ii) in the flood season, to ensure smooth order, close coordination and cooperation, *** with the school safety
transitional flood make positive efforts.
(C) of the school buildings under the jurisdiction of the safety of the situation and students to school transportation safety situation to do. To be based on a comprehensive inspection, highlighting key areas, key schools and key classrooms, pay special attention to checking the original dangerous houses and by rain erosion of the new generation of dangerous houses in the hazardous potential. The existence of potential safety hazards, to differentiate between different situations to take effective measures to remove the risk of reinforcement in a timely manner. Has been identified as a dangerous house, should be resolutely closed and out of service. The key monitoring of geologic hazards where the school should be organized to monitor, in case of emergencies, according to the relevant provisions to deal with, to ensure the personal safety of teachers and students and property safety.
(D) in the flood season, pay close attention to weather changes, once found that the weather suddenly changed or received a notice from the higher level, be sure to make emergency preparations in advance. Schools on vacation during the flood season should strengthen the management of students living in schools, and classes should be counted.
(e) Improve flood control publicity and general safety education. To use recess, morning meeting and other times to students to publicize the school flood control work, so that every student knows how to respond when the flood came. Strive to do? Safety first, unremitting, prevention-oriented, all-out rescue?
These are the first time I've ever seen a school in the United States.
(vi) Strengthen the duty and reporting system. In the early warning period, ? Flood control leading group? members and schools should attach great importance to the actual responsibility to monitor the water situation at any time, in order to cope with the sudden danger; to implement the 24-hour duty system. If necessary, prepare the rescue team, organize to deal with all kinds of sudden disasters, and responsible for the first time to the higher flood control leading group report. Strict implementation of the major accident reporting system, once an accident occurs, in taking effective measures to deal with the same time, timely report to the higher education administrative departments, without delay and moreover shall not be concealed.
(VII) in the flood season to do a good job in the unit's safety and security, the effective arrangement of the flood duty,
The school flood duty arrangements reported in a timely manner.
Six, preventive measures
1. Strengthen publicity to create a strong security atmosphere during the flood season.
The whole school teachers and students broadcasting assembly, teachers and students to learn flood safety knowledge and safety awareness. Flood theme class meeting, flood safety special edition, blackboard newspaper, to raise the level of awareness of the students' thinking, enhance the awareness of flood safety.
2. Arrange for school security personnel to check the campus every day is easy to cause flooding security risks, do a good job of checking the records, the leading group every day to collect the security section of the investigation, so as to find problems in a timely manner, timely problem solving.
3. Pay close attention to the weather forecast every day, in order to make preparations in advance.
4. Once a sudden big rise in the water phenomenon, the school immediately evacuate the students, let the students to reach a safe place, and report to the higher authorities, and timely relationship with parents.
Rationalized proposals to prevent mudslides Part IIILeader:
According to the provincial people's government Guiqifa? No. under the forwarding of the "Chinese Academy of Sciences experts recommend a high degree of attention to our country's mudslide-prone areas of the population layout of the problem" document, our region Bijie City, Dafang County, Nayong County, Weining County dozens of townships and villages belonging to mudslide-prone areas. We know that the occurrence of landslides and mudslides, first of all, with the local topography, stratigraphy, geological structure, and so on, and second, to have triggering factors, such as earthquakes, rainfall and other natural triggers, ore mining, reservoir construction, highway and other infrastructure construction and other man-made triggers. Therefore, the occurrence of landslide debris flow has a certain space and territory, a certain probability of occurrence, a certain intensity, and its occurrence is both accidental and inevitable. According to our experience in soil and water conservation for twenty years, as well as the experience of monitoring and early warning of several landslide sites in Dafang County, Linkou Weihe River in Bijie, and Zhongshuiyu Baiqiu in Weining. We believe that to effectively warn and prevent the occurrence of landslide debris flow disasters, we should focus on the following aspects of work.
1, clear landslide debris flow authorities, the implementation of early warning and monitoring management responsibility
The local party committee, the Executive Yuan can sign a letter of responsibility with the regional level authorities to implement the responsibility to strengthen the management of this work. In the presence of more landslide mudslide potential county (city), in accordance with the national categorization of management regulations of the competent authorities, by the county (city) government and the signing of a letter of responsibility to implement the responsibility of prevention and management.
District-level authorities, the lead responsibility for the danger of the key monitoring points, one by one to develop landslide mudslide prevention and control plan, and to organize publicity, early warning and other prevention and control measures. The establishment of disaster emergency response mechanism, try to reduce the occurrence of landslide mudslide disaster, or make the loss of disaster to the most school by all means to ensure that people's lives and property safety.
2, as soon as possible to carry out a landslide mudslide hazard detailed investigation
? Know your enemy and know yourself, you will not be in danger? Assessment. Finally, we can formulate targeted prevention and management measures to prevent and manage.
3, strengthen the publicity and education, the implementation of crowd control
Education is divided into two aspects, one is to strengthen the prevention of landslides and mudslides awareness education, improve the anti-slip, mudslide prevention, the second is to publicize the popularization of the prevention of landslides and mudslides of scientific knowledge, so that it is a household name, everyone understands. To achieve frequent observation, everyone is alert, always preventing the atmosphere of group monitoring and group defense. Timely detection of signs of landslides and mudslides, minimize losses due to disasters.
4, the promulgation of local laws and regulations, strict restrictions on easy to induce the implementation of the project
According to the "Chinese People's *** and the State Soil and Water Conservation Law" and relevant laws and regulations, the promulgation of local laws and regulations, landslide mudflow prone areas in and around the strict limitations on the easy to induce landslides and mudslides of quarrying and mining, reclamation of steep slopes, such as the approval of the development and construction of the project, to regulate the development and construction from the source. The behavior of development and construction is regulated from the source.
To get approval for the implementation of the project, to strengthen the supervision, not because of the immediate interests of the sacrifice of the environment to eat the ancestors rice, make children and grandchildren sin?
Especially in my region is currently a large number of mining coal-based mineral resources, mineral resources mining is currently the largest inciting factor of landslides in my region, landslides and abandonment of gangue, slag and other waste, but also into the formation of mudslide material base stands to ensure that the coal mines and non-coal mines in the production, does not occur in the indiscriminate piling of waste soil and waste residue, wastewater and sewage flow, the effective elimination of triggering factors.
5, combined with the construction of urbanization related projects, the implementation of ecological migration
For those who have been assessed, the risk of landslides and mudslides is great, remote, mountain folder, the slope is steep and unsuitable for the people continue to live in the area, combined with the new rural construction? The new rural construction?
Then these areas as ecological function areas to be protected, if there is still a potential impact on the downstream safety, according to the government's financial capacity, the government funded by the government plan to organize the masses to carry out governance.
6, to ensure that landslide debris flow early warning and disaster prevention and mitigation requirements
The government should take this work as a major event to grasp, the work required to be included in the financial budget at the same level, to ensure that the necessary funding, equipped with the necessary vehicles, equipment and other instruments. So that once the danger or disaster, there are enough funds as a disaster relief in addition to the needs of the risk.
7, strengthen the construction of professional and technical team, the establishment of early warning, monitoring system
Landslide mudslide early warning, monitoring and rescue and relief professional, only usually strengthen the training and learning, and constantly summarize the experience in practice, wartime in order to play its due role. At present, GPS, GIS and satellite remote sensing new technology, new equipment, landslide debris flow early warning, monitoring and rescue has been widely used, so we must keep pace with the times, equipped with, training to create a professional and technical team, landslide debris flow early warning, monitoring work may play a role.
With such a professional team, we can be landslide mudslide hazards detailed information results, the establishment of a spatial database, the use of modern scientific means of effective monitoring and early warning. Realize the dynamic warning monitoring of landslides and mudslides, normalized scientific management.
The above suggestions are just our own words, proper or not, please consider.