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The impact of WTO accession on China's travel agency industry and countermeasures
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Big industry small business asymmetry: "Made in China" facing difficulties in upgrading
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After the accession to the World Trade Organization, China's industrial enterprises to meet the opportunities at the same time, will undoubtedly be facing a greater impact. In this regard, the relevant industries have been so made a preliminary judgment.
Textile - the largest industry beneficiaries
China is the world's largest developing country and the largest exporter of textiles and clothing, textile trade liberalization will enable the textile industry to become China's accession to the World Trade Organization, the largest industry beneficiaries: the need for Imported raw materials for processing, production of textiles and clothing enterprises will benefit from tariff concessions brought about by the reduction in the price of raw materials; and export enterprises will be due to the reduction of tariffs and non-tariff barriers to reduce production costs and improve international competitiveness. At the same time, export costs will be reduced and export channels will be safer and smoother. After joining the World Trade Organization, textile fabrics import tariffs will be reduced; medium and high-grade fabrics general trade imports will have a certain growth; printing and dyeing enterprises will increase the pressure of competition; high-grade clothing production enterprises by the impact of a larger, imported foreign brands will become its strong competitors. In particular, China's chemical fiber enterprises, due to small production scale, high raw material costs, products have been subject to high tariffs and import licenses to protect, in terms of variety, quality, price and other aspects of the gap with foreign countries. Therefore, after joining the World Trade Organization, the tariff rate of chemical fiber products will be adjusted to an average level of 14%, and non-tariff barriers will be abolished by 2005 (most of the restrictions will be abolished by 2003). By then, the face of low prices, good quality imported products, China's chemical fiber enterprises are obviously at a disadvantage in competition, some small-scale, technologically backward enterprises will be more impact. In this regard, chemical fiber enterprises can learn from the experience of vertical integration of foreign chemical fiber textile industry, improve the value of domestic chemical fiber products, the use of new technologies, including the establishment of polymerization, textile manufacturing, dyeing and finishing, including the integration of the production system in order to increase the added value of the product.
Building materials --- internationalization of the domestic market
Joining the World Trade Organization, China's building materials enterprises to change the concept of keeping up with the development trend of the world's building materials industry, absorbing foreign advanced technology and management experience, and give play to the comparative advantage of the full range of participation in international competition. At the same time, accession to the WTO will make China's building materials industry is facing a serious challenge: compared with the advanced level of foreign countries, domestic enterprises in the level of technology and equipment, research and development capabilities, as well as energy, resource utilization efficiency and other aspects of the gap still exists; part of the reduction of tariffs on commodities may lead to an increase in imports and internationalization of the domestic market; multinational corporations will rely on its capital, technology, management and other aspects of the advantages, to increase their influence on the field of building materials in China. Advantages of multinational corporations will rely on their capital, technology, management and other aspects of increasing investment in the field of building materials in China, domestic building materials enterprises will face more intense competition.
Coal - ushering in new export opportunities
China's coal reserves accounted for 33.8% of the world's total; China's coal production accounted for the world's first, a complete range of coal, very much the export potential. But the current coal exports only accounted for 2% -3% of the total output. Therefore, from the perspective of coal export, joining the World Trade Organization is conducive to the expansion of coal export. However, due to the acceleration of economic globalization and trade liberalization, especially China's accession to the World Trade Organization, China's energy supply will be configured in a more open system, foreign oil, natural gas and other high-quality energy imports and price changes will have a direct impact on the supply and demand of the domestic coal market. Iron and steel, building materials, chemicals and other energy-consuming products, tariffs fell, foreign similar products to price, quality advantage into the domestic market, imports may increase, will indirectly reduce domestic coal consumption. China's foreign trade system will gradually with international standards, the implementation of foreign trade business qualification registration system, and gradually liberalize the operation of various types of enterprises import and export trade, China's current coal export trade management system will have an important impact. However, after joining the World Trade Organization, if China can improve the export transportation conditions at the same time, vigorously develop selected coal production, coal exports can be expected to have substantial growth. As coal import tariffs will be significantly reduced, coal imports will increase in the future, Japan, South Korea, India and Europe and other countries and China's Taiwan Province of China's power coal, coking coal, anthracite and coke will also be involved in the competition in China's coal market. However, from the long-term strategic trend, the overall development trend of the coal industry should be incremental development.
Pharmaceuticals - the near future will be affected by three aspects
Currently, China has more than 80,000 tons of chemical raw materials and Chinese herbal medicines exported annually, generating nearly $ 4 billion in foreign exchange each year. After joining the WTO, will expand this advantage, more conducive to the export of our products. At the same time, it is conducive to reducing the import price of key raw materials and medical equipment, pharmaceutical machinery, key components, parts and components, is conducive to reducing or even canceling non-tariff barriers, and is conducive to the introduction of new drugs and production technology. However, in the near future, the pharmaceutical industry will be directly affected in three aspects: First, the reduction of tariffs on semi-synthetic antibiotics and cephalosporin series of raw materials and related intermediates, medical devices, such as ultrasound, endoscopes and other products have a greater impact. Secondly, the protection of intellectual property rights is more stringent, therefore, China's clinical treatment needs of patented drugs will mainly rely on imports. Thirdly, China's pharmaceutical circulation area there are many enterprises, small scale, rigid mechanism, low efficiency, high cost, poor efficiency, disorder and other problems, pharmaceutical distribution enterprises in the mode of operation, quality of capital and scale of the international multinational corporations can not compete with, and will be greatly impacted. According to the agreement signed by China and the United States, which involves the pharmaceutical industry of our government's commitment to five aspects: First, the protection of intellectual property rights of medicines, the second is to reduce tariffs on imports of medicines, the third is to abolish the administrative control of imports of large-scale medical equipment from 2001, the fourth is to open up the drug distribution services from 2003, and the fifth is to open up the health care services. The most noteworthy of these five items are the first and fourth.
Light industry -- the influence of a variety of complex factors
Light industry within the "small" industries, different industries and different products in the same industry after China's accession to the WTO situation facing and its impact is very complex: a higher degree of openness, the use of foreign capital more home appliances, household chemicals, beer, beverages and other industries are more favorable, especially the home appliance industry; bicycles, sewing machines, toys, clocks and watches, furniture, hardware, ceramics, canned goods, leather, bags and bags, drawings, and other light industry, labor-intensive products, it is hoped that the further development of the international market to expand exports; on the domestic market import dependence is not great or foreign countries, the import dependence is not great, or foreign countries, the import dependence is not great. Import dependence on the domestic market is not large or foreign products have a certain domestic market share of lighting appliances, household glass, salt, sporting goods, pen industry impact is not large, but may give the product and technology upgrades to form certain barriers, the overall impact of the benefits outweighs the drawbacks; to the agricultural products as raw materials and mainly for the domestic market, dairy products, wine, monosodium glutamate, such as the impact of the larger; on the level of technological equipment and the product of the economic scale of the large gap between the advanced level and foreign countries, the production and marketing of products. The gap between the level of technology and equipment and the economic scale of the product and foreign advanced level, higher production costs, market competition is weak in the paper and paper machinery, sugar and other industries have a greater impact.
Mining --- attracting investment environment has changed greatly
WTO accession will enhance the international mining industry's confidence in China's investment, to promote their investment decisions and the amount of input. In addition, the international mining industry has been a capital-intensive industry, a mature mining project often requires hundreds of millions of dollars, or even billions of dollars of investment, multinational corporations are unlikely to come up with the funds in the short term, and therefore must go to the capital market to raise. The gradual opening up of the financial industry will promote the generation and development of the domestic mining capital market, mining investment and financing system and mechanism will undergo fundamental changes. This is beneficial to foreign and domestic mining enterprises, but for foreign mining companies will be more favorable. With the opening of the market, mineral market prices will be more internationalized, foreign direct sales of minerals will increase, especially precious metal products, which will greatly reduce foreign investment concerns, coupled with the implementation of the central western development strategy, will be the attraction of the mining industry is an important promotion.
Electric power --- the direct impact is not obvious
Currently, China's trade in electricity with foreign countries is very small, accession to the World Trade Organization will not have a significant direct impact on the power industry, but it will bring a certain degree of indirect impact. Overall, the benefits outweigh the disadvantages. After joining the World Trade Organization, the power industry in the face of international and domestic markets, the introduction of advanced equipment and advanced technology will increase the need to make up for the lack of certain domestic equipment varieties and quantities, but also through digestion, absorption, and gradually enhance the ability to manufacture advanced equipment, promote the domestic production of electric power equipment to improve the level of technology to improve the overall level of technical equipment in the power industry. With the accelerating trend of economic globalization, foreign investment in China's power sector will further expand, the number of power generation enterprises operated by foreign investment will continue to increase, thus promoting China to speed up the market-oriented reform process of the power industry, improve the overall management level of the power industry.
Automobile---market competition is more intense
After joining the WTO, tariffs will be lowered and non-tariff barriers will be gradually removed, especially the opening up of trade in services, which will internationalize China's automobile market, and the market competition will be more intense, and the development of the automobile industry will face unprecedented challenges. The development of automobile industry will face unprecedented challenges. Firstly, the substantial reduction of tariffs on automobiles and parts and the gradual abolition of import licenses will have different degrees of impact on various types of automobiles and parts; secondly, the upcoming opening up of the domestic sales of automobiles and parts, automobile import and export and distribution services, operating transportation companies, automobile installment payments and financial leasing, automobile production financing and other automobile service trade areas will also have a significant impact on the service trade system of China's automobile industry, which is still unsound. China's auto industry has a significant impact; in addition, after joining the WTO will cancel the preferential policies to encourage the localization of automotive products, to attract foreign investment in the development of key parts and components, improve the level of technology, and promote product upgrading, there will be a certain impact. But the structural adjustment of China's automobile industry will have a catalytic effect, and can promote the improvement of China's automobile consumption environment.
Agriculture---risk from two aspects
After joining the WTO, China will lose all the protection of agricultural products of non-tariff means, the domestic market only tariffs the only remaining protection measures. The loss of non-tariff policy measures, is not conducive to China's macro-control of market access. However, in the long run, accession to the WTO to improve China's agricultural economic efficiency and competitive advantage, to make up for the lack of China's agricultural resources is of great significance. Accession to the WTO so that China's agricultural market risks, mainly from two aspects: First, in recent years, China's main agricultural production costs to an average of more than 10% per annum, wheat, corn, soybeans, cotton, oilseeds and other bulk agricultural products, the domestic price has been higher than the international market price, does not have the advantage of commercial competition. Secondly, at present, China's rural areas have accumulated a lot of contradictions due to the difficulty in selling agricultural products, the slow growth of farmers' incomes, and the obstruction of the transfer of rural laborers, etc. These contradictions are likely to manifest themselves more prominently to a certain extent with the opening up of the market. But we can according to the World Trade Organization agricultural rules on the import of some important agricultural products to implement tariff quota management system and other management methods, to grasp the initiative to control the risk of market opening. After joining the WTO, if we can according to the World Trade Organization's agricultural rules, Japan, South Korea's market breakthrough, for China's rice producers will be very favorable. China's livestock products, aquatic products, horticultural products, prices about 30% lower than the international market, has a certain competitive advantage, accession to the WTO will be more conducive to the export of such products. However, the existing pesticide residues, additives containing hormones and other issues, must be properly resolved in order to make the export of such products on a new level.
Foreign trade --- polarization will accelerate
After joining the WTO, foreign trade enterprises in the export of high-value-added, high-tech content of the main enterprises will benefit greatly, while the export of primary products based on the enterprise, the benefits are limited. The scope and extent of export tax rebates to further expand, and will need to pay a price in cutting non-tariff measures, measures to regulate imports and exports will be based on exchange rate policy, through the regulation of the exchange rate to regulate imports and exports, so as to ensure the stability of the balance of payments.
Logistics---great opportunities in front of us
Joining the WTO will bring unprecedented opportunities for the development of China's logistics industry. In the short term, China's accession to the WTO, due to the weakening of trade barriers and promote the rapid growth of import and export trade, will provide new market space for the development of the logistics industry; in the long term, the development of the logistics industry itself will reduce the cost of transportation of trade, and thus the formation of a unified market in the country, the improvement of the efficiency of resource allocation and the narrowing of the gap between the levels of regional economic development, and accelerate the participation in the international division of labor and the integration of the global economy, and accelerate the development of China's logistics industry. Participation in the international division of labor and the process of global economic integration, so as to provide continuous expansion of market space for the development of the logistics industry. However, after joining the WTO, the competition in China's logistics market will become more intense due to the market access of the logistics industry. According to the bilateral agreement between China and the United States, in terms of market access in the logistics industry, China's main commitments are: will provide U.S. companies with trading rights (import and export rights) and distribution rights (wholesale, retail, maintenance, transportation), of which the trading rights will be gradually implemented within three years, and the distribution rights will include the most restrictive sectors of the trade, such as fertilizers, crude oil and processed petroleum products; will be abolished within three to four years of ancillary services to the distribution ( leasing, courier, cargo storage and transportation, warehousing, advertising, technical testing and analysis, packaging, etc.) and allow U.S. suppliers of ancillary services to distribution to establish wholly owned branches. This means that after joining the WTO, large multinational logistics enterprises will quickly enter China and seize the rapidly growing logistics market. Author:Chen Yongjun Source:China Chemical News