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Graphics cards are also called monitor adapters ? As an important part of the computer mainframe, the graphics card is very important for people who like to play games and engage in professional graphic design. Currently, the two main suppliers of graphics chips for civilian graphics cards include ATI and nVIDIA. The basic components of a graphics card are the GPU, the GPU, and the GPU. The basic components of a graphics card are the GPU, the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) and the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). The full name is Graphic Processing Unit, the Chinese translation is "graphics processor". NVIDIA released GeForce 256 graphics processing chip when the concept was first put forward. GPU makes the graphics card to reduce the dependence on the CPU, and carry out some of the original work of the CPU, especially in the 3D graphic processing. GPU used by the core technology are Hardware T&l, Cubic Environment Material Mapping and Vertex Blending, Texture Compression and Bump Mapping Mapping, Dual Texture Quad Pixel 256-bit Rendering Engine, etc., and the Hardware T&l technology can be said to be the hallmark of GPUs. ? Display Card ? Display card (Display Card) the basic role is to control the computer's graphics output, by the display card connected to the monitor, we are able to see the image on the display screen, the display card has a display chip, display memory, RAMDAC and other components, these components determine the output of the computer screen, including the speed of the screen screen image display, the color, as well as the display resolution. Display card from the early monochrome display card, color display card, enhanced graphics display card, has been to the VGA (Video Graphic Array) display graphics array, are dominated by IBM display card specifications.VGA in text mode for 720 * 400 resolution, in graphics mode for 640 * 480 * 16 colors, or 320 * 200 * 256 colors, and this 256-color display mode that is the 256-color display mode. This 256-color display mode became the later display card *** with the standard, so we commonly referred to as the display card for the VGA. Later, various display chip makers are more committed to the VGA display capability to enhance, and SVGA (SuperVGA), XGA (eXtended Graphic Array) and other terms appeared in recent years, display chip makers will be more 3D features integrated with VGA, that is, the VGA display chip makers will be able to use VGA as a display card, and the VGA display chip makers will be able to use VGA as a display card. In recent years, display chip makers have integrated the 3D function with VGA, which has become what we call 3D acceleration card and 3D graphic card. Pixel Fill Rate Pixel fill rate The maximum pixel fill rate is the 3D clock multiplied by the number of rendering paths. For example, NVIDIA's GeForce 2 GTS chip has a core frequency of 200 MHz and 4 rendering pipelines, each containing 2 texture units. It then has a fill rate of 4x2 pixels x 200 million/sec = 1.6 billion pixels/sec. Here the pixels make up the picture we see on the display, in 800x600 resolution a **** has 800x600 = 480,000 pixels, and so on 1024x768 resolution has 1024x768 = 786,432 pixels. We often set the resolution when we play games and use some graphics software, when the resolution is higher the display chip will render more pixels, so the size of the fill rate is important to measure the performance of a graphics card. We have just calculated the fill rate of the GTS to be 1.6 billion pixels/second, so let's take a look at the MX200, which has a standard core frequency of 175 and only 2 rendering pipelines, so its fill rate is 2x2 pixels x 175 million pixels/second = 0.7 billion pixels/second, which is one of the major reasons why it is half the performance of the GTS. ? Graphics Memory Short for display memory. As the name suggests, its main function is to temporarily store the data to be processed by the display chip and the data that has been processed. The higher the performance of the graphics core, the more memory is needed. In the past, video memory was mainly SDR, and the capacity was not big. Nowadays, the market basically adopts the DDR specification, and in some high-end cards, the DDRII or DDRIII memory with better performance is adopted (as of now, DDRII is not better, but the worst kind of memory). The two main interface technologies Two major interface technologies The AGP interface Accelerate Graphical Port is a video interface technology standard developed by Intel Corporation to address the low bandwidth of the PCI bus. It opens up a faster bus directly between the CPU and the graphics processor by connecting the graphics card to the system's main memory. Its development has gone through AGP1.0 (AGP1X/2X), AGP2.0 (AGP4X), AGP3.0 (AGP8X). The latest AGP8X has a theoretical bandwidth of 2.1Gbit/sec. PCI Express Interface PCI Express is a new generation of bus interface, and graphics cards using this type of interface have been officially launched in 2004. As early as in the spring of 2001, "Intel Developer Forum", Intel Corporation proposed a new generation of technology to replace the PCI bus and a variety of internal connections to the chip, and called the third generation of I / O bus technology. Subsequently, at the end of 2001, including Intel, AMD, DELL, IBM, including more than 20 industry-leading companies began to draft the specification of the new technology, and completed in 2002, on which the official name of the PCI Express. theoretical speed of more than 10Gbit, so in the gap, AGP has been hit by the PCIE is almost the same, but as PCI to replace the ISA, it takes a certain amount of time, and must be more than 915 North Bridge to support PCIE, so it can be expected that PCIE to replace the AGP will take a long time. So, it is expected that it will take a long time for PCIE to replace AGP. Now the hottest dual-card technology SLI Scan Line Interlace (Scan Line Interlace) technology is 3dfx company applied to the Voodoo technology, it is through the two Voodoo card with SLI line physically connected to the work of a Voodoo card is responsible for rendering the screen odd-numbered line scans, the other is responsible for rendering the even-numbered lines of scanning, so as to achieve the two graphics cards "connected" to the screen. This is done by physically connecting two Voodoo cards with an SLI cable, so that one Voodoo card is responsible for rendering odd line scans and the other for even line scans, thus "doubling" the performance of the two cards. The main DirectX DirectX is not just a graphics API, it's a versatile API developed by Microsoft that includes Direct Graphics (Direct 3D+Direct Draw), Direct Input, Direct Play, Direct Sound, Direct Show, Direct Setup, and Direct Sound, Direct Show, Direct Setup, Direct Media Objects and many other components, it provides a complete set of multimedia interface solutions. It provides a complete multimedia interface solution. Only its excellent performance in 3D graphics makes its other aspects seem dim. DirectX was originally developed to make up for the lack of graphic and sound processing capabilities of Windows 3.1, and now it has evolved into an interface that has a decisive impact on all aspects of the entire multimedia system. Direct3D To talk about Direct3D, we can't not talk about DirectX, DirectX is a multimedia development software package developed and released by Microsoft, part of which is called DirectDraw which is a graphic drawing API that provides powerful access to graphic processing capabilities, and DirectDraw integrates some three-dimensional graphics-related features called Direct3D. Probably because it is Microsoft's handiwork, some people say it will become the standard for 3D graphics. ?OpenGL ?OpenGL stands for OpenGraphicsLib, a set of three-dimensional graphics processing libraries and an industry standard in the field. OpenGL is a library that supports this conversion, which originated from IRIS GL developed by SGI for its graphics workstations and evolved into OpenGL during cross-platform porting.SGI released version 1.0 in July 1992, which later became the industry standard. SGI released version 1.0 in July 1992, which later became an industry standard controlled by the OpenGL Architecture Review Board (ARB), an independent consortium established in 1992. SGI and other ARB members voted to produce the standard and made it into a specification document (Specification) published by the hardware and software vendors according to which they develop their own implementation on the system. Only through the ARB specification of all the test implementation can be called OpenGL. December 1995 ARB approved version 1.1, the latest version of the specification is 1999.5 through the 1.2.1.
Computer motherboard structure is more complex, the failure rate is relatively high, the distribution of faults is also more dispersed. According to the source of failure, the motherboard failure can be divided into power failure, bus failure, component failure and so on. The main causes of motherboard failure include the following.
Open "My Computer" - right click on the system disk - "Properties" - "Disk Cleanup" - "Other Options "-Click "Cleanup" in the System Restore column-select "Yes"-ok?
6, in a variety of hardware and software installed properly, in fact, XP needs to update the file when very little. Delete the system backup file it: Start → Run → sfc.exe /purgecache nearly 3xxM. (The role of the command is to immediately clear the "Windows File Protection" file cache, freeing up the space it occupies)?
7, delete \windows\system32\dllcache under the dll file (minus 200-300mb), this is a spare dll file, as long as you have copied the installation files, you can do this.
8, XP will automatically back up the hardware drivers, but in the hardware drivers installed correctly, the general changes in hardware is unlikely, so you can also consider this backup deleted, the file is located in \windows\driver cache\i386 directory, the name of the driver.cab, you can directly delete it, usually this file is 74M. is 74M.?
9, delete unused input methods: For many users, Windows XPt system comes with input methods are not all suitable for their own use, such as IMJP8_1 Japanese input method, IMKR6_1 Korean input method of these input methods, if you do not use, we can delete it. The input methods are located in the \windows\ime\ folder and all of them take up 88M of space.?
10, the upgrade is complete and found that windows \ more similar to $ NtUninstallQ311889 $ these directories, are killed, 1x-3xM?
11, in addition, retained \ windows\help directory of things, if you do not need to use HELP can be deleted!
12, close the system restore: system restore function used for a long time, it will take up a lot of hard disk space. Therefore, it is necessary to manually set it to reduce the amount of hard disk usage. Open the "System Properties" dialog box, select the "System Restore" option, select "Turn off System Restore on all drives" check box to turn off System Restore. You can also set up restore only for the disk or partition where your system is located. Select the partition where your system is located, click the Configure button, and in the pop-up dialog box uncheck the Turn off System Restore on this drive option and set the amount of disk space to be used for System Restore.
13, the hibernation function will take up a lot of hard disk space, if you use less may wish to *** off, off the method is: open the "Control Panel", double-click the "Power Options", in the pop-up "Power Options Properties" dialog box, select the "Hibernation" tab, cancel the "Enable Hibernation" check box.
14, uninstall uncommon components: XP defaults to the operating system installed a number of system components, and a large portion of these components you simply can not use, you can "Add/Remove Windows Components" in the uninstall them. However, some of these components are hidden by default, in the "Add/Remove Windows Components" can not find them, this can be done: use Notepad to open the file \windows\inf\sysoc.inf, with Find/Replace function to the file in the "hide" characters are all replaced by empty. In this way, all the components of the hidden attributes are removed, save the disk to exit and then run "Add - Remove Programs", you will see a lot more you can not see the original options, those you can not use those components to delete (remember to save the disk to be saved as sysoc.inf, rather than the default sysoc.txt), such as Internat messenger service, fax service, Windows messenger, code list, etc., which frees up about nearly 50MB of space.?
15, clear the system temporary files: the system's temporary files are generally stored in two locations: a Windows installation directory under the Temp folder; the other is x:\Documents and Settings "user name" \ Local Settings\Temp folder (Y: is the partition where the system is located). The files in both locations can be deleted directly.?
16, clear the Internet temporary files: regularly delete the Internet temporary files generated when surfing the Internet, will save a lot of hard disk space. Open IE browser, from the "Tools" menu, select "Internet Options", in the pop-up dialog box, select the "General" tab, in the "Temporary Internet Files" column, click the "Delete Files" button, and in the pop-up "Delete Files" dialog box, select "Delete all offline content" check box, click "OK" button.
17, clear the pre-read files: Windows XP's pre-read settings can improve system speed, but after a period of time, the number of files in the pre-read folder will become quite large, resulting in the system searching for a longer time. And some applications will generate dead link files, which adds to the burden of system search. Therefore, these pre-read files should be deleted periodically. The expected files are stored in the Prefetch folder of the Windows XP system folder, and all files under this folder can be deleted.?
18, compression of NTFS drives, files or folders: If your hard disk using the NTFS file system, space is really tight, you can also consider enabling the compression function of NTFS. Right-click on the drive to be compressed - "Properties" - "General" - "Compress Disk to Save Disk Space", and then click "OK", in the "Confirmation of Property Changes" in the selection of the desired option. This will save about 20% of your hard disk space. When compressing the C drive, it's best to do so in Safe Mode to get better results.
19. Turn off Dr. Watson: To turn off Dr. Watson, open the Registry Editor, find the "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\WindowsNT\CurrentVersion\AeDebug" branch, and double-click on the Auto key name under it. Auto" branch, double-click the Auto key name, change its "value data" to 0, and finally press F5 to refresh the setting to make it take effect, so as to cancel its operation. Also in "Start"-> "Run" enter "drwtsn32" command, or "Start"-> "Programs"-> "Accessories"-> "System Tools"-> "System Information"-> "Tools"-> "Dr Watson", to call out the system of the Chinese doctor Dr. Watson, and only retain the option of "Dump All Watson in the system, and only keep the "Dump all thread contexts" option, otherwise the hard disk will be read for a long time and take up a lot of space in case of a program error. If you have done this before, look for the user.dmp file and delete it to save a couple of MB of space.
20, close the remote desktop: "My Computer" - & gt; "Properties" - & gt; "Remote", "Remote Desktop" in the "Allow users to remotely connect to this computer," remove the hook.
21, cancel XP on ZIP support: Windows XP in the default case to open the zip file support, which takes up some system resources, you can choose "Start ?ú Run", in the "Run" dialog box type "regsvr32 /u zipfldr.dll", enter to confirm that you can cancel the XP on the zip decompression support, thus saving system resources. This will save your system resources.
22, turn off the error report: when the application error, will pop up to send the error report window, in fact, such an error report for the average user is almost meaningless, close it is a wise choice. In the "System Properties" dialog box, select the "Advanced" tab, click the "Error Reporting" button, in the pop-up "Error Reporting" dialog box, select the "Disable Error Reporting" option, and finally click "OK" can be. In addition, we can also turn off error reporting from Group Policy: Type "gpedit.msc" from "Run", run "Group Policy Editor", expand "Computer Configuration ?ú Administrative Templates ?ú System ?ú Error Reporting", double-click on the right side of the Settings column of the "Reporting of Errors", in the pop-up "Properties" dialog box, select the "disabled" radio box can be "Reporting of Errors" disable.
23. Turn off unused devices: Windows XP always installs and manages drivers for all the devices on your computer as much as possible, which not only slows down system startup, but also causes a lot of system resources to be used. For this situation, you can in the Device Manager, the PCMCIA card, modem, infrared devices, printer port (LPT1) or serial port (COM1) and other infrequently used devices deactivated, the method is to double-click the device to be deactivated, in the Properties dialog box in the "General" tab, select "Do not use this device (deactivate)". The settings will take effect after a reboot, and you can enable these devices from Device Manager when you need to use them.
24, regularly clean up the system restore point: open the disk cleanup, select other options - & gt; clean up the system restore point, click clean up.
I. Software
1. Virus
"Shockwave" virus attack will also prompt the system will automatically start in 60 seconds.
The Trojan horse program controls all the activities of your computer from a remote location, including making your computer reboot.
Remove the virus, Trojan, or reinstall your system.
2. System file corruption
System files are corrupted, such as KERNEL32.DLL under Win2K, fonts under the Win98 FONTS directory and other essential system runtime files are corrupted, the system will not be able to complete the initialization and forced to reboot at startup.
Solution: Overwrite the installation or reinstall.
3. Timing or scheduling software
If you set up a taskbar to restart or load certain programs, the computer will start up again when the time comes. In this case, you can turn on the "Startup Biretto" function. Fearful Pulley Faults and Faulty Faults What are the details of the program? Tokyo is not a good place to start. What are the reasons for this? Frightened to be 5 years older than you?
Second, the hardware
1. chassis power supply power, DC output is not pure, dynamic response is slow.
Users or installers often do not pay attention to the power supply, the use of inexpensive power supply, so it is one of the biggest suspects causing the system to restart automatically.
①Power supply output power is insufficient, when running large-scale 3D games and other software that take up CPU resources, the CPU requires high-power power supply, the power supply power is not enough and overload caused by power protection, stop output. After the power supply stops output, the load is reduced, at which time the power supply starts again. Because the protection/recovery time is very short, so the performance to us is the host automatically reboot.
②Power supply DC output is not pure, digital circuits require pure DC power supply, when the DC output of the power supply in the harmonic content is too large, it will lead to digital circuits work error, the performance of the frequent crash or reboot.
3 CPU workload is dynamic, the current requirements are also dynamic, and requires a rapid dynamic response. Some poor-quality power supplies have long dynamic response times, which can also lead to frequent crashes or reboots.
④Updating equipment (high-end graphics cards/large hard drives/video cards) and adding equipment (burners/hard disks) with power exceeding the rated output of the original power supply can lead to frequent crashes or reboots.
Solution: Now replace the high-quality high-power computer power supply.
2. Poor thermal stability of the memory, chip damage or incorrect settings
Memory problems lead to system reboot to the system reboot is relatively high.
1) Poor thermal stability of the memory, boot can work normally, when the memory temperature rises to a certain temperature, it can not work properly, resulting in crash or reboot.
② When the memory chip is slightly damaged, the boot can pass the self-test (set the fast startup does not fully detect the memory), you can also enter the normal desktop for normal operation, when running some of the I/O throughput software (media playback, games, graphic/3D graphics) will reboot or crash.
Solution: Replace the memory.
3 Setting the CAS value of the memory too small can also cause the memory to become unstable and cause the system to reboot automatically. It is generally best to use the BIOS default settings and not to change them yourself.
3. The CPU temperature is too high or the cache is damaged
①The CPU temperature is too high, which often leads to a protective auto reboot. The reason for the high temperature is basically due to the chassis, poor CPU heat dissipation, poor CPU heat dissipation causes: low thermal conductivity of the heat sink material, heat sinks and CPU between the contact surface of the foreign body (mostly for the warranty post), the fan speed is low, the fan and the heat sink accumulates too much dust and so on. There are P2/P3 motherboard CPU below the temperature probe damage or P4 CPU internal temperature measurement circuit damage, motherboard BIOS has a BUG in a special condition temperature measurement is not allowed, CMOS set in the CPU protection temperature is too low, etc. will also cause protective reboot.
②The CPU internal first and second level cache damage is a common CPU failure. If the damage is minor, you can still boot up and enter the normal desktop for normal operation, but when running some software with high I/O throughput (media playback, gaming, graphic/3D drawing), you will reboot or crash.
Solution: Shield the second level cache (L2) or first level cache (L1) in CMOS, or replace the CPU to rule it out.
4. AGP graphics card, PCI card (network card, cat) caused by the automatic reboot
① external card workmanship is not standard or poor quality, triggered by the AGP / PCI bus RESET signal malfunction caused by the system reboot.
②There are also instances where the graphics card and network card are loose, causing the system to reboot.
5. Parallel port, serial port, USB interface to access the faulty or incompatible external devices automatically reboot
①The external devices are faulty or incompatible, such as the printer's parallel port is damaged, a pin shorted to the ground, the USB device is damaged, shorted to the ground, the definition of the pin, the signal level is incompatible, etc.
6.
2 ② hot plugging external devices, jitter is too large, caused by the signal or power supply momentary short circuit.
6. The internal circuitry of the optical drive or chip damage
Optical drive damage, most of the performance is unable to read the disk / disk. There are also cases where the internal circuitry or chip is damaged, leading to a sudden reboot of the host computer during operation. The optical drive itself is poorly designed and FireWare is buggy, which can also cause a reboot when reading a CD-ROM.
7. Chassis front panel RESET switch problem
Chassis front panel RESET button is actually a normally open switch, the motherboard RESET signal is a 5V level signal, connected to the RESET switch. At the moment when the switch is closed, the 5V level conducts to ground, the signal level drops to 0V, triggering a system reset and reboot, and the RESET switch returns to the normally open position, at which point the RESET signal returns to the 5V level. If the RESET key is damaged, the switch is always in the closed position, the RESET signal is always 0V, and the system cannot power up and self-test. When the RESET switch elasticity is weakened and the button is not easy to pop up when pressed, the switch will be easy to close with a slight vibration. This leads to system reset reboot.
Solution: Replace the RESET switch.
There is also a short circuit of the RESET switch lead in the chassis, which leads to an automatic reboot of the host.
8. Motherboard failures
Instances of motherboards causing automatic reboots are rare. Generally, the circuits related to RESET are faulty; the sockets and slots have false soldering and poor contact; individual chips, capacitors and other components are damaged.
Three, other reasons
1. utility voltage instability
① Computer switching power supply operating voltage range is generally 170V-240V, when the utility voltage is lower than 170V, the computer will automatically restart or shutdown.
Solution: add a voltage regulator (not UPS) or 130-260V wide switching power supply.
②Computer and air conditioning, refrigerators and other large power consumption appliances *** with a plug board, when these appliances start, the voltage supplied to the computer will be greatly affected, often manifested in system reboot.
The solution is to separate their power supply lines.
2. Strong magnetic interference
Don't underestimate the electromagnetic interference, many times our computer crash and reboot is also due to the interference caused by the interference both from the chassis inside the CPU fan, chassis fan, graphics card fan, graphics card, motherboard, hard disk interference, but also from the outside of the power line, inverter air conditioning and even automotive and other large equipment interference. If our host's interference performance is poor or poor shielding, there will be a host of unexpected restart or frequent crash phenomenon.
3, AC power supply line connected to the wrong
Some users put the zero line of the power supply line directly to ground (do not go to the zero line of the meter), resulting in automatic restart, the reason for the introduction of interference signals from the ground.
4. Poor quality of the plug or power socket, poor contact.
Power socket after a period of time, the reed elasticity is slowly lost, resulting in poor contact between the plug and the reed, resistance is constantly changing, the current with the ups and downs, the system will naturally be very unstable, once the current does not reach the minimum requirements of the system to operate, the computer reboots. The solution, buy a good quality
One, reduce power supply noise
1. clean power supply fan dust
First of all, prepare a small bottle of oil and a toothpick, then the power supply from the chassis, open the shell of the power supply, remove the fan, find the location of the dust gathered on the fan blades, and use a soft brush to clean it up. After the cleanup work is completed, in the middle of the front of the fan will generally have a roll of labels, the roll of labels can be seen to unveil the fan bearings, with a toothpick dipped in lubricating oil point in the bearings, pay attention to the amount of oil to be appropriate. After finishing, stick the label back to prevent dust from entering, and then restore the fan and power supply can be. Need to remind everyone is, for the fan when the oil injection do not just use oil, poor quality oil not only does not help lubrication, but will make the bearing accelerated wear, we should choose a special product or you can use high-quality sewing machine oil instead.
2. Replacing the silent power supply fan
Users can also consider replacing the silent power supply or fan, there are a lot of silent power supplies on the market, these power supplies are usually after a rigorous testing, can effectively reduce the power supply noise. In addition, you can also replace the power supply with a better cooling fan. The process of replacing the power supply fan is also very simple, and the key is to pay attention to the connection part of the fan and the power supply.
3. buffer shock
For the power supply, the need to shockproof location is not only the connection between the fan and the power supply, and power supply and chassis connection, in addition to be fixed firmly in addition to the contact position can be added to the thin cloth, rubber pads and other buffers, and can even buy a special power supply shockproof products.
4. Prevent high-current shock
If the user's power supply noise is due to the instantaneous high current caused by the power on, you can install a filter or change to a better quality of power supply, to prevent high-current shock noise. You can also buy some smart power sockets with filters to connect to the host computer to ensure that the computer power supply is not interfered by external current.
2. Reduce CPU noise
1. Replace the fan or add a buffer
Since the CPU fan is the source of the noise, we can replace it with a lower-noise CPU fan. Of course, to ensure that the CPU fan to provide enough airflow to the CPU cooling, never blindly use a low-speed CPU fan to reduce the noise, be sure to buy those specifically designed to reduce the noise of the silent CPU fan, we can also be in the fan and the radiator contact parts of the four corners of the cushioning pads, such as sponge, rubber pads, and so on.
2. Replacing the radiator
If you can't stand the noise of an air-cooled radiator, you can replace it with a new one, such as a new heat-pipe technology radiator, which utilizes the vaporization and liquefaction of liquids to transfer heat. Of course, users can also choose a water-cooled radiator, which can achieve a good cooling effect and completely eliminate the CPU fan noise.
3. Installation of thermal fan governor
The so-called thermal fan governor, is a kind of automatic fan speed controller with a temperature probe, the use of the temperature probe will be contacted by the heatsink, and the fan is connected to the governor, when the temperature rises, the governor controls the fan to increase the speed, when the temperature is low, the governor controls the fan to reduce the speed, which also reduces fan noise. This also reduces fan noise.
Three, reduce the hard disk noise
1. Reduce *** vibration noise
To reduce hard disk noise, we must minimize and chassis *** vibration. We can remove the hard disk from the chassis can be found, the hard disk in the case of not and chassis have any connection, the work noise will be very small. We can add rubber pads and other methods to reduce the hard disk and chassis *** vibration to achieve the purpose of noise reduction.