Songtsen Gampo sent an envoy to the Tang in the eighth year of Emperor Zhenguan's reign (634 AD) to make peace with the Tang, and the Tang also sent ministers to the Tubo. In 638 A.D., Songtsen Gampo sent a special envoy to Chang'an to ask for a marriage. Two years later, Songtsen Gampo sent his minister Ludongzan to the Tang to propose marriage, so the Tang Emperor Taizong promised Princess Wencheng, a daughter of the royal family, to Songtsen Gampo, the Zanpou of the Tubo, and sent Li Daozong, the king of Jiangxia, the minister of the Ministry of Ceremonies, to escort her with an envoy. 641 Princess Wencheng came to the Tubo, and Songtsen Gampo was welcomed by Songtsen Gampo at the Heyuan River in the "Book of the Tang". When Princess Wencheng entered Tufan, she transferred various production technologies from the Great Tang to Tufan, such as 60 kinds of works on construction and industrial techniques, 100 kinds of medical prescriptions that can cure 404 kinds of diseases, 5 kinds of diagnostic methods, 6 kinds of medical instruments, 4 kinds of medical treatises, and a large number of daily necessities and crop seeds. Princess Wencheng lived in Tubo for nearly 40 years and died in 680.
The marriage was the first time that formal ties were established between the rulers of Tang and Tubo. Most historians also praise Songtsen Gampo for marrying a princess from the royal family of Nepal. But it is doubtful that this actually happened, as early history does not record it. Although there is some evidence to suggest that Buddhism was not entirely unknown in Tibet during this period, it was mainly due to the influence of the Princess of the Great Tang on her husband that Buddhism spread widely in Tibet. During Songtsen Gampo's lifetime, peaceful and friendly relations were maintained between the Tang and the Tibetans, and the number of envoys from both sides increased year by year. According to incomplete statistics, since the fourth year of Zhenguan (630 years), to 842 years, the two sides exchanged **** 191 times, of which the Tang officials into the Tombs 66 times, the Tubo officials to make the Tang 125 times. 645 years Tang Taizong personally conquered the Goguryeo returned to Chang'an, Songtsen Gampo sent Kardongzan Vi Song to congratulate the triumph of the Chang'an, and dedication to the seven-foot-high goose made of gold casting as a gift. 648 years of the Tang ambassadors Wang Xuance ordered to the Tianzhu. In 648, Wang Xuanze, an envoy of the Tang Dynasty, was ordered to go to Tianzhu, which coincided with the war in Tianzhu, the Tang envoys were robbed, Wang Xuanze fled to Tubo, Songtsen Gampo sent soldiers to help, and recruited troops in Nepal, led by Wang Xuanze to Tianzhu, pacified the war, so that the Tang Dynasty envoys returned to the country smoothly, and offered captives in Chang'an. Later, Wang Xuanze went to Tianzhu through Tubo in the third year of Emperor Xianqing of Tang Gaozong (658), and there is still a cliff carving titled "Great Tang Tianzhu Envoys" preserved in Jilong County, Tibet. 649 in the summer of Tang Taizong's death, and Emperor Gaozong of Tang assumed the throne, sent an envoy to the Tubo to report the funeral, and appointed Songts?n Gampo as the king of Xihai County, who was the extra horse harnessed by the side of a team of horse harnesses. Songtsen Gampo sent a special envoy to Chang'an to offer 15 kinds of gold, silver and jewels in front of the spirit of Emperor Taizong, and wrote a letter to express his congratulations and support for the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty. He also wrote again to the Secretary of State, Changsun Wuji, saying, "The Son of Heaven is on the throne for the first time, and if there is any unfaithfulness on the part of his ministers, he will send his troops to go to the country to remove the suppression." Tang Gaozong sealed Songtsen Gampo as "extra horse harnessed by the side of a team", "West China Sea County King", and Songtsen Gampo was promoted to "[Zongbei] King", and engraved Songtsen Gampo statue stood with the Tang Taizong's mausoleum of Zhaoling before.
Songtsen Gampo 650 years after the death of Songtsen Gampo, by his grandson Manglun Mangtsen (Chinese: Mangsong Mangtsen) succeeded the throne as the Zanpou, by the minister of the Kardong Zanwei Song auxiliary government. Kardongzan Wisong inherited Songtsen Gampo's policy of improving the law, checking the household register, determining the tax burden, and stabilizing the internal affairs of the Tubo. Taking advantage of the internal disputes of the royal family of the Tukhun, he repeatedly led troops to attack the Tukhun, and even clashed with the Tang Dynasty, which supported the Tukhun. 670, the Tang Dynasty, in order to support the Tukhun, sent more than 100,000 troops to escort the king of the Tukhun to return to Qinghai, and Kardong Tsang Ling got the information and immediately mobilized more than 200,000 troops of the Tukhun to meet the war, and in the battle of the Dafechuan, which was located south of the Qinghai Lake, the Tang Dynasty troops were destroyed. From then on, Tubo firmly control the Qinghai Lake area, and further competition with the Tang right of the Long, the Hexi Corridor, Anxi four towns, trying to obtain control of the Silk Road, to obtain greater economic benefits. 676 years Manglun Mangzan died, his surviving son Dusong Mangbojie (Chinese: Dui Rong Mang Baojie) was set up as a zanpu, Gaer Qinling continue to take charge. Because the Gaer family has long been authoritarian, and other nobles have contradictions, but also threaten the consolidation of the Zangpo kingship, Dusong Mangbojie grew up, in 695 to 698 on the Gaer family crusade, Qinling in Qinghai Zongkha place soldiers routed suicide, his younger brother Zanbao and his son, Mangbuchi rate of the troops surrendered to the Great Tang, Zanbao was appointed as a general of the state of return to the German king, Mangbuchi was appointed as the Prince of the State of An, and then promoted to the battle of the dial river county king, and his descendants of generations of the county king. His descendants have held official positions in the Tang Dynasty for generations.
Dusong Mangbojie cut off the Gaer family, the Tubo kingship has been strengthened and consolidated, but not long after the Dusong Mangbojie died in 704 in the expedition against the Nanzhao, his son, Chide Zuzan (Chinese:充银tshoms)same year that is the throne of the Tubo, because he was only a year old, his grandmother did not have Lu's Chima class of the dynasty to listen to the government. This period in the Wu Zhou female emperor Wu Zetian's later years, Zhou and the two sides were trapped by years of war, hoping to restore peace and friendship, Du Song Mangbojie in the world, Chima class had for him to the Zhou, and later for the Chide Zuzan to the Zhou. 705 years Wu Zetian died, the Tang Emperor Zhongzong restoration of Tang Dynasty to the throne of the emperor. 710 years, the Tang Emperor Zhongzong Xu Jincheng Princess in the Chide Zuzan. In the same year, Emperor Tang sent a special envoy to escort Princess Jincheng to Tibet together with the envoys of the Tubo, and Emperor Tang sent all the officials to Shiping County, Shaanxi Province, and gave Princess Jincheng the land of the Nine Quarters of the Yellow River as Tangmuyi because of the request of the Tubo. 731 years, Chidzudzan and Princess Jincheng sent an envoy to the Tang Dynasty to request for a copy of the "Poetry of Mao", "The Book of Rites", and "The Book of the Rites", and "The Book of the Rites". "Rites of Passage", "Zuo Zhuan", etc., and asked to set boundaries and exchange markets. Chi Zu Dezan said in the table: "nephew is the first emperor uncle, and the Princess of Jincheng, so and with the same family, the people of the world, universal peace and happiness. " 733 years Tang and the two sides in Chiling (Qinghai Riyue Mountain) set up a monument to determine the boundary, in Chiling, Gan Songling mutual market, the two sides of the border generals and officials to participate in, and notify all over the world, both sides of the peace and forbid each other to loot and pillage.
Soon, due to the two sides want to expand their own power, and the border generals also want to get credit from the war, the war started. Tubo joined forces with Tujiazhi in the north and Nanzhao in Yunnan in the southeast, and the combined forces posed a great threat to the Tang. In about 754, Mordong Zebu and Langmai Sai, who served as daluns, rebelled and Chidzuzan was killed. In 755, when the Tubo dynasty put down the rebellion, the thirteen-year-old Chisong Dezan succeeded to the throne. In this year, the Tang Dynasty had the "An Shi Rebellion", Emperor Xuanzong of Tang fled from Chang'an to Sichuan, and the Tang court deployed a large number of troops to deal with the Tubo army to quell the rebellion, making the western defense empty, the Tubo camera occupied the right side of the Yangtze River, Heshi, Anxi four towns of the Tang Dynasty in a large area, and in October 763, taking advantage of the Tang Dynasty and the officials were not in harmony, focusing on about 200,000 troops to the east. In October 763, taking advantage of the Tang ruler and his ministers were not in harmony, the army concentrated about 200,000 troops to the east, directly into Chang'an, Tang Emperor Daihuang ran out of Shaanxi Province. The Tubo army occupied Chang'an for fifteen days, and at the same time installed Li Chenghong, the nephew of the Princess of Jincheng (who was actually of the same generation as the Princess of Jincheng), King of Guangwu, as the emperor and set up a hundred officials. The latter army was not accustomed to the heat of Chang'an in the fall, and diseases were prevalent in the Tubo army. In addition, the army of the Tang Dynasty was approaching, so the Tubo army withdrew from Chang'an on their own initiative. In the period of Chisong Dezan's reign, the jurisdiction of the Tubo dynasty greatly expanded, the east and the Great Tang largely to the Longshan Mountain as the boundary, but also many times into the Baoji, threatening Chang'an, north to the Ningxia Helan Mountains and Huihe, south to the Nanzhao as a dependency, the west side of all the four towns in the west of Anxi, in Central Asia, and the great food resistance. According to Tibetan historical records, at this time Tubo also once into the Himalayas south of the Ganges River north bank.
According to historical records, from 705 to 822 years AD, the Tang dynasty and Tubo **** alliance eight times, of which the eighth alliance monument still stands in front of Lhasa Da Zhao Temple. Because the eighth alliance is in the Tang Mu Zong Changqing first year to two years (821 years to 822 years), so also known as "Changqing alliance". The text of the alliance is as follows:
Datang Wenwu Xiaode Emperor and the Dafan Holy God Zangpu, uncle and nephew of the two masters, discussing the gods as one, the establishment of the Daihe Alliance, and will never fall, the gods and men are all witnessed to know that, generations, so that it praised. Is to alliance text program, the title of the monument also. Wenwu Xiaode Emperor and Zan (Pu) His Majesty, the two saints uncle and nephew, Ruizhe Hong were, know that this eternal Tuen, enjoy the feeling of pity, the grace to cover its no internal and external, the discussion leaves the same, the service is now ten thousand people peace and prosperity, the idea is as one, into a long time and a great deal of goodness, and then renewed the old affection, reaffirmation of the neighborly goodwill, for this and the great and carry on. Today, the two countries, each of them guards to see the management of the border, (Tao Mian to the east, Datang fiefdom, its plug) to the west, all is the realm of Dafan land, each other is not for the enemy, do not raise troops, do not encroach on the fiefdom. If there is any doubt, we will ask them about the matter and then give them food and clothing and release them. This is the reason why we are in peace. However, uncle and nephew of goodwill, good friendship each must be communicated, each other stagecoach, a (Ren often correspond with each other, the two roads) Tom and Han, and the General Valley cross horse, its Suirengjie has been the east, the Datang should only be, Qingshui County has been the west, the supply of the great Fan, must be in line with the close gift of the uncle and nephew to make the two boundaries of the smoke and dust is not raised, do not hear the name of the bandits and thieves, and then the danger of no fear. Seal people withdrawn from the preparation, the countryside are safe, such as the Leye's (grace, hanging in the generations, the voice of praise), all over the sun and the moon shine carry on. The Tombs are at peace in the Tombs, and the Han people are happy in the Han country, and this is their great cause. According to the oath of this covenant, it shall not be changed forever, and the Three Jewels and all the sages and saints, the sun, the moon, and the stars, shall be the witnesses of the oath. This is the covenant that each of us has made. If you do not comply with this oath, the Tom and Han people (those who violate the covenant and break the alliance will be subjected to its disaster) also have the misfortune. The people who still have to revenge and conspire are not limited to breaking the alliance. Tom and Han, and bowed to the oath, Zhou fine for the text, the two king's test, certified to the official seal, the altar of the minister, personally signed his name. Handholding such as the oath, hidden in the Yu Fu Yan.
The Tibet during the Tubo dynasty was in the midst of a struggle between the indigenous Benzinism and the newly introduced Buddhism. 841 Chizuo Detsen was assassinated by the ministers who were opposed to Buddhism, and his brother, Rang Dharma, was put on the throne. Rang Dharma represented the forces opposed to the spread of Buddhism, and in 843 he ordered the banning of Buddhism, killing the chiefs of the monks, forcing the monks to return to secularism, closing down the monasteries, destroying the statues of the Buddha, and destroying the sutras, which is known as the "Rang Dharma Destruction of Buddhism". 846 Rang Dharma was shot to death by a monk, Lalung Beygi Yundan. Dharma's two sons after the death of his father and for the throne broke out in civil war, hold military power of the generals also followed the chaos, for more than 20 years. The chaos of the ruling group in 869 caused the common people's rebellion, and in 877 the rebel army excavated the tomb of Zangpo, killing the royal family and nobles, and the Tubo dynasty completely collapsed, and the unification of Tibet for more than two hundred years came to an end. Later, many tribes and tribal states were formed in Tibet. It so happened that a similar event happened in the same period of time in the Great Tang Dynasty. In 907 A.D., the Tang dynasty collapsed, leading to another period of division between the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms, and finally to the establishment of the Northern Song dynasty.
The Northern Song Dynasty was established in 960 AD. Because of the Song dynasty is located in the region's sake, and away from the Han region of Wei-Tibet Tibetan ministries contact less, but with the neighboring Han region of Gan, Qing, Sichuan, Yunnan Tibetan ministries is relatively close. Soon after the founding of the Great Song Dynasty, the descendants of a tribal leader of the former Tubo Empire, Kuanluo, established a regime in the Huangshui Valley of Qinghai Province, centered on Miaochuan (now Ledu) and Qingtang (now Xining). This was one of the largest local feudal regimes at the time, with the Tibetans as the main body. The Canglao repeatedly sent envoys to the Song emperor to pay tribute and beg for official positions. In 1032 AD (the first year of the Mingdao era), Song Renzong appointed Kobayashi as "Great General of Ningyuan and Reinforcement Envoy of Aizhou" and gave him a generous salary. In 1041 AD (the second year of Kangding), the Song Emperor also appointed Luo as the "Minister of the Army of Hexi and other military organizations," and then the Song Emperor appointed Luo as the "General of Ningyuan," with a generous salary. Since then, the successors of Komoro's children and grandchildren, such as Dong Fei, Ali Bone, Blind Zheng, Long, etc., were all appointed by the Great Song Dynasty. The area under the rule of the Kobayashi Ministry was part of the Qinfeng Road, one of the twenty-six roads of the Northern Song Dynasty. By 1116 AD (the sixth year of the Zhenghe era), all the areas of the Kobayashi tribe had been transformed into counties of the Song dynasty. In addition, Emperor Song Zhenzong appointed Pan Luozhi, the leader of the Tibetan Liugu tribe in Liangzhou (Wuwei), to the post of "Yanzhou defense ambassador and inspector of the western part of Lingzhou" in 1001 AD (the fourth year of the reign of Xianping).
Beginning in the 11th century, the Song Dynasty vigorously pursued the policy of cantonment and garrisoning in the southern Gansu Province, the Hexi Corridor, the eastern part of the Qinghai Province, and the Xikang area, in order to cope with the incursion of the Xixia and to increase the strength of the defenses. On this basis, the Great Song allocated bows and arrows and other weapons to the Tibetan tribes in the Hexi Corridor and other places, and recruited Tibetan archers to set up a military system similar to the Great Song militia among the Tibetans, in order to *** with the defense against the Western Xia's incursions and raids. Song general Wang Shao opened up a large amount of land in the area of Linxia and Lintao in present-day Gansu, recruiting more than 300,000 Tibetans to engage in cultivation. The famous tea and horse market also in today's sichuan ya'an, gansu linxia and shaanxi some areas of the great song dynasty special market, began after hundreds of years of Tibetan horses and the hanzhou tea often fixed transactions.
The Yuan Dynasty unified the Tibetan region, fostering the Sakya faction to establish local power, at the same time the Yuan Dynasty in the Tibetan plateau set up a series of military and political institutions. At the beginning, the Yuan dynasty in Hezhou set up the Tubo Xuanwu Si, as the management of the entire Tibetan region of the administrative institutions, eight Si Ba in 1272 to 1274 also for this purpose in Hezhou residence for more than two years. Later, because of the large area under the jurisdiction of the ground, and set up in the Kham area, to 1280, after the death of Bashi Ba, the Yuan dynasty for the needs of governance, and set up in the Weizang a Department of the Department of the Department of the Department of the Department of the Department of the Department of the Department of the Department of the Department of the Department of the Department. In this way, to the middle of the Yuan Dynasty, the entire Tibetan Plateau is divided into three administrative regions: one is "Duo Si Ma", set up the Tubo and other places to declare the Department of the Marshal General (also known as Duo Si Ma Xuanhuosi), jurisdiction over the majority of Qinghai Province, Gansu Province, the south and Sichuan Province, Aba area; a "Duo Gansi The first is "Duo Gan Si", i.e. "Duo Kang" in the time of Tubo Dynasty, and set up Tubo and other roads of Xuanshuanshuanshuandi (also called Duo Gan Si Xuanshuanshuandi), with jurisdiction over Yushu of Qinghai Province, Ganzi of Sichuan Province, Diqing of Yunnan Province and Chamdo of Tibet Autonomous Region, as well as the eastern part of the Nagchu area; the third one is Weizang Ali, and set up Ushi Zang Nalizuo Gurusun Three Road Xuanhuanshuanshuanshuanshuanshuanshu (also known as Ushizang Xuanhuanshuanshuanshu), jurisdiction over Ushizang (that is, the Tubo dynasty, "Weizang Si Ru") and the west of the Ali region, that is, the region under the jurisdiction of the Tibet Autonomous Region of the present day in the majority of the area. The Yuan Dynasty called the Tibetan area "Tubo" in general, but when it came to the various parts of the Tibetan area, it often used the names "Dosi Ma", "Duo Gan Si", and "Ushi Zang". Ushizang" and other names. Because the Tibetan area was also categorized into the scope of the "Western Regions" in the Yuan Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty referred to all the tribes of the Western Regions as Xifan (or Xifan), and the Tibetans were regarded as one of the Xifan, so sometimes they were also used to referring to the Tibetan area as Xifan, and sometimes they were also written differently as Xifan", which is the first time that the character "蕃" (蕃) in front of the character "蕃" (蕃) to refer to the Tibetans was added to the name of a place to indicate its location, "西". This informal conversion of "Tubo" into "Xifan" and "Xipan" was the first step in the later emergence of the term "Tibet". the first step in the emergence of the word "Tibet", but "Tibet" did not evolve from "Xifan" or "Xipan".