This article focuses on the entire process of blood transfusion when a patient is hospitalized, with accompanying explanations of the precautions to be taken during the transfusion process. It is expected to take five minutes to read. If there are any errors, please feel free to leave a comment.
First, a few concepts
Blood transfusion is the transfer of blood or blood components from one person (the donor) to another (the transfusion recipient).
The purpose of blood transfusion is to increase the blood's ability to carry oxygen, restore the body's blood volume, increase immunity, and correct clotting abnormalities. Common recipients include accident victims, surgical patients, and patients treated for cancer (e.g., leukemia) or other diseases (e.g., blood disorders such as sickle cell disease and thalassemia).
Above referred to as a doctor's judgment that you need blood based on your condition .
As a chaperone, the most important thing you should be concerned about is what abnormal reactions you will have with the transfusion:
The most common reaction, with a prevalence of about 1% to 2%, is a fever; this is followed by an allergic reaction, which consists of itching, a widespread rash, edema, dizziness, and headache; and, less commonly, symptoms such as difficulty breathing, asthma, and urinary incontinence. Rarely, allergic reactions are so severe that they result in low blood pressure and shock.
Things like shaking and convulsions to coma are never normal reactions, and it is very likely that the blood has been used incorrectly. You should immediately stop the transfusion, give the patient oxygen, notify the doctor, and send the remaining blood for testing.
Clinical blood transfusion must be signed before transfusion informed consent, which has introduced the risk of transfusion, that is, allergy, fever and other acute transfusion adverse reactions and transfusion transmission of hepatitis, HIV and other chronic transfusion adverse reactions. Not signed not to use, had to sign.
Before the transfusion of blood need to be first blood test , may be some people do not quite understand, why I am heavily anemic doctors have to draw blood?
The reality is that hospitals need to take the patient's blood and analyze it to find the right blood. The nurse reviews the medical advice related to the application of blood and then takes the blood. In addition to the emergency patients, other hospitalized patients need to apply for blood transfusion one day in advance.
What is the right blood
Different people have different blood types. A person's blood type is determined by the presence of specialized proteins (Rh factor and blood group antigens A and B) on the surface of their red blood cells. These proteins are considered antigens because they can trigger an immune response.
As shown above
In addition to the blood group relationship
These are the two factors that have the greatest impact on the appropriateness of the blood
The percentage of Rh-negative blood in the Chinese population is extremely low, and panda blood is the common name for Rh-negative blood, which is innate and not discussed here.
But once you need to use blood, it's hard to find it, and that's still true.
There are many kinds of blood tests before the use of blood, such as pre-transfusion five test list these are relatively routine. Doctors will choose the test items according to the actual situation of the patient, multiple items often need to draw more blood, some items require a smaller amount of blood, some items of more, different items of blood collection tube mouth color is different, the nurse in the collection of blood will be based on the color of the mouth of the tube to determine the amount of blood to be collected, for hemorrhage or severe anemia of the patient doctor will also be discretionary consideration of the situation. But it's certainly not the case that every test tube needs to be filled with a full tube of blood.
Simply put, there are many tubes of blood to be drawn, and each tube contains a different amount of blood, not necessarily more
Before the blood is drawn, if the patient is on a fluid infusion, the blood should be drawn from the other arm to ensure the validity of the test described below.
After the blood is drawn, the sample is sent to the laboratory or hematology department for blood typing (ABO, Rh negative, positive). After the test, the blood type is determined and the blood bag is prepared. Then, cross-matching (blood matching with the same blood as the blood bag you plan to use) is performed. When the results are available and normal, the blood is transported from the Hematology Department to the unit where it is prepared for transfusion.
In the department or operating room, the nurse receives the blood bag and examines it to see if the blood is in good condition and if the labeling matches the user's information correctly. After everything is correct, the receipt is confirmed.
Then the blood bag is executed, the nurse first confirms whether the information of the blood bag matches with the patient's information, whether the blood type is the same, whether the cross-matching result is correct, and whether the transfusion device is normal.
The transfusion requires two nurses for simultaneous confirmation. The transfusion should be started within 30 minutes after the blood is removed from the blood bank, during which time a special heating device (not seen) can be used to warm the body temperature. At the same time a large number of low-temperature reservoir blood transfusion caused by hypothermia, and hypothermia - acidosis - coagulation dysfunction will form a vicious circle, known as the "triangle of death". It's not uncommon to see emergency nurses warming up blood bags with body heat for this reason.
Blood transfusions follow the slow first, fast second principle. It is best to complete the transfusion within 40-60 minutes, and it is essential that the transfusion be completed within 3 hours, and 200 ml of adults should generally be transfused in less than 30 minutes. The nurse will inform the patient to speed up the transfusion after the transfusion rounds. If there is an abnormal situation, it will be manifested in the first 15 minutes (The first few minutes of blood type incompatibility will have a violent reaction), so the nurse will definitely come to check the transfusion patient's body function status 15 minutes after the transfusion. If you are accompanied by someone at the bedside, you must pay attention to the first few minutes of the transfusion, notify the doctor or nurse immediately if there is any abnormality and calm down, rescue the patient first, and follow the doctor's instructions.
It is important to add that blood transfusions cannot be done continuously from different donors. For example, a time to lose two bags of blood, two bags of blood is not the same person donated blood to the nurse to know, the probability of this is too low, the general two bags of blood between the saline rinse transfusion channel, to prevent the two bags of blood in the composition of what happened to the reaction.
After the end of the transfusion is not immediately remove the needle , according to the scene to consider the need to replace the transfusion device, but must use saline to maintain the venous channel.
Fifteen minutes after the transfusion is also the observation period for rounds. The nurse will come in and observe the transfusion recipient's functional status.
This is the end of the transfusion. The nurse collects the blood bag and returns it to the hematology department for disposal.
Finally, I would like to add a few misconceptions about blood transfusion:
1) The safety of blood transfusion between relatives
In principle, blood transfusion between close relatives is not supported because of the high safety risk. According to doctors, a serious transfusion reaction called graft-versus-host disease can occur when blood is transfused between immediate relatives.
2) O-type blood is the universal blood
Modern medical does not advocate heterogeneous blood transfusion, emphasizing the same type of blood transfusion. O-type blood transfusion to the other 3 types of blood, but basically in the critical critical juncture.
Getting rid of blood transfusion myths