1. catecholamine transmitters: ()
A. epinephrine and norepinephrine
B. epinephrine, norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine
C. epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
D. epinephrine, dopamine
E. dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine
2. The essence of a gene chip is a: ()
A. High-density monoclonal antibody array
B. High-density peptide array
C. High-density nucleic acid array
D. High-density oligonucleotide array
E. High-density protein array
3. A male patient, 56 years old, with a history of hypertension for 10 years, presented with an acute onset of slurred speech. A. Cranial CT scan
B. Lumbar puncture cerebrospinal fluid examination
C. TCD examination
D. Brainstem evoked potentials
E. Electroencephalogram
4. Simple obesity is not associated with which of the following factors? Obesity is not associated with which of the following factors: ()
A. Parental obesity
B. High-calorie diet
C. Decreased physical activity
D. Application of insulin
E. Alcohol consumption
5. Acromegaly is seen in: ()
A. Hyperthyroidism
B. Adenopituitary gland function Hyperthyroidism
C. Hypopituitarism
D. Hypothyroidism
E. Diabetes mellitus
6. Drugs that require therapeutic drug monitoring do not include: ()
A. Cardiac glycosides
B. Antiepileptics
C. Vitamins
D. Antiarrhythmics <
E. Aminoglycosides
Reference Answers and Explanations
1. Reference Answer C . 解析：(1)The question is about physiology-adrenomedullary hormones. (2) Catecholamine is a neurotropic substance containing catechol and amine groups. The catechol and amine groups are combined via an enzymatic step of L-tyrosine at sympathetic, adrenal medulla, and chromaffin cell sites. Typically, catecholamines are norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. All three of these catecholamines are obtained by the conversion of tyrosine as a precursor (right C). Therefore, the answer to this question is C.
2.Reference Answer C . 解析：(1)该题考察是生物化学与分子生物-基因芯的知识点。 (2)Gene chip refers to the fixation of many specific DNA fragments in a regular and close arrangement on a support per unit area, and then hybridization with fluorescent-labeled samples to be tested. After hybridization, the chip is scanned with a fluorescence detection system and so on, and the fluorescence signals of each bit are detected, compared and analyzed by a computer system, so that qualitative and quantitative results can be obtained quickly. This technology is also known as DNA microarray (C right). Therefore, the answer to this question is C.
3.Reference Answer A . 解析：(1)该题是考察是外科学-intracranial and intravertebral vascular disease-脑出血外科治疗的知识点。 (2) For patients with a previous history of hypertensive atherosclerosis and sudden severe headache, vomiting with varying degrees of impaired consciousness, which may be accompanied by hemiparesis, aphasia, and other dysfunctions, a head CT should be performed promptly to identify cerebral hemorrhage or cerebral infarction. Cranial CT can quickly and accurately locate acute cerebral hemorrhage, and the hemorrhage is manifested as a high-density shadow area, which may break into the ventricle or be combined with hydrocephalus. Therefore, the answer to this question is A.
4.Reference answer D . 解析：(1)该题考察是诊断学-肥胖的知识点。 (2)Simple obesity is the most common kind of obesity, its main characteristics are: ① may have a family history or history of over-nutrition (A, B right), mostly homogeneous obesity; ③ mostly related to lifestyle, such as too little exercise (C right), eating too much, drinking alcohol (E right); but most of them do not have endocrine metabolism and other diseases. This question examines the options that do not belong, so the answer to this question is D.
5.Reference answer B . 解析：(1)该题考察是生理学-腺垂体激素生物作用的知识点。 (2) The pituitary gland synthesizes and secretes growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. The effect of growth hormone reaches its peak in puberty and directly stimulates the differentiation of pre-chondrocytes into chondrocytes before the closure of the long epiphysis, as well as the widening of the epiphyseal plate and the deposition of bone matrix to promote the longitudinal growth of bone. Insufficient growth hormone secretion in early childhood, the child growth stagnation, short stature, known as dwarfism; on the contrary, excessive secretion of growth hormone in early childhood is manifested as gigantism. After adulthood, if the growth hormone secretion is too much, because the epiphysis has been closed, the long bone no longer grows, but the hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate in the connective tissues will make the face and internal organs hypertrophy, the short bones of the limbs, the skull and the soft tissues grow abnormally. It is called acromegaly (B), which manifests itself in the form of enlarged hands and feet, pestle-like ends of the fingers and toes, large nose and thick lips, protruding jaws, and enlarged internal organs. Therefore, the answer to this question is B.
6.Reference answer C . 解析：(1)该题考察是药理学-药动学和药效学基础理论的知识点。 (2)Therapeutic drug monitoring is an important part of clinical pharmacology, through the determination of the patient's therapeutic drug blood concentration or other body fluid concentration, according to the principles of pharmacokinetics and calculation methods to formulate the optimal individualized drug administration program, including drug dosage, time and route of administration, in order to improve the therapeutic efficacy and reduce the adverse effects, so as to achieve the purpose of effective and safe treatment. Currently, common clinical therapeutic drug monitoring drug types include immunosuppressants (e.g., cyclosporine, tacrolimus), antitumor drugs (e.g., methotrexate, fluorouracil), psychotropic drugs (e.g., sodium phenytoin, valproic acid) (B error), antibiotics (e.g., vancomycin) (E error), antifungal drugs (e.g., voriconazole, itraconazole), drugs for cardiovascular system (e.g., digoxin) (A, D error), asthma medications (e.g., aminophylline), antifungal drugs (e.g., vasotocicine), and antifungal medications (e.g., vasotocicline) (A, D error). aminophylline), antivirals (e.g., efavirenz), and herbal medicines (e.g., aconite). This question examines the options that do not belong, so the answer to this question is C.
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