1 "northeast phenomenon" and the revitalization of the old industrial base in northeast China
Northeast China, including Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia, has the most important production bases of petroleum, metallurgy, petrochemical, coal, heavy machinery, automobiles, shipbuilding, building materials, grain, trees and livestock products in China. "Northeast Phenomenon" refers to the serious imbalance in the process of system transition and marketization in the northeast of China's old industrial base since the early 1990s, such as unreasonable industrial structure, serious aging of equipment and technology, slow improvement of economic benefits, lagging reform of large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises, serious pollution and environmental degradation.
In order to eliminate the "Northeast Phenomenon", in June 2003, 10, "Several Opinions of the Central Committee of the State Council on Implementing the Revitalization Strategy of Old Industrial Bases in Northeast China" was issued and implemented, and the revitalization strategy of Old Industrial Bases in Northeast China was officially launched. /kloc-in the past 0/0 years, by actively changing the mode of economic development, stepping up technological transformation and accelerating system innovation, the economic quality and efficiency have been continuously improved, and the old industrial base has stepped out of the trough, initially embarked on the track of endogenous drive and virtuous circle, regained its vitality and entered the fastest and most stable period in history.
Although the economy in Northeast China has undergone profound changes, some structural and institutional contradictions accumulated in history have not been completely solved, so that today, after the implementation of the revitalization strategy 10, problems such as slowing economic growth, unsatisfactory industrial restructuring, and difficulty in breaking through institutional mechanism innovation have reappeared. From the perspective of the revitalization process, the "Northeast Phenomenon" has not been completely eliminated, mainly as follows:
1. 1 Initial stage of revitalization: remarkable economic growth.
At present, Northeast China is in the primary stage of revitalization. Due to the late-developing advantages of the old industrial base, especially through large-scale technological transformation and the support of the central policy, as well as the strong impetus of reform and opening up, the old industrial base in Northeast China has been rejuvenated, forming a period of rapid economic growth, greatly shortening the gap with the developed areas in China. From 2003 to 20 12, the gross domestic product of the three northeastern provinces quadrupled, with an average annual growth of 12.7%. 10 years, the three northeastern provinces basically completed the restructuring of state-owned enterprises, and the non-public economy developed rapidly. In 20 12, the proportion of non-public economy in the regional GDP of Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces reached 64%, 50.8% and 5 1% respectively, which were higher than that of 2003 by 14.7% and 65438% respectively.
1.2 The second stage of revitalization: growth slows down.
At present, with the exposure of the limitations of extensive economic's growth mode in Northeast China, especially the difficulty in effectively digesting and absorbing imported technology, the economic growth rate in Northeast China has slowed down. First, economic growth has slowed down significantly. In 20 13, Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces were all in the bottom10 in Chinese mainland's 3 1 provincial GDP growth ranking; Secondly, the pace of industrial optimization and upgrading is slow. In recent years, despite the vigorous development of service industries in Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces, the proportion of primary, secondary and tertiary industries has remained basically unchanged. In 2003, the added value of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries in the three northeastern provinces accounted for 12.4%, 50.7% and 36.9% respectively, and in 2065 it was 438+0 1. Third, the investment benefit is declining and the investment stamina is insufficient. Since 10, the investment scale of the three northeastern provinces has been at the leading level in China, but the rate of return on investment is lower than the national average and shows a downward trend.
1.3 the third stage of revitalization: the risk of "stall" of economic growth increases.
At this stage, all kinds of contradictions that hinder the economic growth in Northeast China are fully exposed, especially the ability of independent technology research and development is difficult to improve, which leads to insufficient stamina for economic growth and increased risk of "stall". In 20 12, the total GDP of the three northeastern provinces was only 88.4% and 93.3% of that of Guangdong and Jiangsu provinces. In the first half of 20 14, the regional GDP of Liaoning province was13,207.5 billion yuan, which was 7.2% higher than the national average of 7.4% at comparable prices [4]. The gap with developed regions has widened again, and the goal of revitalization is difficult to achieve.
2 innovation drive and the elimination of "Northeast Phenomenon"
The "Northeast Phenomenon" is difficult to eliminate, largely because of the lack of innovation drive.
2. 1 Insufficient driving force for scientific and technological innovation
(1) The high-tech blockade barrier has not been broken, and there is a high-tech "vulnerability disease". In the high-tech field, intellectual property rights are basically in the hands of foreigners. For example, at least 80% of the key technologies of computer software and hardware are mastered by foreign companies. Many high-tech enterprises are actually only foundries, lacking core technologies, especially domestic and foreign brand-name products.
(2) Technological innovation activities are not carried out enough, and there is dependence on technology introduction. In recent years, the old industrial base in Northeast China has undergone a large-scale technological transformation. However, due to the insufficient development of technological innovation activities, especially the lack of digestion and reabsorption of imported technologies, the level of industrial technology has not been significantly improved, and even the benefits of enterprises have been affected.
2.2 lack of driving force for engineering innovation
Engineering innovation mainly refers to people's innovation in integrated creation, including knowledge integration innovation, technology integration innovation, integrated industry innovation and environment integration innovation. The reasons why the "Northeast Phenomenon" is difficult to eliminate include:
(1) Lack of technical integration and innovation. It is mainly manifested in the lack of national independent innovation demonstration zones, the lack of R&D platforms such as national engineering (technology) research centers and national engineering (key) laboratories, and their insufficient functions.
(2) Lack of innovation in integrated industries. Not enough has been done in speeding up the construction of major infrastructure, speeding up the construction of comprehensive transportation network, building a diversified clean energy system, speeding up the construction of transmission channels, and effectively solving the problem of "power shortage" in Northeast China.
(3) Lack of environmental integration and innovation. Strengthening ecological construction, adhering to the ecological-oriented forestry and forestry economic development direction, and strengthening the restoration and protection of natural grassland have not yet attracted great attention [8].
2.3 lack of driving force for industrial innovation
Industrial innovation is the process of applying universality to technical artifacts through innovative means such as industrial creation and industrial extension. For the revitalization of the old industrial base in Northeast China, it is the process of making the industry obtain information, transformation, profit, circulation and ecology through innovative means. Industrial innovation factors that are difficult to eliminate the "Northeast Phenomenon" include:
The application scale of (1) is insufficient. In accelerating the scale imposed by enterprise merger and reorganization, especially in optimizing the allocation of resources through the market, breaking regional boundaries and cultivating well-known large enterprise groups at home and abroad, the results are not remarkable. Expand the scale of open cooperation in all directions, especially in Northeast Asia and developed countries, build a number of major platforms for open cooperation, and improve the opening-up policy.
(2) Impose a lack of profitability. Under the condition of modern scientific and technological revolution, both backward areas and developed areas need to successfully absorb the value of science and technology in order to achieve economic development. The "Northeast Phenomenon" is difficult to eliminate to a great extent, because it has not obtained scientific and technological value, especially the leading industries have not obtained periodic innovation value, and the innovation value flows to high-end products, and the innovation value flows to the division of labor and sales, resulting in large losses and poor profitability. For example, the petrochemical industry used to be the largest pillar industry in Liaoning Province, but the loss of the whole industry was 211,which was the highest in the country.
(3) imposing structural defects. In the process of revitalizing the old industrial base in Northeast China, we must implement structural adjustment by selecting leading industries, cultivating strategic industries and withdrawing from declining industries. However, there is a big gap between the service industry in the old industrial base and the advanced level in the world, especially the lack of extension of traditional industries in the new service industry. The internal structure of service industry is unreasonable, and the development of modern service economy such as finance, insurance, information and consulting industry lags behind.
(4) insufficient transformation. In the process of revitalizing the old industrial base in Northeast China, the industrialization of independent innovation achievements and the breakthrough integration of key technologies are ineffective, resulting in the relative lack of core technologies and insufficient transformation. For example, with the acceleration of technological progress in petrochemical industry, the integration of refining and chemical industry has become an inevitable trend of petrochemical industry development in various countries. Although the crude oil processing capacity of the northeast old industrial base ranks first in the country, the petrochemical industry has a low degree of integration of refining and chemical industry. The ratio of ethylene production to refining capacity of 20 1 1.68% is only 1/5 in Shanghai and 1/3 in Jiangsu, which is far below the average levels of 2.56% and 4.62% in PetroChina and Sinopec [9].
(5) Impose regional deficiency. The lack of regionality in entrepreneurial innovation leads to high resource consumption and poor recycling, and the overall energy consumption intensity is 1.3 times of the national average, so it is difficult to implement the circular economy development strategy. Traditional industries have high emission intensity and serious environmental pollution. The chemical oxygen demand and sulfur dioxide emission intensity per unit area GDP are 2.2 times and 65,438 0.5 times of the national average, respectively, and the total amount of pollutants discharged greatly exceeds the environmental carrying capacity.
2.4 Lack of institutional innovation
At present, with the rapid development of scientific and technological productivity, there is an urgent need for corresponding scientific and technological production relations, that is, institutional innovation of scientific and technological activities. From the perspective of content composition, the relationship between scientific and technological production has three parts: the ownership form of scientific and technological labor materials, the activity form of scientific and technological workers, and the distribution form of scientific and technological labor results. In the process of revitalizing the old industrial base in Northeast China, we should create ownership, activity and distribution forms suitable for scientific and technological workers through institutional innovation.
3 Northeast Revitalization Countermeasures
As an old national industrial base, Northeast China has gone through the road of revitalization for 10 years, but the current situation of insufficient independent innovation capability has not fundamentally changed, especially from factor-driven to innovation-driven track [10]. In view of the difficulties faced by the new round of northeast revitalization, the following suggestions are put forward:
3. 1 improve the ability of independent innovation and vigorously promote the drive of scientific and technological innovation.
In the process of revitalizing the old industrial base in Northeast China, we should vigorously carry out scientific and technological innovation, especially combine the independent innovation of factors with improving the regional competitiveness of the old industrial base, and take the advantage field as the starting point to realize the transformation from the comparative advantage of factors to the innovative competitive advantage.
Pay attention to the following areas as the focus of independent innovation: applied basic research areas with advantages and industrialization as soon as possible; The priority industrial fields of the old industrial base determined by the state; Fields with unique resource advantages; In the field of huge market prospects at home and abroad. Strive to make breakthroughs in the above areas, form independent brands, and create comparative advantages based on innovation.
3.2 Improve the ability of integrated innovation and vigorously promote the drive of engineering innovation.
(1) Application knowledge system integration. The old industrial base in Northeast China should integrate all kinds of knowledge, rely on scientific and technological information research institutions in the three provinces, unite universities and research institutes, establish a document information sharing network composed of book document information resource system, document transmission system and highly complete and pivotal document information retrieval system, and establish a cooperative network of large-scale scientific instruments and equipment in Northeast China to comprehensively improve the socialization level of large-scale instruments and equipment in the three provinces and promote the agglomeration of scientific and technological elements [165438]
(2) Integration of applied technical elements. Vigorously build a platform for scientific and technological cooperation and innovation, and jointly establish a number of international entities or virtual R&D institutions, including research centers, engineering centers, key laboratories, productivity promotion centers and postdoctoral mobile stations. , and take the lead in launching the pilot project of 100 Top Innovative Enterprises in Northeast China.
(3) Integration of production factors in applied industries. Accelerate the construction of comprehensive transportation network, build a diversified clean energy system, speed up the construction of power transmission channels, and effectively solve the problem of "power shortage" in Northeast China. Vigorously develop water conservancy facilities, focus on promoting the comprehensive improvement of major rivers and tributaries such as Heilongjiang, Songhua River and Nenjiang River, and improve the flood control and disaster reduction system. Accelerate the construction of comprehensive transportation system and improve the airport layout in Northeast China.
(4) Coordinate and integrate the application environment. Strengthen the prevention and control of water pollution in key river basins such as Songhua River and Liaohe River, and increase the construction of urban garbage and sewage treatment facilities. Strengthen ecological construction, consolidate the achievements of returning farmland to forests and strengthen afforestation management and protection. According to the model of "government support and market operation", special treatment projects will be implemented for industrial wasteland and problems left over from mining history.
3.3 Accelerate the industrialization of scientific and technological achievements and vigorously promote the drive of industrial innovation.
(1) imposes a proportion. First of all, adhere to the combination of market dominance and government guidance, further break the boundaries between regions, industries and ownership, optimize the allocation of resources, promote enterprise mergers and acquisitions, cultivate large enterprise groups with international competitiveness, and support the joint reorganization of large central enterprise groups and local enterprises. Encourage private enterprises, foreign-funded enterprises and other investors to participate in the reform and restructuring of enterprises in old industrial bases; Second, expand open cooperation in all directions. Expand open cooperation with Northeast Asia and developed countries, build a number of large-scale open cooperation platforms, and improve the opening-up policy. Actively implement the China-Japan-ROK investment protection agreement and continue to run the China-DPRK economic zone well. At present, it is especially important to seize the favorable opportunity of Russian economy turning to the Far East after the Ukrainian crisis and expand the opening of northeast China to Russia.
(2) Forced profit. Profitability is an important indicator to measure industrialization, and we should further increase the general and special transfer payments to Northeast China through fiscal policy. Increase transfer payments to resource-exhausted cities, and include eligible northeastern provinces and cities in the pilot scope of spontaneous self-repayment of local government bonds. Support qualified enterprises to issue corporate bonds, and co-ordinate the study and establishment of the Northeast Revitalization Industrial Investment Fund. Accelerate the construction of credit guarantee system and service system for small and medium-sized enterprises, and continue to support the development of guarantee and re-guarantee institutions in Northeast China. Allow qualified key equipment manufacturing enterprises to set up financial leasing companies to carry out financial leasing business.
(3) Application structure. The first is to implement the policy of selecting leading industries. We will implement plans for the adjustment and revitalization of key industries, intensify structural adjustment, support advantageous industries, key enterprises and important brands, and expand market share. Relying on the advantages of the equipment manufacturing industry's strong manufacturing ability, we will develop basic supporting parts and spare parts, and rely on the advantages of raw material processing bases to focus on developing downstream characteristic light industry; Second, implement the policy of cultivating strategic industries. Actively promote the establishment of strategic emerging industry venture capital funds. Concentrate on supporting intelligent robots, gas turbines and other industries in Northeast China to become bigger and stronger. Support Shenyang aviation enterprises to cooperate with large international aviation enterprises in major projects such as assembly, engines and parts. Vigorously develop modern service industry, implement the same price as industrial enterprises in electricity, water and gas consumption, and give key support in land use. Create a tourism brand in Northeast China and support the development of cultural industries such as cultural creativity, film and television publishing, performing arts and entertainment in Northeast China.
(4) Apply transformation. Through the implementation of industrial innovation means such as the optimization and upgrading of traditional industries and special science and technology projects, we will overcome key technical problems that restrict the development of traditional industries, develop and demonstrate advanced and applicable key technologies and processes, enhance the technical level of basic raw materials industries in old industrial bases, and promote energy conservation, emission reduction and comprehensive utilization of resources. Improve the research and development level of high-end basic manufacturing equipment and basic parts. Vigorously promote the application of independent innovation achievements, and increase support for the industrialization of independent innovation achievements in new energy, new materials, biology, information, aerospace, high-speed railways and other high-tech fields.
3.4 Deepen reform and vigorously promote the drive of institutional innovation.
(1) Create a form of ownership suitable for innovation. The establishment of intellectual property courts, on the basis of the establishment of intellectual property courts in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, and the establishment of intellectual property courts in Northeast China, to govern the first-instance civil and administrative cases of intellectual property rights with strong professionalism, such as patents, new plant varieties, layout-design of integrated circuits and technical secrets [12]; Piloting the development and reform of private economy in Northeast China, and innovating support methods and policies. The pilot was initiated by private capital, and financial institutions such as private banks were set up. All kinds of new social capital participated in the restructuring and reorganization of state-owned enterprises.
(2) Create the activity forms of scientific and technological workers that are compatible with innovation. The exploration of scientific and technological labor determines the limitation of its own resources, and it is impossible for scientific and technological workers to combine all the resources they need, so they must take collaborative innovation. Therefore, we should vigorously carry out the combination of Industry-University-Research and improve the transformation rate of scientific and technological achievements. Implement the cooperation plan of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and promote the cooperation between scientific research institutes affiliated to Chinese Academy of Sciences and old industrial bases; Implement the special project of introducing foreign talents and foreign exchanges, and introduce 2000 foreign professional and technical personnel to serve in related fields of old industrial bases every year; Organize management, technical and skilled personnel to learn from the experience of adjustment and transformation of foreign old industrial bases.
(3) Create a distribution form that is compatible with innovation. First of all, efforts should be made to solve the problems of unfair distribution and disparity between the rich and the poor. Serious unfair distribution and disparity between the rich and the poor are the primary factors that fall into the "middle income trap". It is necessary to intensify efforts to reform the income distribution mechanism and curb the gap between the rich and the poor; Break the monopoly and stimulate the endogenous vitality of the economy; Encourage exploration and experiment in the disposal right, income right and equity incentive of scientific and technological achievements; Study and establish a national independent innovation demonstration zone in Northeast China [13].
Secondly, deepen the reform of local state-owned enterprises and use part of the income of state-owned enterprises at the same level to pay the necessary reform costs. Proceeding from the basic national conditions of the primary stage of socialism in China, we should adapt to the state-owned assets management system and the reform process of state-owned enterprises, gradually standardize the income distribution order of state-owned enterprises, and make necessary adjustments to the unreasonable income that is too high [14].
Third, actively improve the social security system. The central government's investment in the basic old-age insurance for enterprise employees should continue to tilt to the northeast, and further improve the basic pension level for enterprise retirees. Properly solve the social security problem of large-scale collective workers in factories. We will implement the policy of including retirees from closed bankrupt enterprises and employees from enterprises in difficulty in basic medical insurance.