China's polar scientific research activities began in the early 1980s. in January 1980, China sent two scientists to Australia's Antarctic Casey Station for the first time to take part in the Australian-organized Antarctic research activities, thus opening the prelude to China's polar research career. Since 1984, when China began to independently organize Antarctic expeditions, it has successfully organized 19 Antarctic expeditions and achieved a large number of scientific research results, many of which have reached the international advanced level, which has made China's Antarctic scientific expeditions an important force to be reckoned with in international Antarctic scientific expeditions.
How do China's Antarctic expedition members go to the South Pole?
The members of the expedition to the Great Wall Station in the Antarctic of China usually take the international civil aviation from Beijing, and along the way, they may arrive at Santiago, the capital of Chile, after changing planes through Japan and the United States, then take the Chilean civil aviation to the southern city of Punta Arenas in Chile, and then take the Chilean Air Force airplane to the Great Wall Station. When returning from the Great Wall Station, they will first take a Chilean Air Force airplane to Punta Arenas, then take a Chilean civil aviation to Santiago, and then return to Beijing by airplane. Generally every 2 to 3 years, China has to send an expedition ship to the Great Wall Station in Antarctica for resupply and scientific investigation, at which time the expedition members will go to the Great Wall Station by ship.
Since there is no air route to Zhongshan Station in Antarctica, expedition members going to Zhongshan Station will go there by ship. China usually sends an expedition ship to Zhongshan Station every year for resupply and scientific research. The ship now usually sails from Shanghai, and along the way will cross the equator, pass through Australia, and then cross the westerly belt to arrive at Zhongshan Station.
Which ship is now serving as the ferry for China's Antarctic expeditions?
After the decommissioning of the Polar in 1994, the Xuelong is now the ship that serves as the ferry for China's Antarctic expeditions.
The Xuelong was originally built in 1993 by the Kherson Shipyard in Ukraine as an icebreaker with B1* icebreaking capability, weighing 1,140 tons, with a power of 1,792 horsepower, a maximum speed of 1,8 knots, and a range of 1,800 nautical miles. 80,000 nautical miles, and can sail from the North Pole to the South Pole in one breath. Built by the Ukrainian Kherson Shipyard on March 2 5 , 1 9 9 3 , the ship was originally designed as an Arctic multi-purpose transport ship with strong ice-breaking capabilities. It is capable of breaking ice at 0.5 knots. 5 knots speed, continuous breaking 1 . 2 meters thick ice. The ship is equipped with adjustable propellers, which are flexible in operation and conducive to icebreaking when sailing. The hull made of E-class steel plate will not be denatured even in the cold climate of -4 0 degrees Celsius.
What facilities does the Xuelong ship have?
"Snow Dragon" ship is equipped with a variety of advanced equipment and scientific research instruments, the establishment of the ship's meteorological center, can receive satellite cloud charts and other meteorological data, for the ship in the extremely harsh and unpredictable climate of the polar sea area navigation to provide a security guarantee. The hydrological data collection room located on the second floor concentrates a large number of advanced scientific research instruments, including the fish finder used to search for scaly shrimp and other Antarctic aquatic animals, the multispectral current meter that can measure the sea water flow rate and direction while sailing, and the C T D that is used to measure the sea water temperature, salinity and depth, etc. In addition, the data processing center, sample room, sample room, sample center, sample room, sample room, sample room, sample room, and data processing center are also available on board. Together with the data processing center, sample room, telescopic crane and other supporting facilities, researchers can carry out a series of marine investigation and research projects on board. The ship also has a gym, library, karaoke hall, medical room, operating room and other recreational, sports and health facilities, and a small swimming pool. The "Xuelong" is a mobile scientific laboratory, but also a warm "home" for Antarctic researchers.
Who were the Chinese scientists who participated in the first human trek across the Antarctic continent?
The First Human Trans-Antarctic Expedition team members were from China, France, the United Kingdom, the former Soviet Union, the United States, and Japan.
July 25, 1989, the expedition flew from the United States to China's Great Wall Station, July 28** from the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, relying on dog sleds and skis, from west to east, through the Antarctic's highest peak - the foot of the Vincent Peak, to the South Pole point of the United States station, and through the South Pole point to the Soviet Union, the East Station Then it crossed the "inaccessible area" between the South Pole and the former Soviet Union's Eastern Station, crossed the eastern polar plateau, and on March 3, 1990, arrived at the final destination - the former Soviet Union's Peace Station. The expedition lasted 220 days and trekked 5986 kilometers, accomplishing the only great feat of international cooperation in crossing the Antarctic continent in the history of mankind, and winning the attention and respect of the world.
China's participation in the crossing of the Antarctic continent was the 43-year-old glaciologist Qin Dahe of the Lanzhou Institute of Glacier and Permafrost Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He carried out glacier research along the traverse route, set up points to dig snow pits (1 to 1.5 meters deep) every 50 to 70 kilometers, determined the snow and ice parameters and snow and ice sampling, *** set up 100 stations, take 800 samples, and obtained the first-hand complete research information.
Antarctica any buildings and facilities
With the continental ice sheet movement, when the Amundsen and Scott stayed in the Antarctic point of the flag, tent and other relics have been "moved", in about 2000 meters away from today's Antarctica under 50 meters of ice. Located at the South Pole of the United States Antarctic research station Amundsen a Scott station was built in 1957. In that year, the U.S. Navy engineers, under the command of Cypress, flew eight hours from McMurdo Station, landed 13 kilometers from the South Pole, transported construction materials by dog sled, and found the South Pole by using the sun to discern the direction, and set up an improvised station. The present Amundsen I. Scott Station was built in 1975. Its main building, is half-buried in the ice and snow by a high l 5.8 meters, 50 meters in diameter aluminum dome building and four independent buildings. The interior is fully equipped and decorated with laboratories and libraries. The station is named in honor of the first to reach the pole, the Norwegian explorer Amundsen and the British explorer Scott, named after them.
The Amundsen-Scott Station, built in l975, was also off the South Pole. For this reason, the station's expedition members . . measure the position of the South Pole with their instruments once a year on January 1st. A new marker is inserted. The station's supplies are all accomplished by aircraft, and there are buildings on the station such as a communications center, a meteorological center, and a high-altitude atmospheric physics observatory. Because the station is in a very special geographic location, can be south of the equator to any emission into space to maintain an all-round observation, easy to track around the Earth's artificial satellites; pole and is an excellent place for atmospheric science and geophysical research. Because of this, the United States in this station and at any cost equipped with a variety of precision instruments, giving full play to its technical advantages, and achieved a number of very valuable results, but also attracted scientists from various countries.
Where is the first Antarctic city?
Another U.S. scientific research station, McMurdo Station, is the largest of all Antarctic research stations. Completed in 1956, the station has more than 200 buildings of various types, including more than 10 three-story buildings. McMurdo Station serves as the management center for U.S. Antarctic research planning and as an integrated logistical support base for other U.S. Antarctic research stations, with an airport built to accommodate large airliners and regular flights to New Zealand, as well as two smaller airports in the vicinity of the station. There is also a large desalination plant and an atomic power plant (now evacuated to prevent pollution), as well as a large integrated repair facility. McMurdo Station has communications facilities, hospitals, telephone and telegraph systems, clubs, cinemas, shopping malls, and four bars alone. McMurdo Station also has private engineering firms, and in the various laboratories around McMurdo Station and farther afield, nearly 200 and more than 2,000 scientists are engaged in research expeditions in a variety of disciplines each winter and summer. Every year there are about 20 to 50 foreign scientists from all over the world working here. Every summer, a large passenger plane transports thousands of tourists from the United States, Australia, New Zealand and other places to this place in order to sightsee Antarctica. McMurdo station in the summer, traffic, bustling, like a modern city, so it is called "Antarctica's first city".
What are the characteristics of the Russian Antarctic stations?
The United States in Antarctica is known for its large research bases, Russia (the former Soviet Union) in Antarctica is known for the number of research bases, widely distributed, in the Antarctic continent around the *** distribution of Russia's eight year-round research stations and six summer research stations. Most are now temporarily closed due to Russian financial constraints.
Russia's Youth Station, second only to McMurdo Station in size, the station was built in 1962, and later several enrichment, expansion, and now not only has a high-power radio center, and to the atmosphere to launch the base of the meteorological rockets, there are well-equipped science museums, laboratories and computing centers. The station is the Soviet Union's meteorological center in Antarctica and together with the Peace Station serves its ships around the Antarctic continent, providing meteorological guarantees for the safety of aircraft and ships. The station's main scientific research programs include: aurora, ionospheric physics, geomagnetism, glaciology, and oceanography. The station has a large airport, and airplanes fly back to their home countries from time to time.
Which is the highest expedition station in Antarctica?
Russia's Vostok Station is the highest of all Antarctic research stations at 3,600 meters above sea level. The oxygen content of the air here is very low, equivalent to that of other continents at 5,600 meters. East station is almost the coldest place in Antarctica, July 21, 1983, measured a 89.2 degrees, people will be called here in Antarctica, "cold pole"; here glaciologists played the world's deepest borehole, as deep as 2,600 meters (planned to play to 3,700 meters); because of the cold climate here and the wind, known as the Antarctic inaccessible area. The station typically has a staff of about 30 people, mainly engaged in research in geophysics, upper atmospheric physics, meteorology, environmental science and glaciology.
What does Showa Station in Japan look like?
Not to be outdone in the flurry of journeys southward were the Japanese. Shortly after the end of the Second World War, in the summer of 1956, when the economy had not yet recovered, the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition took the icebreaker "Soya" in the East Antarctic, Lützow, a Holm Bay area to explore, in January 29, 1957, Showa Station was built (latitude 69 degrees south, longitude 39 degrees east). The station is situated on a rocky outcrop of an island that is long from north to south and wide from east to west, with an elevation of 43 meters above sea level. The island is separated from the Antarctic continent by the 5-kilometer-wide Ungur Strait. The station has been expanded and improved over the years, and now there are 20 buildings and 3 power stations, with a total floor space of 2,900 square meters, more than 40 sets of various vehicles and equipment, and about 30 wintering personnel on the station every year. The station is located in the aurora belt, where the aurora is visible almost every day, making it an excellent place to carry out research on high-altitude atmospheric physics. The station has four rocket launchers, and the launching of sounding rockets here is an ideal means of deep altitude measurements.
The establishment of Showa Station was instrumental in the Japanese Antarctic Expedition reaching the South Pole, and was the station where the Japanese Antarctic Expedition achieved the most significant research results.
What is the most important research work carried out at British Antarctic stations?
Britain has established seven stations in Antarctica, mainly for research in atmospheric science, earth science and biology, of which atmospheric science **** divided into three thematic projects: meteorology (including climate, ozone, solar radiation, pollution), magnetism (including the absolute magnetic field, magnetic pulsation), the ionosphere (including the relationship between the sun and the Earth, the science of the magnetic atmosphere).
The British stations in Antarctica are in a favorable geographical location and can provide valuable information for theoretical studies. They therefore claim to enjoy a high international reputation for the quality of their information, which contributes to a better understanding of the phenomena arising from the landing of particles and changes in the structure of the atmosphere. The UK has also achieved considerable results in both earth science and biological research, enriching the theoretical treasury of Antarctic research as a whole.
What is the smallest year-round Antarctic research station?
Almost all Antarctic stations are established with direct support from governments, but of the many Antarctic stations, only the World Park station, established by Greenpeace International, is the only one that does not belong to a sovereign state. There is also a very special "wintering station" established by a Czech civil society organization. It is the Czechoslovakia station built on the ice cap of Nelson Island in the South Shetland Islands, which is the smallest, the worst conditioned and the least numbered of the existing Antarctic perennial scientific research stations of all countries. Its entire station building is only two wooden houses of less than 10 square meters, without water, electricity and any communication equipment, and only two members of the team spend the summer and winter here. The two Czech team members in such a difficult environment, stick to an isolated island, in the stormy Antarctic winter, still adhere to the perennial biological research and meteorological observation, the spirit is rare.
Why are most of the Antarctic stations built along the coast?
Antarctic research stations are generally located along the Antarctic continent, and the terrain is relatively flat. The reason for the selection of the mainland coast, mainly to consider the large ship can not be close to the shore, to use the small boat unloading supplies. This will be convenient to disembark, material unloading and transportation is convenient, easy to supply, and the establishment of the inland research station, and must use the aircraft or snowmobile and then transfer the material once, time-consuming and laborious. At the same time, because the coastal area is generally warmer than the inland, ice melt water is easy to form larger lakes, the station will have sufficient fresh water resources. There is another reason is the problem of sewage discharge, in accordance with the Antarctic Treaty provisions on the protection of the environment, sewage must be strictly treated to discharge into the sea, in order to meet the emission standards, we must increase the purification equipment, in order to save money, reduce and shorten the pipeline into the sea, the station was built on the edge of the Antarctic continent is very favorable. Therefore, most of the Antarctic research stations are established in the coast.
What are the principles of siting an Antarctic station?
To build a scientific research station in Antarctica, the first task is to choose a good site. Perhaps many people will feel strange, Antarctica so large area, not just find a piece of land on the line. The problem is not so simple, first of all, we have to see whether it is in line with the conditions for the establishment of the station; secondly, whether there is any value for scientific research. According to the distribution of more than 50 permanent scientific research stations and more than 100 summer stations in Antarctica, the conditions for countries to choose station sites in Antarctica are basically the same, which are summarized as the following. Firstly, there are territories with exposed bedrock. The reason why the station should be built on the exposed bedrock is mainly because of the extremely strict requirements for the foundation of the house. Houses built on bedrock can more effectively withstand the attacks of the Antarctic winds. Secondly, the transportation of personnel and materials should be as convenient as possible, preferably along the coast. Thirdly, it should be conducive to comprehensive internal scientific research. In other words, the area where the station is to be built must have the value of scientific research, which is very important and the first thing that decision makers have to think about. Because thousands of miles to the Antarctic has been very difficult, and then the station was established in the desolate continent, and to pay the mountain great hardship, if there is no value of scientific research, Jane poor is unimaginable, so that this criterion is also the choice of countries to the station site - a vital condition.
How is the water for the Antarctic Inland Research Station (AIRS) solved?
The Amundsen-Scott Station at the South Pole, and the Soviet Union's East Station, were built on the ice cap, so how did they get fresh water? Simply put, it is to take snow and ice to melt water, but it takes a lot of manpower and energy consumption. In order to reduce the consumption of manpower, some inland expedition stations to build a curved wall at the edge of the cistern, the use of wind-blown snow into the cistern. Once the water in the cistern is low, bulldozers are used to push snow into the cistern, which is heated to keep the pool full of water for domestic use.
How do Chinese Antarctic researchers protect the Antarctic environment?
In order to protect the natural environment and ecology of Antarctica, the Chinese Antarctic Research Team requires all team members to abide by the relevant provisions of the Antarctic Treaty, strictly prohibit chasing and scaring animals, and even more so, not allowed to hurt and capture; without the approval of the station chief, no one shall collect all kinds of specimen samples arbitrarily, and the collection of specimens and samples for scientific research shall be carried out under the leadership of a unified organization and registered; no entry into the animal and plant protection areas, and the protection of Antarctic vegetation. Antarctic vegetation, not allowed to destroy and arbitrary collection; protection of monuments in the Antarctic region, not allowed to carve and scratches; to care for the buildings, facilities and equipment of friendly and neighboring stations; out of the investigation of all the wastes (including feces) to be brought back to the station to be unified destruction.
Who was the first person to enter the Antarctic Circle?
On January 17, 1773, the 462-ton British ship "Determination", *** with a crew of 193 people, led by Captain Cook for the circumnavigation of the globe, in the vicinity of 30 degrees east longitude into the Antarctic Circle, which is the first time ever human beings to the south to reach the furthest distance, Cook and his crew were also the first to cross the Antarctic Circle. Cook and his crew were the first to cross the Antarctic Circle.
Who was the first person to reach the South Magnetic Pole?
Humans went to great lengths to get to the South Magnetic Pole and find out exactly where it is. The location of the South Magnetic Pole was first identified and confirmed in 1909 by an expedition led by the Irishman Shackleton, who organized an expedition in 1907 in an ambitious attempt to conquer the South Pole quite literally the field location of the South Magnetic Pole. By January 9, 1909, Shackleton's expedition reached 88 degrees 23 minutes south latitude, only 160 kilometers from the South Pole. At this point, a fierce blizzard blew them dizzy, due to the lack of food and physical exhaustion, if the hard to hold on to the whole army may be destroyed. In the hopeless situation, they had to send a small team to cross the Antarctic continent's ice cap, toward the South Magnetic Pole; finally this small team finally reached the South Magnetic Pole, and measured its position as 72 degrees 25 minutes south latitude, 155 degrees 16 minutes east longitude. The Australian member of the expedition, Mr. Mawson, was particularly outstanding in the process of conquering the South Magnetic Pole, and it was he who found the exact position of the South Magnetic Pole which the Englishman, Mr. Ross, had failed to find after several attempts. In order to remember the contribution made by Mawson, later generations will be an Australian Antarctic research station, named after him as "Mawson Station".
Which was the first expedition to cross the Antarctic continent?
At the end of 1957, the British 12-member expedition, led by polar explorer Fuchs, set off from the Shekleton Station on the coast of the Weddell Sea, and traveled 3,437 kilometers in 99 days, finally arriving at the Ross Sea on March 2, 1958, and succeeded for the first time in the history of mankind in completing the feat of transiting the Antarctic continent from a relatively short route, making it the first expedition to transverse the Antarctic continent. The first expedition to cross the Antarctic continent.
How does our Antarctic research ship make weather forecasts?
Meteorological protection for ships navigating, operating or berthing in the polar sea area is very important and more difficult. The meteorological service of our Antarctic research ship is accomplished by the meteorological support group on board. The meteorological support team combines the real-time observed meteorological data of the ship with the received satellite cloud charts and facsimile charts of the neighboring national meteorological stations to analyze and make the meteorological forecast and real-time ice forecast for the next 24-48 hours, with relatively high accuracy. Combined with the cooperation of the relevant domestic units, it can also analyze the weather pattern for more than 48 hours and provide it to the leadership of the fleet for reference. However, due to the complexity and variability of the weather in the polar regions, coupled with the lack of experience in forecasting, there are occasional mistakes.
Where is the training base for China's Antarctic expedition?
The training base for the Antarctic expedition must have a polar-like environment, and China's Antarctic expedition training base is located at the Yabuli Ski Resort in Shangzhi City, Heilongjiang Province. in March 1986, China's 3rd Antarctic Expedition team conducted winter training here for the first time, and then all the teams conducted winter training here.
Yabuli Ski Resort is China's largest alpine ski resort with the best conditions, and has successfully organized the Asian Winter Games snow games. The ski resort is located in the northern foothills of the Zhangguangcailing large pot helmet mountain in the Wanda Mountains of Heilongjiang Province, 260 kilometers from Harbin City, the transportation is relatively convenient. The highest altitude of the ski resort is 1,374 meters, belonging to a small mountainous climate, winter is relatively cold, the average temperature in winter is about minus 25 degrees Celsius, the lowest temperature can reach minus 33 degrees Celsius. Precipitation is abundant in the region. Snowfall begins in mid-October every year, and there is still snow on the mountain tops until early May of the following year, and the snow period of a year can be as long as half a year. Therefore, the natural environment of Yabuli ski resort is perfectly suitable for class polar training.
How do Chinese Antarctic researchers train in winter?
Winter training is an important part of the training of Antarctic researchers.
Through the winter training, so that the players master alpine skiing, cross-country skiing and mountaineering essentials, especially to master the group knot mountaineering technology; learn how to quickly rescue themselves and each other through the rope when the personnel or vehicles caught in the ice crevasse; master when the personnel from the ice slopes downhill when the ice axe quickly and accurately make the slide to stop the essentials; learn to dig holes in the snow or digging a ditch to take refuge in the method; master the The students will learn the steps and methods of choosing campsites and setting up tents, as well as learning how to use kerosene gas stoves and alpine gas stoves for picnics; and learning how to use a geological compass and a hand-held satellite locator (GPS) to determine the location and identify the direction, and so on.
Do foreign Antarctic expedition members also need to train?
In order to make the Antarctic expedition members adapt to the harsh natural environment of the Antarctic, obtain the freedom of action in the Antarctic region, avoid all kinds of accidents, and successfully complete the tasks of scientific research, all countries engaged in the Antarctic expedition do not fail to carry out rigorous training for the expedition members.
The purpose of the training is to familiarize the Antarctic expedition members with the Antarctic plan for the next year, and the content generally includes field training as well as the training of professional courses according to their specific positions.
How do foreign Antarctic researchers train for survival in the field?
The field training program is an essential part of the training for national Antarctic expeditions, and generally includes courses on sleeping in tents; how to work in cold climates, even in freezing temperatures; and how to cope with the common environmental difficulties of the Antarctic, and to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills.
The entire course covers all aspects of living in the Antarctic environment, with a particular focus on survival skills. While some expedition members may not want to leave the station for a wilderness trek, safety in snow and ice, in extreme cold conditions, and in low visibility is relevant to all expedition members. The training includes navigation, traveling through snow and ice, lifesaving techniques, field equipment operation, tent pitching, making emergency shelters, search and rescue, cross-country skiing, ice climbing techniques, use of radios and wilderness first aid techniques.
Who was the first Chinese person to reach the South Pole?
About 3,000 people in the world have been to Amundsen-Scott Station at the South Pole. Gao Qinquan, the former deputy director of the Office of the National Antarctic Research Committee of China, and Zhang Kuncheng, a marine biologist from the First Institute of Oceanography of the State Oceanic Administration of China, were invited by the Polar Research Board of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America to arrive at Amundsen-Scott Station at the South Pole for a friendly visit at the beginning of 1985, and they were the first Chinese people to arrive at the South Pole.
At the end of 1984, Gao Qinquan and Zhang Kuncheng departed from Beijing and arrived at the forward base for the flight to the South Pole, the city of Christchurch, New Zealand, and then changed to an LC-130 Hercules airplane to fly to the South Pole. This aircraft is the main means of transportation to and from the South Pole, and despite its heavy fuselage, it performs well and moves easily and flexibly. It is different from ordinary airplanes, except for the landing gear is also equipped with a sled, so no matter in the land area or on the ice field can take off and land, is very suitable for the use of such a special environment in Antarctica. Antarctica's meteorological conditions are complex, the aircraft flying to Antarctica every l hour, or even shorter time to listen to a weather forecast. Due to the weather, their schedule to the South Pole has changed many times.
On January 11, 1985, they finally encountered good weather and flew to the South Pole smoothly. On the day they arrived at the South Pole, they raised the Chinese five-star red flag over 90 degrees south latitude with their own hands, and at the same time inserted a pointer pointing to Beijing, China, on the South Pole.
Who was the first Chinese woman to reach the South Pole?
There have been many expeditions to Antarctica from all over the world, but very few women. Instead, Chinese women have been involved in China's Antarctic expeditions from the very beginning. Li Huamei, a researcher at the Guiyang Institute of Geochemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, was the first female scientist to reach the South Pole in China.
In November 1983, she was invited by the New Zealand government and dispatched by the National Committee of Antarctic Expedition, together with another scientist, Xu Chang, to take part in the summer Antarctic Expedition organized by New Zealand in 1983～1984, which was held at New Zealand's Scott Station, and examined the geological specialty.
Who was the first Chinese journalist to reach Antarctica?
Jin Renbo, a reporter for Xinhua News Agency in Chile from January 15 to February 3, 1979, visited the three stations established by Chile on the Antarctic Peninsula, as well as the Belinsky Gaojin Station in the USSR and the Orcadas Station in Argentina. He was the first Chinese journalist to visit Antarctica. Since then almost every Antarctic and Arctic expedition has been accompanied by journalists, who have written articles, taken photos and videotapes to introduce China's Antarctic expeditions to the people of the country and the world.
Who were the first Chinese scientists to reach the Antarctic continent?
From January 6 to March 18, 1980, at the invitation of the Australian Antarctic Bureau, China sent two people, Dong Zhaoqian and Zhang Qingsong, to the Australian Antarctic Casey Station for the first time to carry out a 47-day scientific investigation and visit, and they were the first batch of Chinese scientists who ascended to the Antarctic continent. In the meantime, they also visited McMurdo Station in the United States, Scott Station in New Zealand, and Di Dearville Station in France.
Who were the first Chinese teenagers to reach Antarctica?
On January 20, 1986, a ceremony was held at the Great Wall Station in Antarctica to unveil the "Memorial Marker for Chinese Teenagers". ***The Youth Work Committee of the Youth League Central Committee selected two pioneer representatives, Yang Hailan and Wu Hong, from among the hundreds of millions of children and youth to attend the unveiling ceremony at the Great Wall Station. They are the first batch of Chinese pioneers to reach Antarctica.
Who was the first person to cross the North and South Poles on an expedition around the world?
On September 2, 1979, Sir Ranulph Fiennes left Prince Charles and led a team of explorers on the ship Benjamin Bowen, which sailed away from the Thames River in the United Kingdom, thus beginning the first-ever round-the-world expedition across the North and South Poles. They overcame all kinds of difficulties on the way across the Antarctic continent and finally arrived at Scott Station in New Zealand on January 11, 1981, which lasted 75 days. In the summer of 1982, Sir Robert and Burton left the wintering ground on the north coast of Ellesmere Island in the Arctic Ocean by snowmobile to conquer the final journey to the Arctic Ocean. -- the Arctic Ocean. Along the way, they abandoned their snowmobiles because of too many walls of ice and pulled a glass sled with 72 kilograms of supplies, advancing step by step towards the North Pole. They overcame unimaginable difficulties and finally reached the North Pole on April 11, 1982 in triumph. After 99 days of arduous trekking, they finally came out of the sea of ice, back to the "Benjamin Bowen" ship, when they returned to the United Kingdom, was warmly welcomed by the people. At this point, after three years of the first expedition across the North and South Poles ended, the trip amounted to 56,000 kilometers.
How does China conduct expeditions to the inland Antarctic ice cap?
Although China's two Antarctic stations were established along the Antarctic coast, three successful expeditions to the Antarctic Inland Ice Cap have been organized so far.
On January 18, 1997, China's first expedition to the Inland Ice Cap, with eight team members, set off from Zhongshan Station in three snowmobiles. In the following 14 days, the team members braved the cold of -30 degrees Celsius, penetrated 300 kilometers into the ice cap, and drilled two 50-meter-long ice cores. From these ice cores can be analyzed nearly 200 years of climate and environmental change conditions.
In early 1998, a second inland ice cap expedition was carried out, penetrating nearly 500 kilometers into the interior and drilling more than 50 meters deep into the ice core.
January 11, 1999, the third ice cap expedition deep into the Antarctic inland more than 1,100 kilometers of the A ice dome area, more than 3,800 meters above sea level on the ice cap, the use of China's self-developed drilling rigs, drilling to the 100-meter-deep ice cores, breaking China's ice core drilling the highest record. According to estimates, the ice core of the "age", at least more than 600 years old. The ice core obtained this time, for Antarctic scientific research and global climate change research provides valuable physical information.
Why are we drilling for ice cores on the Antarctic ice sheet?
It is not easy for Antarctic researchers to drill ice core samples on the Antarctic ice cap. Some deep ice cores can only be drilled after several years of work and countless manpower and material resources have been spent to set up a well-equipped research station on the Antarctic plateau. Of course, scientists also drill ice cores on some glaciers in the Arctic and on the glaciers of the Tibetan Plateau, but it is easier than in the Antarctic. The glaciers of the Antarctic, the Arctic and the Tibetan Plateau are made up of layers of ice piled up by the annual snowfall, which stores intact the various substances that have landed in the atmosphere, so the ice cores provide a full record of the history of the climate since the formation of the glaciers. Through the study of drilled ice samples and sub-bridges, it is possible to understand the historical evolution of the global climate, to discern the impact of human activities (especially since the industrialized world) on the global environment, and to be informed of major events that have occurred in the history of celestial bodies and the evolution of the Earth. Therefore, snow and ice is an important treasure trove of human understanding of the natural environment.