1 Strategic significance of the sustainable development of Yunnan Nujiang River Basin
Yunnan Nujiang River Basin is located in the southwestern frontier of China, and the length of the main stream is 624 kilometers within the territory of Yunnan Province, with a watershed area of 24,000km2 . From the perspective of the system pattern of China's major river basins, although the basin is not large in area, and the main stream in China and Yunnan Province is not long, but its ecological and economic and social sustainable development is of great social, economic and political significance.
(1) The Nujiang River Basin is a typical area in the western part of China with rich resources, large development potential and underdeveloped economy. In the implementation of the macro-strategy of western development, how to correctly recognize the advantages and disadvantages of regional economic development in the Nujiang River Basin, build a regional industrial system in line with the characteristics of the local resources, environment and socio-economic, to achieve sustainable development of the basin, not only related to the basin of its own economic level and ecological environment management, but also for the development of other similar areas in the west, but also with an important pre-exploratory and reference role.
(2) The Nujiang River is one of the 16 important international rivers in China, and the sustainable development of the Nujiang River Basin is an important project for China to develop the border areas, stabilize and prosper the frontier economy, and build a good international economic environment. The Nu River originates from Tibet of China, and is a multinational river of China, Myanmar and Thailand. The downstream countries of the Nu River Basin are economically underdeveloped and poor countries in the world, and their economic strength is relatively weak. Yunnan Nu River Basin ecological environment management and regional development lacks good international economic support, and can only rely mainly on China's own inputs, which makes the basin management and development more difficult. However, the development of Yunnan Nujiang River Basin is an important contribution of China as a developing country to the global implementation of sustainable development strategies, and the development and management of the basin has an important international political significance for the ecological and environmental protection of other downstream countries.
(3) The sustainable development of the Nujiang River Basin is a need for China's anti-poverty strategy. Nujiang River Basin is one of the most backward regions in China's current level of economic development, low level of agricultural production, poor industrial base, the proportion of the poor population is significant, the realization of sustainable development of the Nujiang River Basin, in fact, is the implementation of poverty alleviation projects in China's poverty-stricken areas of the important practice, it is to improve China's national economy as a whole and to improve the quality of life of the people in all aspects of the overall level of the important role of a typical example.
(4) The sustainable development of the Nujiang River Basin is China's national unity, *** with the development needs. Nujiang River Basin is China's Lisu, Nu, Dulong, white and other ethnic minorities in the birthplace, is their survival of the region. The successful implementation of basin development will not only promote economic development, enhance the quality of the regional economy and people's living standards, but also take into account the inheritance and development of minority cultures, it is important for the maintenance of China's national unity and social stability are of great social significance.
(5) The sustainable development of the Nujiang River Basin is an important part of China's implementation of biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization of biological resources. The Nujiang River Basin is rich in biological resources and has a complex and diverse ecological landscape, which is an important area for global biodiversity and ecological landscape protection. However, due to the fragility of its natural environment, once destroyed, it is difficult to recover, in addition, the recent population overload, the basin ecosystem is suffering from unprecedented human interference in history, and there is an urgent need to carry out scientific and reasonable basin development and protection, in order to realize the sustainable development of the basin, so that the valuable gene pool of nature can be preserved to the maximum extent.
2 Ecological and economic patterns and resource and environmental characteristics of the Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan
The Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan is located in the longitude of 98°07′~100°02′, latitude of 24°07′~28°23′, and belongs to the narrow zone of the transition from the Tibetan Plateau to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau
Long zone, administratively, it mainly includes three counties of Nujiang Prefecture (Gonshan, Fugong and Lushui) and Baoshan Prefecture (Baoshan, Shidian and Longshan), which are located in the south of Yunnan. The Nujiang River Basin is a narrow strip of land with an area of 24,000 km2 and a population of 2.012 million people, accounting for 6.1 % and 4.8 % of Yunnan Province respectively, including Gongshan, Fugong and Lushui counties in Nujiang Prefecture, and Baoshan, Shidian, Longling and Changning counties in Baoshan District. The ecological and economic pattern and resource environment of the Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan Province
are characterized as follows.
2.1 Diversified natural landscapes, but the regional ecosystem is weak in resistance and poor in self-recovery
The Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan is one of the components of the Hengduan Mountain Range, which consists of the GaoLiGong Mountains, NuJiang River Valley and NuJiang Mountain Range (the southern part of the Biluo Xueshan Mountain Range) that have great undulation and are running in the north-south and east-west direction, and the terrain of the basin is tilted from north-west to south-east, and the terrain is fragmented and precipitous. According to the different geological structure and lithology, the Nujiang River Basin can be divided into three geomorphological subregions from north to south, namely, the extremely high mountain valley area, the high and medium mountain valley area and the middle mountain valley area. Due to the long-term crustal movement, fracture zones in the basin are fully developed, forming a landscape pattern dominated by mountains, with high and mid-mountain canyons and low hills and basins (dams) arranged one after the other. In Nujiang Prefecture, mountains account for 97% of the total land area, and in Baoshan, mountains account for 91.8% of the total land area. Due to the large difference in elevation, rolling hills and deep river valleys in the Nujiang basin, coupled with the fragmented topography, thin soil layers and many rocks, the ecosystems in the region are weak in resistance and poor in self-recovery. Once the surface vegetation is destroyed, debris flow, landslide and other geological disasters are very easy to occur, and it is difficult to restore the environment. In addition to a few mountain basins (dams), terraces, alluvial fan soil tillage layer is thicker, the tillage layer in other places is thin, soil erosion is serious, not conducive to the development of agricultural production.
2.2 Land resources per capita quantity is large, but the quality is poor, and the utilization is unreasonable
Yunnan Nujiang River Basin population density is 84 people-km-2, the total land resources are rich, the per capita land resources endowed with the average level of Yunnan Province is 1. 27 times, but the utilization of land resources is unreasonable, mainly manifested in two aspects. First of all, from the structure of land resources in the Nujiang River Basin, arable land area is 295,000 hm2, accounting for 12.5% of the total land area; forest land area is 1.48 million hm2, accounting for 62.7% of the total land area; parkland, pastureland, water and unutilized land account for 1.1 %, 2.2%, 1.3% and 18.4% respectively. The proportion of land used for forestry is very obvious, but the structure of the agricultural industry does not match the structure of the resources. The output value of plantation industry within agriculture reaches 63.9%, while the output value of forestry industry only accounts for 8.1%, the advantage of abundant forestry land and forestry resources is far from being realized, while the proportion of plantation industry, which is relatively unsuitable for natural conditions, is too large.
Secondly, the Nujiang River Basin precipitation, Fugong, Gongshan, Longling and other counties in the average precipitation for many years are more than 1,350 mm, and is mainly concentrated in May - September, coupled with high slopes and steep, plantation scale is too large, resulting in serious soil erosion. At present, the area of soil erosion in the Nujiang River Basin has reached 31.7%, and is still aggravating the trend.
2.3 Plant and animal resources, but the protection of difficult
Yunnan Nujiang River Basin is the ancient tropical flora and Pan-Arctic flora, China - Japan flora and China - Himalayan flora transition intersection zone, but also is the Palearctic boundary and the Eastern Ocean boundary of the two major fauna of the channel. In the geological structure, Yunnan Nujiang River Basin is in the South Asian subcontinent and the Eurasian continent mosaic intersection zone, complex geological structure, new tectonic movement is active, the vertical height difference is huge, three-dimensional climate vertical differentiation is obvious. In addition, since the quaternary by the glacier invasion of the impact is not great, thus forming a natural channel for the spread of plants and animals and "shelter". This special natural environment and three-dimensional climate, giving birth to a complete vertical spectrum of vegetation landscape and a variety of forest vegetation types, for different types of plants and animals to provide an ideal place to survive and reproduce, is one of the richest biodiversity in China. In terms of plant species, only Gongshan, Fugong and Lushui counties (including the former Bijiang County) within the Nujiang Valley have 185 families, 878 genera and 3,138 species of vascular plants (including subspecies, varieties and variants), accounting for 56.7%, 40.5% and 20.8% of the total number of the same kind of plants in Yunnan Province respectively. The Nujiang River Basin is also rich in animal species, especially rare and protected animals. In the Nu River basin, there are the Gaoligong Mountain National Nature Reserve and the provincial Nujiang River Nature Reserve, which are classified as Grade A nature reserves of international significance by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), with a protected area of 4,578 km2, accounting for 19.1% of the basin area, making them important for the protection of wildlife resources in China and even in the world. It is one of the most important areas for the protection of wildlife resources in China and even in the world. There are 581 species of vertebrates in the reserve, including 81 species of national first- and second-degree protected animals such as antelopes, Indochinese tigers, white-browed gibbons and Yunnan golden monkeys***. In addition, there are 844 species of insects and 133 species of fungi in the reserve. However, the Nujiang River Basin has a rapid transition of vertical zones in the landscape, and the ecosystem has a weak ability to regulate the balance and resist external pressure. After the destruction of vegetation or environmental pollution, the fluctuation of animal and plant populations is significant, and it is difficult to protect wildlife resources.
2.4 Diversified tourism resources, but the degree of development is low
Yunnan Nujiang River Basin tourism resources set of rare natural landscapes, humanistic landscapes and unique ethnic customs in one. In terms of natural landscape, the majestic Gaoligong Mountain and the magnificent Nujiang River are the core parts of the "Three Parallel Rivers" on the list of World Natural Heritage; the basin is exceptionally rich in biological resources, which is an ideal place for scientific investigation and biodiversity research. Longling's Bangla palm hot springs, Changning's chicken fly scenery, Lushui's Deng ridge hot springs, etc. are a set of sightseeing, health and fitness multi-functional in one of the natural landscape resources; Nujiang River Basin karst geomorphology development, the formation of colorful and different shapes of karst landscapes, such as Longling's Mengnuo Xianren Cave, Shidian Qingping Hole Scenic Spot, Lushui's Qingshan Cave and Fugong's Moonstone, etc.; In addition, there are numerous alpine lakes and waterfalls, such as In addition, there are many alpine lakes and waterfalls in the basin, such as GaoLiGongShan's Listening Lake, BiluoXueShan's EnJieYiBi Lake, GanDiLiYiBi Lake, and GaoLiGongShan's triple waterfalls, Lushui's dripping waterfalls, and so on. Humanities tourism resources are mainly concentrated in the historical and cultural city of Baoshan, the main attractions are Wuhou Ancestral Temple, Jade Emperor Pavilion Complex, Nine Dragons Resort --- Yiluochi, Buddhist Resort The main attractions are Wuhou Temple, Yuhuangge Complex, Nine Dragons Resort --- Yiluo Pond, Buddhist Resort --- Lihuawu, Wolverine Temple and Guangzun Temple, which is a combination of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Ethnic customs unique, from domestic and foreign travelers to view
light has a great charm. Nujiang River Basin is the Lisu, Yi, Nu, Dai and other ethnic minorities convergence area, the different development history of each ethnic group and unique
national culture, constituting a colorful ethnic customs. Such as the Lisu knife pole festival, the Yi torch festival, the Dai water festival, the Nu "fairy festival"
and other ethnic festivals and thousands of feet down to the house, wooden houses, soil palm houses and other homes have a very high tourism and leisure value.
However, due to the remote area, the tourism environment is relatively poor, transportation, communication, accommodation and other tourism infrastructure lagging behind, coupled with tourism management and management experience, low level of service, lack of capital investment and other reasons, the Nujiang River Basin Tourism resources development is low, the vast majority of attractions are still in the state of undeveloped. According to the Nujiang tourism resources census statistics, Nujiang census of 400 attractions in the landscape, undeveloped attractions as many as 320, the development and utilization rate of only 20%.
2.5 Low level of economic development and unreasonable industrial structure
The Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan is located in a remote area, with inconvenient external transportation, poor information, and a poor combination of spatial and temporal distribution of resources, coupled with a relatively short history of development and the relative lagging behind of scientific and technological development, education, and cultural development, which restricts the rapid development of the basin's economy. Nujiang River Basin per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of 2,642 yuan, lower than the average of Yunnan Province, 1,615.2 yuan, 41.9% of the national average, the main indicators of socio-economic development, in addition to per capita food production is basically close to the national average, per capita investment in fixed assets of state-owned units, per capita retail sales of consumer goods, the average wage of employees, farmers, per capita net income is lower than the average level of Yunnan Province, respectively, than the average level of the national average, the average level of the national average. They are 33.0%, 35.6%, 87.6% and 64.5% of the national average respectively. In addition, the economic development of the basin is not balanced, and there are still 79,000 people (accounting for 34.6% of the agricultural population of the whole prefecture) who have not yet solved the problem of food and clothing in the rural areas of the basin.
The economic development of the Nujiang River Basin mainly depends on the agricultural development and utilization of land resources. The industrial development in the basin is slow, and the industrial system is still at a low level. In the composition of the GDP of Nujiang River Basin, the proportion of primary industry is 46.3%, which is 23.4 percentage points higher than the average level of Yunnan Province, while the proportion of secondary industry is 23.9 percentage points lower than the average level of the province, and the structure of industrial output value is at the low level of primary industry > tertiary industry > secondary industry. In the industrial and agricultural gross output value, the agricultural gross output value accounts for 31.4%, which is 2.0 percentage points higher than the average of Yunnan Province. Nujiang basin industrial structure is irrational and the overall level of the economy is low, but also led to this closely related to the low level of urbanization in the region, the proportion of non-agricultural population is only 10.8 %, less than the national average of 1/2.
2.6 Education, science and technology lagging behind the development of science and technology promotion and application of the slow
Yunnan Nujiang basin economic development level of the overall low, coupled with the distribution of the ethnic minorities of the large mixed and small settlements, the Nujiang basin. The overall low level of economic development in the Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan Province, coupled with the distribution pattern of ethnic minorities' large and small settlements, the language differences between ethnic groups, and the separation of villages from each other by mountains and rivers, have made it more difficult for residents to receive education, resulting in the low level of literacy of the rural population in the basin, and the lagging development of education, science and technology. According to the 4th national census, illiterate and semi-illiterate people over 12 years old in Nujiang Prefecture account for 46.3% of the population of the same age group. The lagging development of education directly restricts the popularization and application of science and technology, the basin of science and technology promotion force is weak, some areas of production and management methods, good seeds and good laws and some of the supporting practical farming techniques are difficult to promote the level of crop yields than the province's average of 20% to 60% lower. Baoshan region and Nujiang Prefecture per 1 million people in natural science and technology personnel only 40 to 50 people, equivalent to about 1/4 of the average of the province of Yunnan.
3 Nujiang River Basin sustainable development countermeasures
Yunnan Nujiang River Basin has a relatively good border trade and economic development of the location of the conditions, and rich in natural resources, the development of the potential of the face of China's implementation of the strategy of the development of the west, a good opportunity for the development of the basin, the development of a good opportunity for the development of the basin. Good opportunity to develop the basin has come. However, due to the low level of social development, lagging regional economy and fragile ecosystems, the development of the basin is still faced with the problems of too many poor people, lack of financial investment, and a large amount of ecological environment restoration and protection projects. From the perspective of sustainable development and ecological and economic system of the watershed, the most urgent conflicts between watershed development and ecological and environmental protection are mainly concentrated in three aspects: rational utilization of land resources and ecological and environmental protection, rehabilitation, reconstruction of watershed industrial system and establishment of pillar industries (or leading industries) in the near and medium term, as well as selection of ways for poverty alleviation of poor regions and poor people. Therefore, it is recommended to make the following five recommendations. Therefore, it is suggested to accelerate the capacity building of sustainable development of the basin in the following five aspects.
3.1 Carry out basin economic development and ecological environmental protection planning, formulate basin sustainable development strategy Nujiang River basin has obvious geographic advantages, biological, mineral and energy resources, has good conditions for regional development; but due to the regional socio-economic development is lagging behind, the natural environment has been damaged to a certain extent, need to carry out the basin as soon as possible economic development and ecological environmental protection planning, in order to find out the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the resources and the natural environment in the basin. On the basis of clarifying the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the resources and determining the factors hindering the development of the region, it is necessary to put forward a regional development strategy that is moderately ahead of its time and in line with the characteristics of the region. Especially with the development of the western region, the intensity of resource development and the speed of economic development in the Nujiang River Basin will be accelerated, and there is an urgent need to conduct a comprehensive exploration and thematic research on the social and economic development of the basin, resource development, ecological environmental protection, and the inheritance of minority cultures at this stage on the basis of the original research on the regional issues, and to make a comprehensive exploration and thematic research on the overall strategy of regional development, the construction of the regional industrial structure, the priority order of the development of industries and the mechanism of development and investment, and so on. The overall strategy of regional development, the construction of regional industrial structure, industrial development priorities and development of input mechanisms and other strategically important macro, systematic and comprehensive issues to carry out more in-depth research and scientific evidence.
3.2 Returning farmland to forests and grasslands to realize the virtuous cycle of ecological and economic systems
Slope land reclamation is the most prominent feature of agricultural development in the Nujiang River Basin, and one of the roots of a series of ecological evolution in the basin. According to the national ecological construction regulations, cultivated land with a slope of 25° or more is prohibited from planting any crops and must be returned to forests and grasses, and the area of the Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan Province is about 40,000 hm2 of fallow land. As the proportion of cultivated land on steep slopes in the total amount of cultivated land is large, the development of secondary and tertiary industries in the basin is lagging behind, and the population's dependence on cultivated land and plantation is too strong; under the present circumstances, it is necessary to carry out the return of farmland to forests on a large scale, but it is unlikely that this can be realized. Therefore, to solve the problem of steep-slope reclamation in the Nujiang River Basin, it is necessary to adopt the methods of returning farmland to forest, returning farmland to grassland and agro-forestry combination in accordance with the specific conditions of different regions and carry out step by step. In addition, when returning farmland to forest and grassland, it should be combined with the implementation of poverty alleviation development and food-for-work in the country and Yunnan Province, selecting a number of engineering geological conditions and water conservancy construction conditions are better piece of sloping arable land, the implementation of slope to ladder, the construction of a certain number of terraces and terraces that can be utilized in a sustainable way, so as to ensure the stable production of bulk agricultural products in the basin and promote the smooth implementation of returning farmland to forest and grassland.
3.3 Step-by-step development of tourism resources, and gradually grow the tourism industry
Nujiang River Basin has three resource advantages of high mountain valleys, ethnic minority customs and primitive natural ecology, and one border geographic advantage, which lays a good foundation for the development of tourism. Due to the constraints of economic and social factors, the development of tourism industry in the Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan Province must focus on selecting attractions with high quality resources, small investment, quick results, and strong demonstration of the role of the development of priority. According to the characteristics of the Nujiang River Basin regional economic environment and is located in remote, inconvenient transportation, away from the source market and other characteristics, the recent tourism development should be mainly protective development, give priority to the development of some of the high-quality attractions, the recent focus on the development of the Nujiang River Canyon Landscape, the Baoshan region of the humanities landscape and the GaoLiGongShan natural and ecological landscapes. Development of tourist attractions using "two lines and a" layout, that is, the Nujiang River canyon line, Baoshan humanities line and the Gaoligong Mountain Baifaoling ecological landscape piece. In the near future, we can make use of the good surrounding environment of Yunnan's tourism industry, and give priority to the development of (Dali -) Liukou - Shangpa - Kaitz - Bianzhongluo (or Dulongjiang), (Dali -) Baoshan - Longling (-Ruili) and (Dali -) Baoshan - Mangkuan Baihua Ling (or Tengchong - Yingjiang) 3 tourist routes.
3.4 Increase the development of biological resources, cultivate a new type of eco-industry
(1) Establish biological resources development, production and processing bases to form advantageous products and industries.
In the full development of natural growth of Yunnan Huanglian, Hu Lianmu, Yunmuxiang, Eucommia, sand nuts, kiwi, Sapium sebiferum, oleander and other biological resources with high economic value on the basis of ecological environmental protection, and choose the appropriate area, the use of artificial cultivation methods, the development of artificial cultivation to make up for the lack of total wild biological resources, the formation of a stable large-scale production and processing base.
(2) Formation of leading enterprises in the development of biological resources, with the idea of industrialized development, the formation of backbone enterprises with strong competitiveness in the domestic and international markets, leading to the efficient development of industrial groups.
(3) Increase investment in science and technology, starting from the deep processing of resources, as soon as possible to make biological resources into famous, special, high-quality commodities, maximize the value of the resources to improve industrial efficiency, the development of biological resources to develop into a driving force for the economic development of the watershed and poverty alleviation of the pillar industries.
3.5 Introducing practical science and technology to enhance the scientific and technological quality of workers and production skills, and improve the level of productivity according to the needs of the Nu River Basin's recent industrial construction, the use of special preferential policies, multi-forms and multi-channels to introduce high-quality, high-grade scientific and technological personnel to the introduction of talent as a breakthrough, to drive the development of pillar industries. In view of the fact that the population of ethnic minorities in the Nujiang River Basin is very large and not highly educated, the introduction and promotion of applicable technologies should be carried out rapidly at the present stage, and the improvement of the production skills of the workers should be taken as the center of gravity for the improvement of the regional scientific and technological level. Focusing on the establishment of scientific and technological demonstrations, short-term training of farmers, thematic technical lectures and other ways to mobilize farmers to learn science and technology and culture, with practical science and technology of the first intervention to drive the benign development of the regional socio-economic.