The working principle of the motherboard - computer motherboard repair methods

The motherboard has an open structure. Most of the motherboard has 6-15 expansion slots for PC peripherals control card (adapter) plug. By replacing these plug-in cards, the corresponding subsystems of the microcomputer can be upgraded locally, giving manufacturers and users greater flexibility in configuring models. The following is JY135 I collected and organized the working principle of the motherboard and repair methods, welcome to read.

Introduction to the motherboard

Computer chassis motherboard, also known as the motherboard (mainboard), system board (systemboard) or motherboard (motherboard); it is divided into two kinds of commercial motherboards and industrial motherboards. It is installed in the chassis, is the most basic microcomputer is also one of the most important components. The motherboard is generally a rectangular circuit board, installed on the composition of the computer's main circuit system, generally BIOS chip, I / O control chip, key and panel control switch interface, indicator plug, expansion slots, the motherboard and the plug-in card DC power supply connectors and other components.

The motherboard has an open architecture. Most of the motherboard has 6-15 expansion slots for PC peripherals control card (adapter) plug-in. By replacing these cards, the corresponding subsystems of the microcomputer can be upgraded locally, so that manufacturers and users in the configuration of models have greater flexibility. In short, the motherboard in the entire microcomputer system plays a pivotal role. It can be said that the type and grade of the motherboard determines the type and grade of the entire microcomputer system. The performance of the motherboard affects the performance of the entire microcomputer system.

The motherboard (English: Motherboard, Mainboard, referred to as Mobo); also known as the motherboard, system board, logic board, motherboard, motherboard, backplane, etc., is the composition of a complex electronic system, such as electronic computers. Center or main circuit board.

How motherboards work

Underneath the board, there are 4 layers of circuit wiring; on top, there is a clear division of labor between the various components: slots, chips, resistors, capacitors, and so on. When the host is powered on, the current will instantly pass through the CPU, the North and South Bridge chips, the memory slot, the AGP slot, the PCI slot, the IDE interface, and the serial port, parallel port, PS/2 interface, etc. on the edge of the motherboard. Subsequently, the motherboard will recognize the hardware according to the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) and enter the operating system to perform the function of supporting the system platform work.

Main types of motherboards

AT: A standard-sized motherboard, first used by the IBM PC/A, and named after the 486 and 586 motherboards that also use the AT structure layout.

Baby AT: Pocket-sized motherboards, smaller than AT motherboards, hence the name. Many of the original integrated motherboards started with this motherboard structure.

ATX: An improved AT motherboard with optimized component layout, better heat dissipation, and better integration, requiring a dedicated ATX chassis.

BTX: An improved version of the ATX motherboard that uses a narrow-profile design for a more compact component layout. In response to the movement characteristics of the airflow inside and outside the chassis, motherboard engineers have optimized the layout of the motherboard to provide a more efficient and effective cooling performance for the computer, less noise, and easier installation and removal of the motherboard.

The BTX was developed in the beginning with three specifications, BTX, Micro BTX, and Pico BTX. All three BTXs have the same width of 266.7mm, with the difference being that the motherboards are different in size and expandability.

All in one (All in one) motherboards: integrated sound, display and other circuits, generally do not need to re-insert the card to work, with high integration and space saving advantages, but also has the disadvantage of inconvenient maintenance and upgrading difficulties, in the original brand-name machine used more.

NLX: Intel's latest motherboard structure, the most important feature is that the motherboard, CPU upgrade is flexible, convenient and effective, and no longer need to update the motherboard design every time a CPU is introduced In addition, there are some of the above motherboards morphing structure, such as ASUS motherboards are used in a large number of 3/4 Baby AT-size motherboard structure.

According to the structural characteristics of the motherboard can also be categorized into CPU-based motherboards, motherboards based on adapter circuits, integrated motherboards and other types. CPU-based all-in-one motherboards are the better choice.

According to the process classification of printed circuit boards can also be divided into double-layer structural boards, four-layer structural boards, six-layer structural boards, etc.; four-layer structural boards are mainly products.

According to the component installation and welding process classification and surface mount welding process board and DIP traditional process board.

Classified by CPU socket, such as Socket 7 motherboards, Slot 1 motherboards and so on.

Categorized by memory capacity, such as 16M motherboards, 32M motherboards, 64M motherboards and so on.

Categorized by whether it is Plug and Play or not, such as PnP motherboards, non-PnP motherboards, and so on.

Categorized by the bandwidth of the system bus, such as 66MHz motherboards, 100MHz motherboards, and so on.

Categorized by data ports, such as SCSI motherboards, EDO motherboards, AGP motherboards, and so on.

Categorized by expansion slots, such as EISA motherboards, PCI motherboards, USB motherboards, and so on.

Categorized by manufacturer, such as ASUS motherboards, GIGABYTE motherboards, etc.

Chips

Intel: Socket386, Socket486, Socket586, Socket686, Socket370 (810 motherboard, 815 motherboard), Socket478 (845 motherboard, 865 motherboard), LGA 775 (915 motherboards, 945 motherboards, 965 motherboards, G31 motherboards, P31 motherboards, G41 motherboards, P41 motherboards, G43, P43 motherboards, G45, P45, X38, X48), LGA 1156 (H55 motherboards, H57 motherboards, P55 motherboards, P57 motherboards, Q57 motherboards), LGA 1155 is divided into two series: the 6 series and the 7 series. (6 series motherboards are: H61 motherboards, H67 motherboards, P67 motherboards, Z68 motherboards; 7 series motherboards are: B75, Z75, Z77, H77.), LGA 1366 (X58 motherboards), LGA 2011 (X79 motherboards).

2013 Due to Intel's new specification of 22nm Haswell CPUs, Ivy Bridge's LGA 1155 was upgraded to LGA 1150.

AMD: Socket AM2\AM2+ (760G motherboards, 770 motherboards, 780G motherboards, 785G motherboards, 790GX motherboards), AM3\AM3+ (870G motherboard, 880G motherboard, 890GX motherboard, 890FX motherboard, 970 motherboard, 990X motherboard, 990FX motherboard), FM1 (A55 motherboard, A75 motherboard), FM2 (A55 motherboard, A75 motherboard, A85 motherboard).

The same level of CPUs often have further divisions, such as Pentium motherboards, there is a difference between whether or not they support Multi-Power Pentium (P55C, MMX requires dual-voltage built into the motherboard), whether or not they support Cyrix 6x86, AMD 5k86 (which are all Pentium-class CPUs that require better heat dissipation on the motherboard), and so on.

Bus

ISA (Industry Standard Architecture).

EISA (Extension Industry Standard Architecture): Extended Standard Architecture bus.

MCA (Micro Channel): Micro Channel Bus.

In addition, in order to solve the slow transmission speed between the CPU and high-speed peripherals? bottleneck? problem, two types of localized buses emerged, which are:

VESA (Video Electronic Standards Association): The Video Electronics Standards Association localized bus, or VLB for short.

PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect): The Peripheral Component Interconnect local bus, or PCI bus for short. 486-class motherboards mostly use the VL bus, while Pentium motherboards mostly use the PCI bus.

After PCI, more peripheral interface buses have been developed, they are:

USB (Universal Serial Bus).

IEEE1394 (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1394 standard) commonly known as ? FireWire (Fire Ware)?

Maintenance methods for motherboards

Mainboard failures are often manifested in system startup failures, no display on the screen, and sometimes startup failures that are difficult to visualize. In the fault of the motherboard inspection and maintenance, generally used? A look, two listen, three smell, four touch? Maintenance principles. Is to observe the failure phenomenon, listen to the alarm sound, smell whether there is a strange odor, touch some parts are hot. Below is a list of several common motherboard repair methods, each method has its own advantages and limitations, generally to use a combination of several methods.

Cleaning method

This method is generally used to solve the problem of too much dust on the motherboard, dust with static electricity caused by the failure of the motherboard can not work properly, the brush can be used to remove the dust on the motherboard. In addition, the motherboard is generally connected to a lot of external boards, these boards may be part of the gold finger oxidation, resulting in poor contact with the motherboard, this problem can be used to eraser the surface of the oxide layer.

Observation method

Mainly used? See, feel? The technique. In the case of power off, see whether the components are connected correctly, capacitors, resistors, pin contact is good, whether the surface of the components are burnt, cracked phenomenon, each circuit board on the copper foil is not burnt traces. At the same time, you can use your hand to touch the surface of some chips to see if there is a very hot phenomenon.

Replacement

When some of the failure phenomenon can not be determined by which parts caused by the time, you can be suspected of parts through the replacement method to eliminate the problem. You can take the suspected parts to a good computer to try, and you can also take the good parts to a faulty computer to try. For example, if the internal self-test error or capacity is incorrect, you can use this method to determine the real culprit of the failure.

Detection Method

The use of the motherboard bios self-test system, the use of test cards to troubleshoot the motherboard.