What are the expenses during the period of industrial enterprises?

Period expenses refer to the expenses incurred by enterprises for organizing and managing production and operation, raising funds needed for production and operation, and selling commodities. Period expenses should be directly included in the current profit and loss, and listed item by item in the income statement, including management expenses, financial expenses and sales expenses. \ n \ n \ Period expenses, also known as period costs, are expenses related to a certain period that are directly deducted from the current sales income of an enterprise. From the profit and loss of the enterprise, the period expenses, product sales costs, product sales taxes and surcharges are deducted from the product sales income as the current operating profit of the enterprise. Current expenses are fully deducted from current profits and losses, and the amount incurred does not affect the next accounting period. \n\n[size=6] Classification [/size] \ n \ nPeriod expenses generally include sales expenses, management expenses and financial expenses. \n\n( 1) Sales expenses The expenses incurred by the enterprise in the sales process. For industrial enterprises, sales expenses refer to the expenses incurred in the process of selling products, self-made semi-finished products and providing industrial services, as well as the expenses of setting up sales organizations to sell their products. Specifically, it includes transportation fees, loading and unloading fees, packaging fees, insurance fees, exhibition fees, sales commissions, handling fees, advertising fees, rental fees, sales service fees, as well as salaries, welfare fees, travel expenses, office expenses, depreciation fees, repair fees, material consumption, amortization of low-value consumables and other expenses of personnel of specialized sales organizations. But the internal sales department belongs to the administrative department, and the expenses incurred are not included in the sales expenses, but should be included in the management expenses. \n\n(2) Management expenses The expenses incurred by an enterprise to manage and organize production and business activities. Management expenses include many contents, taking industrial enterprises as an example, including: company funds, that is, wages, welfare expenses, travel expenses, office expenses, depreciation expenses, repair expenses, material consumption, amortization of low-value consumables, etc.; Trade union funds, that is, funds allocated to trade unions according to a certain proportion of the total wages of employees; Staff education funds, that is, according to a certain proportion of the total wages of employees, are used for staff training and learning to improve the cultural and technical level; Labor insurance premium, that is, the pension or retirement pooling fund paid by the enterprise to retired employees, price subsidies, medical expenses or medical insurance premiums, severance pay, wages of sick leave workers for more than 6 months, funeral subsidies and pension fees for the death of employees, and other funds paid to retirees according to regulations; Unemployment insurance, that is, the travel expenses and meeting expenses incurred by the board of directors or the highest authority of the enterprise and its members in performing their duties; Consulting fees, that is, the fees paid by enterprises to consult relevant consulting institutions on science and technology management; Audit fees, that is, the expenses incurred by an enterprise in hiring a certified public accountant to conduct audit, capital verification and asset evaluation; Legal fees, that is, the fees paid by enterprises for prosecution or responding to lawsuits; Taxes, that is, property tax, vehicle and vessel use tax, land use tax and stamp duty paid by enterprises according to regulations; Land use fees, that is, the fees paid by enterprises to use land or sea areas; Land loss compensation fee, that is, the land loss compensation fee paid by enterprises for destroying land in the process of production and operation; Technology transfer fee, that is, the technology transfer fee paid by enterprises to purchase or use proprietary technology; Technology development fees, that is, new product design fees, process planning fees, equipment adjustment fees, raw materials and semi-finished products test fees, technical books and materials fees, intermediate test fees without special funds and other related fees; Amortization of intangible assets, that is, amortization of intangible assets such as site use rights, industrial property rights and proprietary technology; Amortization of deferred assets, that is, amortization of start-up expenses and other assets; Bad debt loss, that is, the loss of accounts receivable at the end of the year; Business entertainment expenses, that is, the expenses paid by the enterprise within a certain proportion of the annual net sales for the reasonable needs of business operation; Other expenses, that is, other management expenses not included in the above-mentioned projects, other expenses, that is, other management expenses not included in the above-mentioned projects, such as greening expenses and sewage charges. \n\n(3) Financial expenses Various expenses incurred by enterprises for financing activities such as fund-raising. Financial expenses mainly include various expenses arising from net interest expenses. Financial expenses mainly include net interest expenses, net exchange losses, fees of financial institutions and other expenses incurred due to funds. Net interest expense includes short-term loan interest, long-term loan interest, bill payable interest, bill discount interest, bond payable interest, long-term financing lease interest, long-term imported equipment interest, etc. , the interest income of enterprise bank deposits should offset the above interest expenses; Exchange loss refers to the loss or gain caused by the difference between the market exchange rate and the actual exchange rate when an enterprise exchanges foreign currency, so as to get rid of the loss or gain caused by adjusting the balance of foreign currency accounts at the end of exchange rate changes, and the loss should be offset when the gain occurs; Financial institution fees include bank fees for issuing tickets. \n\n[size=6] characteristics [/size] \ n \ nCompared with the product cost, the period expense has the following characteristics: \n\n( 1) has a different relationship with the product production. The occurrence of period expenses is the need to provide normal conditions and management for product production, but it is not directly related to the production itself; Production cost refers to the cost directly related to product production, which should be directly included in or allocated to related products. \n\n(2) is different from the accounting period. Period expenses are only related to the current period in which the expenses occur, and will not affect or be allocated to other accounting periods; Among the production costs, the part completed in this period is converted into the product cost in this period, and the unfinished part is carried forward to the next period for further processing, which is related to the accounting periods before and after. \n\n(3) The relationship with accounting statements is different. Period expenses are directly included in the current profits and losses, and the current profits and losses are deducted; The completed part of the production cost is converted into finished products, the production cost of the sold finished products is transferred to the income statement as the cost of product sales, and unsold products and products in process should be included in the balance sheet as inventory. Therefore, production cost can also be called inventory cost, and period cost can be called non-inventory cost. According to the matching principle, when an operating income is recognized in accounting, the related expenses generated by the operating income should be recognized in the same accounting period. For example, the production costs such as direct materials, direct labor and manufacturing expenses in the production process of products should be accounted for, and the products should be sold to match the sales revenue. Because the period expenses can't provide clear future income, according to the principle of prudence, the method of immediate confirmation is adopted when these expenses occur. For example, in which accounting period will the advertising fees paid by enterprises benefit? Even if the period expenses are indeed related to the income of some future accounting periods, it is difficult to determine and it is impossible to predict the future income, which can be used as the basis for allocating the period expenses. Therefore, in order to simplify the accounting work, it is more reasonable to confirm the period expenses immediately. In addition, the period expenses directly match the current operating income. In the long run, because the amount of each period is relatively uniform, it has little impact on profit and loss. \ n \ n Common mistakes and shortcomings in expense accounts during [size = 6] [/size]\n\n 1. Enterprises that record expenses that should not be recorded in the period expenses \ n \ have strict requirements on product costs. For example, if the average cost of producing such products is greater than a certain number, the relevant person in charge will record a big mistake or be criticized. Some grass-roots managers, such as workshop directors and factory directors, will record some expenses that should be recorded as "production costs" in the period expenses to meet the requirements of the company or the general factory and avoid punishment. \n\n2。 Expand the expenditure scope and raise the expenditure standard at will \ n \ For example, the business entertainment expenses exceeding the standard are included in the management expenses, or the tourism expenses are included in the sales expenses, so as to expand the depreciation and amortization amount and shorten the amortization period. \n\n3。 Unrealized period expenses \ n \ Some employees or managers use their positions to include some expenses that are not period expenses. For example, the consumption expenses of high-end consumer places are recorded as "management expenses", or expenses are reimbursed by means of fake invoices. This happens because there are loopholes in the internal control of enterprises, which allow these people to take advantage of it. \n\n4。 Use period expenses to conceal sales revenue. And keep the funds for yourself \ n \ Managers and financial personnel of some companies collude with each other, and do not record sales income or other income as "main business income", "investment income" or "non-operating income" or "other business income", but as a period expense, and use this income to establish a "small treasury" or keep it for themselves. \n\n[size=6] Accounting of period expenses [/size]\n\n[size=5] I. Accounting characteristics of period expenses [/size]\n\nPeriod expenses refer to expenses that cannot be directly attributed to the cost of a specific product. It occurs with the passage of time, which is directly related to the management and sales of products in the current period, but not directly related to the output and manufacturing process of products, that is, the occurrence period is easy to determine, but it is difficult to distinguish the products to which it belongs, so it cannot be included in the manufacturing cost of products, but deducted from the current profit and loss. Period expenses include operating expenses, management expenses and financial expenses directly deducted from the current product sales income of the enterprise. As the current expenses have all been deducted from the current profits and losses, the amount incurred will not affect the next accounting period. \n\nThe period expense is different from the product cost: \n\n 1, which is different from the production product. The occurrence of period expenses is to provide normal conditions for the production of products and strengthen the management of production, operation and sales, but it is not directly related to the production itself. Product cost refers to the direct production cost and indirect production cost related to the production of products, which are directly included in or allocated to the products. \n\n2。 The relationship with the accounting period is different. Period expenses are only related to the current period in which the expenses occur, and will not affect or spread to future accounting periods. In the product cost, the part completed in this period is converted into finished products in this period, and the unfinished part is carried forward to the next period for further processing, which is related to previous and future accounting periods. \n\n3。 The relationship with accounting statements is different. Period expenses are directly included in the current income statement, offsetting the current profit and loss. The completed part of the product cost is converted into finished products, and the sales cost of the sold finished products is converted into the main business cost, which is also directly included in the current income statement, but the unsold finished products and in-process products are included in the balance sheet. Because the period expenses can't provide clear income, according to the principle of prudence, the principle of immediate confirmation is adopted for the period expenses. \n\n[size=5] II。 Accounting of sales expenses [/size]\n\n (I) Accounting contents of sales expenses \n\nSales expenses refer to the expenses incurred by enterprises in the process of selling goods and the operating expenses of sales organizations (including sales outlets and after-sales service outlets, etc.). ) specially set up to sell its goods. The purchase expenses incurred by commodity circulation enterprises in the process of purchasing commodities are also included in non-operating expenses. Sales expenses generally include the following five aspects: \n\n 1, self-sales expenses of products \n\nIncluding packaging expenses, transportation expenses, handling expenses and insurance fees that should be borne by enterprises. \n\n2。 Product promotion expenses \ n \ Promotion expenses incurred to expand product sales of this enterprise: exhibition expenses, advertising expenses, operating lease expenses (the expenses of counters and equipment rented for expanding sales, excluding financial lease expenses) and sales service expenses (the expenses of providing after-sales service, etc.). ).\n\n3。 Sales department expenses \ n \ generally refer to the wages and welfare expenses of employees, expenses similar to wages, business expenses and other operating expenses of sales organizations (including sales outlets and after-sales service outlets) specially established for selling the goods of the enterprise. However, the internal sales department of the enterprise belongs to the administrative department, and the expenses incurred are not included in the operating expenses, but included in the management expenses. \n\n4。 Consignment fee \ n \ mainly refers to the commission paid by the enterprise to entrust other units to sell goods according to the provisions of the consignment contract. \n\n5。 Purchasing expenses of commodity circulation enterprises \ n \ refer to transportation expenses, loading and unloading expenses, packaging expenses, insurance fees, reasonable loss in transit and finishing expenses before warehousing. \n\n (II) Basic accounting treatment \ n \ nIn order to calculate the expenses incurred by enterprises in the process of selling goods, enterprises should set up the account of "sales expenses". The debit of this account reflects the expenses incurred by the enterprise, and the credit reflects the sales expenses transferred by the enterprise to the "profit of this year" account; After the account of "sales expenses" is carried forward to the account of "profit this year", there should be no balance at the end of the period. \ n \ n \ Commodity circulation enterprises don't need to set up "management expenses" separately, but transportation expenses, loading and unloading expenses, packaging expenses, insurance fees, reasonable loss in transit, sorting fees before warehousing, etc. are included in the accounting of "sales expenses" of enterprises. \n\n[size=5] III。 Accounting of management expenses [/size]\n\n (I) Accounting contents of management expenses \n\nManagement expenses refer to various expenses incurred by enterprises for organizing and managing production and business activities. Including the negative expenses incurred by the board of directors and administrative departments in the operation and management of the enterprise or borne by the enterprise. It separately includes the following items: \n\n 1, enterprise management department and employee expenses \n\n( 1) Company expenses: refers to the salary, repair expenses, material consumption and expenses of employees in the administrative department directly incurred by the enterprise administrative department. \n\n(2) Trade union funds: refers to the funds allocated to trade unions by 2% of the total wages of employees (excluding housing subsidies paid according to the prescribed standards, the same below). \n\n(3) Employee education funds: refers to the expenses accrued according to the total wages of employees for employee training and learning. \n\n(4) Labor insurance fee: refers to the pension paid by the enterprise to retired employees (including the local overall pension paid according to regulations), price subsidies, medical expenses (including the expenses paid to retirees to participate in medical insurance), resettlement fees, employee severance payment, wages of sick employees who have been sick for more than 6 months, employee death and funeral subsidies, pension fees and other expenses paid to retired employees according to regulations. \n\n(5) Unemployment insurance premium: refers to the industry insurance fund paid by enterprises according to regulations. \n\n2。 Expenses other than direct management of the enterprise \n\n( 1) Directors' dues: refers to various expenses incurred by the board of directors or the highest authority of the enterprise and its members in performing their functions and powers, including members' allowances, travel expenses, conference fees, etc. \n\n(2) Consulting fee: refers to the fee paid by the enterprise to consult the relevant consulting institutions on the operation and management of production technology or the fee paid to the economic consultant, legal consultant and technical consultant of the enterprise. \n\n(3) Fees for hiring an intermediary agency: refers to the expenses incurred by an enterprise in hiring an accounting firm for auditing, capital verification, asset evaluation and settlement. \n\n(4) Legal fees: refers to the fees paid by the enterprise for bringing a lawsuit or responding to the court. \n\n(5) Tax: refers to property tax, vehicle and vessel use tax, land use tax, stamp duty, etc. Paid by the enterprise according to the regulations. \n\n(6) Mineral resources compensation fee: refers to the mineral resources compensation fee paid by an enterprise according to a certain proportion of its main business income when mining mineral resources in People's Republic of China (PRC) and other sea areas under its jurisdiction. \n\n3。 Expenses for providing technical conditions for production \n\n( 1) Sewage charges: refers to the sewage charges paid by enterprises according to the regulations of environmental protection departments. \n\n(2) Greening fee: refers to the sporadic greening fee in the enterprise area. \n\n(3) Technology transfer fee: refers to the fee paid by enterprises for using non-patented technology. \n\n(4) R&D expenses: refers to the expenses incurred by enterprises for developing new products and technologies, such as new product design expenses, process design expenses, equipment debugging expenses, raw materials and semi-finished products test expenses, technical books and materials fees, intermediate test expenses not included in the national plan, researchers' salaries, depreciation expenses of research equipment, other expenses related to the research of new products and technologies, expenses for entrusting other units to conduct research and trial production, and the failure of trial production. \n\n(5) Amortization of intangible assets: refers to the value of intangible assets amortized by enterprises in installments. Including amortization of patents, trademarks, copyrights, land use rights, non-patented technologies and goodwill. \n\n(6) Amortization of long-term deferred expenses: refers to the expenses that the enterprise amortizes for more than one year during the benefit period of expense items, including the expenses for major repair of fixed assets, the expenses for improvement of leased fixed assets, which are amortized evenly within a short lease period or the service life of leased assets, and other long-term deferred expenses, which are amortized evenly during the benefit period. \n\n4。 Hospitality for purchase and sale business \ n \ Hospitality for business: refers to the expenses paid by the enterprise for the reasonable needs of business operation, which should be included in the management expenses according to the facts. \n\n5。 Loss or provision \n\n( 1) Bad debt provision: refers to the bad debt provision made by an enterprise according to a certain proportion of accounts receivable. \n\n(2) Inventory depreciation reserve: refers to the inventory depreciation reserve drawn by the enterprise according to the difference between the net realizable value of inventory at the end of the period and its cost. \n\n(3) Inventory loss and inventory gain: refers to the profit and loss and inventory gain of enterprise inventory, but does not include inventory loss that should be included in business trip. \n\n6。 Other expenses \ n \ Other management expenses: refers to expenses that are not included in the above items but should be included in the management expenses. \n\n (I) Basic accounting treatment \ n \ nIn order to calculate the management expenses incurred by an enterprise in organizing and managing its production and operation, an enterprise should set up the subject of "management expenses". Debit this account, reflecting the management expenses incurred by the enterprise, and credit the management expenses transferred from the enterprise to the "profit this year" account; After the "management expenses" subject is carried forward to the "profit of this year" subject, there should be no balance at the end of the period. \n\n[size=5] IV。 Accounting of financial expenses [/size]\n\n (I) Accounting contents of financial expenses \n\nFinancial expenses refer to the expenses incurred by enterprises to raise funds needed for production and operation, including interest expenses (minus interest income), exchange losses (minus exchange gains) and related handling fees. Its specific contents include: \n\n 1. Interest expense refers to the net amount of interest expense (except capitalized interest) such as short-term loan interest, long-term loan interest, bill payable interest, bill discounted interest, bonds payable and long-term interest payable of imported equipment minus interest income such as bank deposits. \n\n2。 Exchange loss refers to the difference between the purchase price of the bank and the exchange rate used for bookkeeping due to the settlement or purchase of foreign exchange from the bank, and the difference between the ending balance of various foreign currency accounts at the end of each month (quarter or year), the amount of RMB converted into bookkeeping at the end of the month and the original amount of RMB. \n\n3。 Relevant handling fees refer to the handling fees to be paid when bonds are issued (except those to be capitalized), handling fees of issuing banks, handling fees for adjusting foreign exchange, etc. , but does not include the handling fee paid for issuing shares. \n\n4。 Other financial expenses, such as financing lease expenses incurred in financing fixed assets. \n\n (II) Basic accounting treatment \ n \ nIn order to account for the expenses incurred by enterprises in raising production and operation funds, enterprises should set up the subject of "financial expenses". Debit this account to reflect the actual financial expenses incurred in the current period, and credit the financial expenses transferred to the "profit of this year" account at the end of the period; There should be no balance at the end of the period after the "financial expenses" subject is carried forward to the "profit of this year". \n\n (III) Problems needing attention in accounting of financial expenses \ n \ nThe financing expenses incurred by an enterprise for purchasing and constructing fixed assets should be included in the purchasing and constructing cost of fixed assets before the fixed assets reach the intended usable state, and not included in the accounting scope of the "financial expenses" subject. \n\n[size=5] V. Carry-forward of period expenses [/size] \ n \ nOperating expenses, management expenses and financial expenses are carried forward at the end of the period. There are two methods for carrying forward period expenses at the end of the period: \n\n 1, and reporting method \ n \ nReporting method refers to carrying forward with "income statement". At the end of each month, only the month-end balance of profit and loss subjects (including period expenses) will be settled, and the "profit of this year" subject will not be carried forward, and the "profit of this year" subject will be used when carrying forward at the end of the year. "This year's profit" reflects this year's profit and the total amount of financial expenses filled in this month's column of the income statement, and the balance of this month is filled in this year's cumulative column of the income statement, which is not carried forward. Usually, the report method is directly carried forward in the income statement, which saves the transfer link, and can obtain the accumulated indicators of this year from the account balance, without affecting the preparation of the income statement and the utilization of related profit and loss indicators. At the end of the year, the accumulated balance of the whole year shall be carried forward according to the accounting method. \n\n2。 Account closing method \ n \ Account closing method is a method to carry forward profit and loss by preparing accounting vouchers. That is to say, profit and loss accounts (including period expenses) are carried forward in the account every month, and the balance of operating expenses, management expenses and financial expenses is settled at the end of each month, and transferred to the "profit of this year" account from the opposite direction. The three accounts of the period expenses have no balance after the month-end carry-over. The monthly financial results of an enterprise are directly reflected in the subject of "profit of this year", and the accumulated profits of the current month can get the accumulated financial results of the current period. \ n \ n \ The advantage of this accounting method is that the current profit amount can be provided through the "current year's profit" account every month, and the bookkeeping procedures are complete. However, from a practical point of view, the use of accounting methods increases the workload of compiling carry-forward gains and losses. ))