Colombia
Country name: The Republic of Colombia
Independence Day: July 20 (1810) >>>
National Day: July 20 (1810)
Reference: /sort.asp?bid=77 (Colombia website navigation)
Flag: It is rectangular in shape, with the ratio of length to width approximately 3:2. It is composed of three parallel horizontal rectangles connected from top to bottom: yellow, blue, and red. The yellow part occupies half of the flag, and the blue and red each occupy 1/4 of the flag. The yellow symbolizes the golden sunshine, grain and rich food. Natural resources; blue represents the blue sky, ocean and rivers; red symbolizes the blood shed by patriots fighting for national independence and national liberation.
National emblem: The central pattern is the shield. In the middle of the shield is a "cap of freedom", symbolizing freedom and liberation. On the top of the shield are two ram's horns symbolizing fertility, with a red pomegranate in the middle. Colombia was once called the "New Granada Republic", and "Granada" means "pomegranate" in Spanish. The pattern on the lower part of the shield depicts Colombia's geographical position with the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Caribbean Sea to the north. At the top of the coat of arms is an American condor holding a laurel wreath, symbolizing the country's independence and glory; the ribbon under the eagle's talons reads "Liberty, Order" in Spanish, which means freedom under order. Two national flags hang on each side of the coat of arms.
National dignitaries: President Alvaro Uribe Velez (Alvaro Uribe), took office in August 2002.
Physical geography: 1,141,748 square kilometers (excluding islands and territorial waters). Located in the northwest of South America, it borders Venezuela and Brazil to the east, Ecuador and Peru to the south, Panama to the northwest, the Caribbean Sea to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.
Holiday lights in Plaza Bolivar, Bogota, the capital
Population: 44.53 million (2003). Among them, Indo-European mixed race people account for 60%, white people account for 20%, black and white mulatto people account for 18%, and the rest are Indians and blacks. The annual population growth rate is 1.79%. The official language is Spanish. Most residents believe in Catholicism.
Capital: Bogota, population 6.49 million (2001). The average annual temperature is 14℃.
Currency: Peso>>>
Brief history: In ancient times, the territory was the distribution area of ??the Chibucha tribe and other Indians. In the 1536th century, it became a Spanish colony and was called New Granada. It declared independence from Spain on July 20, 1810, but was later suppressed. After the victory of the rebel army led by Bolivar, the South American liberator, at the Battle of Poacá in 1819, Colombia finally gained independence.
Colombian soldiers giving a military salute
From 1821 to 1822, Venezuela, Panama and Ecuador jointly formed the Republic of Gran Colombia. From 1829 to 1830, they formed the Republic of Gran Colombia. , Eritrea and Ecuador have withdrawn successively. In 1831 it was renamed the Republic of New Granada. In 1861 it was called the United States of Colombia. In 1886, the country was named the Republic of Colombia. In 1903, the province of Panama declared independence from Colombia at the instigation of the United States. After independence, the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party took turns in power. In May 2002, independent Uribe was elected president with more than half of the votes in the first round of the general election, breaking the political pattern in which Colombia's two traditional political parties took turns in power.
Politics: According to the constitution, Colombia is a centralized state. Separation of legislative, executive and judicial powers. The President is directly elected as the head of state and head of government. Parliament is the country's legislative body. The Cabinet is the executive branch of the government, directly led by the President. Implementing a representative democracy, the legislative, judicial and executive powers are separated; the president is the head of state and government, and is also the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, directly elected and cannot be re-elected; the vice president is restored; provincial mayors are changed to directly elected; guarantee security of the person, freedom of belief, association, labour, thought and education, and the responsibility of the State to ensure that human rights are respected.
Economy: Rich in natural resources, coal, oil, and emerald are the main mineral deposits. Proven coal reserves are approximately 24 billion tons, ranking first in Latin America.
Oil reserves are 1.8 billion barrels, natural gas reserves are 18.7 billion cubic meters, emerald reserves rank first in the world, bauxite reserves are 100 million tons, and uranium reserves are 40,000 tons. In addition, there are gold, silver, nickel, platinum, iron and other mineral deposits. The forest area is approximately 49.23 million hectares. Colombia has historically been an agricultural country mainly producing coffee. In 1999, affected by the Asian financial crisis and other factors, the economy fell into the worst recession in 60 years. The economy began to recover in 2000 and has maintained low growth since then. The growth rate accelerated in 2003, the construction industry continued to grow, the demand for electricity increased, the financial industry gained momentum, loans and private investment increased, and the export of traditional products expanded. Colombia is one of the important tourism centers in Latin America, with a relatively developed tourism industry. In 2003, there were 620,000 foreign tourists. The main tourist areas are: Cartagena, Santa Marta, Santa Fe Bogota, San Andres and Providencia Islands, Medellin, Guajira Peninsula, Boyaca, etc.
News and publishing: There are about 400 newspapers and magazines in the country. The main newspapers are: "The Times", "The Spectator", "New Century", "*** and National News". The main magazines (all weekly magazines) include: "Guide", "New Frontier", "Economic Comprehensive", "Weekly", and "Slogan". The above newspapers and periodicals are all in Spanish. The Colombian News Agency is Colombia's largest private news agency. It was established in 19811 and provides news to nearly 20 newspapers and radio stations across the country. There are 582 radio stations nationwide. "National Radio" is the only state-owned radio station, founded in 1940. "CBS", "National Broadcasting Corporation" and "Todral" radio stations are the three largest private broadcasting companies, with broadcast transmitting stations and relay stations in various places. The television industry began in 1954. There are 15 TV stations in the country, three of which are national TV stations and radio stations. However, the first and second stations are leased to private TV program production stations and radio stations through contracts. The third station is directly managed by the state and broadcasts cultural and educational programs.
Diplomacy: pursue an independent, non-aligned and diversified foreign policy. The diplomatic focus is to further close relations with the United States, strengthen cooperation with Latin America, especially neighboring countries, consolidate traditional ties with the European Union, and enhance exchanges and cooperation with Asia-Pacific countries.
Relations with China: On February 7, 1980, Colombia established diplomatic relations with China.
①Country name. In the northwest of South America, it is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east, Brazil to the southeast, Peru and Ecuador to the south, and Panama to the northwest. It covers an area of ??1.142 million square kilometers. The population is 30.6 million (1987), of which 57% are Indo-European people, 20% are white people, 14% are black and white people, and the rest are black people and Indians. Spanish is the national language, and most believe in Catholicism. The capital is Santa Fe, Bogota. In addition to the coastal plain, the west is a plateau composed of three parallel Cordillera mountains in the west, middle and east. There are wide areas between the mountains, a series of volcanic cones in the south, and the alluvial plain of the lower reaches of the Magdalena River in the northwest. The waterways are diverse and the lakes and swamps are widespread. To the east is the alluvial plain of the upper tributaries of the Amazon and Orinoco rivers, accounting for approximately two-thirds of the country's total area. The equator traverses the south. The southern part of the plain and the west coast have a tropical rainforest climate, which gradually changes to a tropical grassland and dry grassland climate to the north. The mountainous areas with an altitude of 1,000-2,000 meters belong to the subtropical zone, and the altitude of 2,000-3,000 meters belongs to the temperate zone. 3,000-4,500 meters is an alpine grassland, and the alpine areas above 4,500 meters are covered with snow all year round. It is rich in mineral resources, mainly including petroleum, coal, gold, platinum, iron, copper, emerald, etc., as well as silver, zinc, nickel, bauxite, lead, uranium, etc. The hydraulic reserves are 50 million kilowatts. The forest area accounts for more than half of the country's area. It became a Spanish colony in the 16th century. It declared independence from Spanish rule on July 20, 1810, and gained independence in 1819. In 1822, it formed the Republic of Gran Colombia with present-day Ecuador and Venezuela. After Venezuela and Ecuador withdrew in 1829 and 1830, it was called the French Republic of New Granada in 1831. In 1861, it was renamed the Federation of Nine Provinces of Colombia. In 1863 it was renamed the United States of Colombia, and in 1886 it was renamed the Republic of Colombia. In 1903, the province of Panama broke away from Colombia and established the Republic of Panama. The economy is dominated by agriculture, and the employed population accounts for half of the country's labor force. Coffee output value accounts for more than one-third of the total agricultural output value, and its output and export volume rank second in the world after Brazil. Other major crops are rice, corn, banana, sugar cane, cotton and tobacco.
The animal husbandry industry is relatively developed, with pasture accounting for 28.9% of the total area. Mining is mainly focused on the extraction of oil and coal. It is a major gold-producing country in Latin America. Its platinum production ranks fourth in the world, and its emerald production ranks first in the world. The industry has developed rapidly, and its output value has accounted for more than one-fifth of the GDP. Light industry, mainly sugar refining, coffee processing, and textiles, accounts for more than 70% of the total industrial output value, as well as metallurgy, machine manufacturing, automobile assembly, cement, chemistry, oil refining, petrochemicals, etc. The tourism industry has developed rapidly. Coffee is the bulk export, accounting for more than 50% of total exports; followed by coal, gold, oil, bananas, precious metals, textiles, clothing, cement, etc. Flower exports rank second in the world after the Netherlands. Enter machinery and equipment, vehicles, industrial raw materials, food, etc. Transportation is mainly highway, and air transportation is also relatively developed. ②The largest city and capital of South Carolina, United States. Located in the middle, it is the end point of the Kangli River navigation. The population is 99,000, and the large urban area is 408,000 (1980). It was built as the state capital in 1786. It was destroyed during the Civil War in 1865 and later rebuilt. It has always been a distribution center for cotton and other agricultural products, and it is still one of the cotton spinning industry centers in the south. It has developed industries such as agricultural and forestry product processing, electronic instruments, glass, plastics and fertilizers. Cultural and educational center. There are many universities. ③A city in central Missouri, USA. 48 kilometers north of Jefferson City. Population 62,000 (1980). Built in 1821. The city was established in 1826. Agriculture and animal husbandry are developed in the surrounding areas. Industries include dairy products, bricks and tiles, printing, etc. Major medical and academic centers. There are state cancer hospitals, state mental hospitals, the University of Missouri, Christian University, etc. ④Town in southern Mississippi, USA. 120 kilometers south of Jackson. Population 7,700 (1980). It was a nearby trading point and industrial center producing cotton, grain, poultry, and cattle. Exploitation of crude oil and natural gas, as well as clothing, furniture, pulp, plywood and other industries.