Water is an indispensable component of the human body, contributing to the normalization of blood flow, temperature regulation, digestion and absorption of nutrients. Due to the hot climate, excessive sweating during labor or exercise, the body will lose a lot of water, which can cause heat stroke in severe cases. At this time, the body needs to drink water to replenish water, and improper drinking water can cause water intoxication or other diseases. It can be seen that the drinking water should be just right, to be scientific and reasonable.
For the human body, water is the most important material, accounting for about 70% of the weight of the human body, known as the "source of life". A variety of chemical reactions within the human body must be in the presence of water in order to carry out the conditions.
Normal muscle water in and out of the amount is equal: the thirst center of the brain to regulate the amount of water into the body through the body to eat a variety of food and direct drinking water into the body. Among them, direct drinking water is the most important way, while the water evaporated from the body surface and respiration when resting at room temperature is about 800 milliliters in 24 hours, and the amount of urine excreted by the kidneys is about 1~2 milliliters in every 24 hours. In general, a healthy adult needs about 2,500 milliliters of water per day and night. However, the body also loses a lot of water when the temperature rises, falls, or sweats a lot during strenuous exercise, so the amount of water needed by the body is not constant and inconvenient.
In our daily life, the types of drinking water are mainly tap water boiled fee after the white water and market sales of water can be directly consumed, such as pure water, mineral water, distilled water and so on. Today, all kinds of beverage and drinking water commodity advertisements are all over the place, filling up the streets and alleys. In today's increasingly polluted water resources, these water commodities, although the price is not expensive, but still attracted a lot of consumers, there is a replacement for the traditional habit of drinking plain water momentum.
There is no doubt that beverages, high-quality mineral water, pure water, etc. than the tap water or countryside well water, river water, lake water, etc., to drink people feel much more at ease. However, the debate also accompanies the transformation of the way people drink water. From time to time, we can hear or see Lei from the advice of experts, and the conclusions are often contradictory. This requires us to think, analyze, and make choices based on the specific situation.
In a big city like Shanghai, drinking pure water has been more and more accepted by the people. Pure water production process is generally: tap water under the action of the pressure pump in turn through the quartz sand filter, activated carbon filter, resin exchange device and reverse osmosis membrane device, and then into the filter repeatedly for many cycles of filtration. The filtered and purified water that reaches the standard of drinking water, and then sterilized with ozone, and then through the pipeline output or bottling, which becomes the pure water we drink. In this process, the main role played by the quartz sand filtration is the tap water in the residual solid particles further filtered out; activated carbon plays the role of adsorption of organic matter in the tap water; in the resin exchange device, one is through the flocculating agent to precipitate out the inorganic salts in the water, and secondly, the exchange of substances with industrial salts, the water will be calcium, magnesium, aluminum and other metal ions displaced, and the discharge of wastewater. This method produces one volume of pure water to consume four volumes of tap water. In a reverse osmosis membrane unit, water that has gone through the first three treatment processes is passed through a pipe equipped with a reverse osmosis membrane for further filtration. Because of the unique function of the reverse osmosis membrane, the particle size of the water is about 1/300 of the particle size of the inorganic salts of the very fine particles will also be filtered out, so that the water to achieve the standard of purity.
So is drinking pure water the most hygienic, most conducive to health? This is not necessarily the case! Because the general water contains a variety of minerals and trace elements dissolved in water, especially the most common calcium, magnesium and other elements, they are the human body must often supplement the elements. Calcium is the main component of human bones and teeth, etc., and it maintains the normal contraction of the heart muscle and promote blood coagulation and so on play an important role, therefore, people need to be supplemented throughout their lives, calcium; magnesium bones and other essential elements, each person needs to be supplemented with about 0.3 to 0.5 grams of magnesium per day. The human body needs these two elements part of the drinking water from the intake. However, pure water is a kind of calcium, magnesium ions do not contain extremely soft water, so people can not be expected to drink pure water at the same time to absorb the beneficial elements and supplementation of calcium, magnesium and other substances. Moreover, the effect of any harmful substances in this soft water will be amplified, and a small amount of harmful substances in soft water will have a more harmful and negative effect on our health than the same quality of harmful substances in hard water. Therefore, it can be said that drinking pure water does not have much health benefits.
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Two, cooking oil and human health
People need to consume fats and oils, especially growing teenagers. Not eating oil for a long time will lead to dry skin, flaking, hair brittle and easy to fall off, affecting physical development.
The fats and oils we eat are vegetable oils and animal fats. Peanut oil, soybean. Peanut oil, canola oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil and other vegetable oils contain linoleic acid, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid, are essential to the human body important unsaturated fatty acids, these organic acids can not be synthesized in the body, can only be ingested from the cooking oil. These unsaturated fatty acids have a low melting point, are easily absorbed, and have the function of reducing cholesterol and preventing atherosclerosis.
The chemical composition of animal fat is mainly saturated fatty acid glycerides. Each gram of fat in the human body can produce 9 kilocalories, is the same quality of carbohydrates or proteins produced by the heat twice. Eating too much animal fat, the body can not consume, will be converted into adipose tissue stored in the body, so that the body gradually fat, blood cholesterol rises, accelerating the hardening of blood vessel walls, resulting in hypertension, coronary heart disease, as well as the heart, brain, kidney accidental diseases. Therefore, the elderly to eat vegetable fats and oils for good. Young children and adolescents are developing body period, more activities, energy consumption, cooking oil in the body after digestion and absorption, part of the body's activities to provide energy, part of the formation of cellular tissue. Oils and fats contain brain phospholipids, which are indispensable nutrients for normal growth and development of adolescents, so adolescents need vegetable fats and animal fats.
The method of consumption of fats and oils is mostly seen in stir-frying. It is also very delicate when frying vegetables with oil, otherwise it will also jeopardize your health. Oil smoke before putting vegetables, which seems to have become a habit of cooking methods, do not know, this practice is very harmful. Experiments have also proved that repeated heating, repeated use of oil and oil residue, not only eat can cause cancer, that is, coated in animals or injected into the muscle can cause tumors, because these substances contain carcinogens polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Three, salt and human health
Salt is an important seasoning in daily life, sour, sweet, bitter and salty. Sour, sweet, bitter, spicy, salty in the three, salty is the most basic, meals, soups, dishes, less it will be tasteless. In the rice, soup, vegetables, add a moderate amount of salt, can certainly make the dishes aromatic and delicious, enhance appetite, but more importantly, the human body to maintain normal physiological functions, can not be no salt.
The human blood contains about 0.6-0.9% salt, in this case, the heart can beat normally, the muscles can maintain the stimulus induction. The human body when a large amount of water loss, will be accompanied by a large amount of salt loss, doctors often use subcutaneous or intravenous infusion of physiological saline (sodium chloride aqueous solution) method of treatment. Salt is often discharged with sweat in the process of human metabolism. Workers engaged in high-temperature operations, or after intense physical labor and strenuous physical exercise, should pay attention to drinking some salted water, so that the content of salt in the body can be supplemented. The lack of salt in the human body will feel dizziness, lethargy, general weakness, so that learning and work efficiency is reduced, long-term lack of salt is prone to heart disease, but also can produce "low sodium syndrome". So, is it better to eat more salt? No, it is not. If the human body ingests too much salt, it will affect the normal metabolism, so that the acid-base balance is imbalanced. Eating too much salt, easy to produce sodium retention, and the long-term retention of sodium, will lead to kidney disease and hypertension. Modern medical research has proved that year-round adherence to light food can lead to longevity.
--Four, salt's many uses
The biggest use of salt is edible. In addition, salt is also an important industrial raw materials, can be used to manufacture soda ash, caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, polyvinyl chloride plastic. Electrolysis of molten sodium chloride can produce metallic sodium. In agriculture, salt solution is used to select seeds to ensure a high germination rate, strong growth and increased yield. In big cities, sanitation workers melt snow on roads by spraying salt water to ensure the safety of vehicles and pedestrians. In hospitals, salt water can be used instead of disinfectant to clean wounds, because a concentrated solution of salt can strongly absorb the water in the body of the bacteria, so that their metabolic effects are disrupted and die.
In daily life, salt has many uses, if you can skillfully use it, it will bring you a lot of convenience. For example, when washing clothes put some salt, clothes are not easy to fade; dyeing clothes put some salt, can make the color bright, solid; fried food, pot put some salt, especially in the frying fish, sprinkle some salt on the fish, can prevent the hot oil splash; summer, salt sprinkled in fresh fish, fresh meat, can prevent the fish, meat corruption; get up in the morning and drink a cup of salt water, you can clean up the intestines and stomach, so that the bowel movements; often use salt water to gargle, so that the bowel movements; often use salt water to rinse, so that the bowel movements. Often gargle with salt water, can maintain oral hygiene, prevention of disease; 15gb of salt water soak fruits and melons for 20 minutes, can play a disinfectant role; broken shell eggs, put in salt water to cook, can make the protein does not flow out; paste with a bit of salt, you can prevent the corruption of the paste to increase the viscosity of the paste.
Five, the vinegar of the wonderful
Vinegar is China's traditional acidic condiment, as early as two thousand years ago, there are historical records. As the saying goes, "seven things out of the house, wood, rice, oil, salt, soy, vinegar and tea". Vinegar is one of the indispensable food.
Vinegar has a unique flavor, and there are many varieties in our country, and some products are famous in China and abroad, such as Zhenjiang balsamic vinegar, Shanxi old vinegar, Fujian red vinegar, etc., which are all famous products.
Vinegar is a good flavor, it is sour and slightly sweet, with aroma. When you smell the vinegar flavor, taste the vinegar flavor, digestive juices are often naturally secreted, so it can promote appetite and help digestion, and it is a good medicine for people who lack stomach acid.
Vinegar is made from grain, sugar or wine lees as raw material, and fermented by acetic acid yeast. Ordinary vinegar contains 3-5% acetic acid. In addition to the functions listed above, vinegar has many other wonderful uses.
Eating a little more vinegar in summer and fall can prevent intestinal infectious diseases.
Soak raw eggs in vinegar until dissolved, can treat hepatitis and other diseases.
Vinegar soaked garlic, often eat with disinfection and cold prevention function.
Vinegar water can treat gray nails.
Vinegar and lime solution can remove the smell of fox.
0.5 to 2% vinegar solution can be used for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection wound washing.
Cooking sweet porridge with a little vinegar will make the sweet porridge sweeter.
Put some vinegar when stewing or ribs, it will make it easy to cook.
Roasted pig's claw with vinegar can break down the gelatin in the bone cells and make it easy to be absorbed by maternal children.
In the case of fish is not fresh, add vinegar cooking can not only lift the fishy flavor, but also can eliminate harmful bacteria.
Vinegar and sugar can relieve alcohol, because ethanol in wine and acetic acid reaction to generate esters.
When washing fabrics, put some vinegar in the water to keep the original luster of the fabrics.
The clothes are contaminated with juice spots or colors, rubbing with vinegar can remove the stains.
Woolen clothes worn for a long time in some places will be shiny, you can use vinegar and water half of the solution spray a spray, and then put on a wet cloth, with an iron, can be removed.
With vinegar water can polish the copper.
You can easily clean aluminum with vinegar water.
The wicks of kerosene stoves can be soaked in vinegar before use to reduce soot.
Rinsing hot water bottles with vinegar removes limescale.
There are paint spots on the glass, you can apply some vinegar, that is, easy to wipe off.
With the vinegar-soaked cloth will be fish, meat package can be when the fresh fish fresh meat is not easy to deteriorate.
Six, vitamins and human health
It is known that there are more than 20 kinds of vitamins, most of which can not be synthesized in the human body, depending on the food supply. The main vitamins are the following.
(1) Vitamin A: It is the American chemist in 1913 from the cod liver extracted. It is a yellow powder, insoluble in water, soluble in fat, oil and other organic solvents. Chemical properties are relatively stable, but easy for ultraviolet destruction, should be stored in brown bottles. Vitamin A is the raw material of optic violet in the eye, but also the necessary material of skin tissue, people lack it will get dry eye disease, night blindness. Usually each person should be ingested daily vitamin A 2 ~ 4.5mg, can not be ingested too much. In recent years, studies have shown that it also has an anti-cancer effect. Animal liver containing vitamin A is particularly high, followed by cream and eggs. Carrots, tomatoes and other vegetables with a lot of carotene, which is the precursor of vitamin A, in the human body is easy to change into vitamin A, so the consumption of vegetables can also be supplemented with vitamin A.
(2) Vitamin B: It is a class of water-soluble vitamins, most of them are coenzymes in the body, the main ones are as follows.
① Vitamin B1: B1 is the first vitamin to be purified by people, 1896 Dutch scientists Ikman first found in 1910 for the Polish chemist Funk extracted from rice bran and purified. It is white powder, easily soluble in water, easily decomposed by alkali. Its physiological function is that it can promote appetite, maintain normal activity of nerves, etc. Lack of it will get foot fungus disease, neurodermatitis, etc. Adults need to consume 2mg per day. Adults need to ingest 2mg per day, it is widely found in rice bran, egg yolk, milk, tomatoes and other foods, can now be synthesized.
② Vitamin B2: B2 is also known as riboflavin. 1879 British chemist Bruce first found in whey, 1933 American chemist Golbeg extracted from milk, 1935 German chemist Kern synthesized it. Vitamin B2 is orange-yellow needle-like crystals, slightly bitter taste, aqueous solution has yellow-green fluorescence, in alkaline or light conditions are very easy to decompose. This is the reason why you don't put alkali in congee. The human body lacks it easy to suffer from stomatitis, dermatitis, microvascular hyperplasia. Adults should be ingested 2 to 4mg per day, it is present in large quantities in cereals, vegetables, cow's milk and fish and other foods.
③ Vitamin B6: 1930 by the American chemist Coleridge found. It has inhibited vomiting, promote development and other functions, the lack of it will cause vomiting, cramps and other symptoms. Adult daily intake of 2mg, it is widely available in rice bran, soybeans, egg yolks and animal liver, has been able to synthesize.
④ Vitamin B12: In 1947, the American woman scientist Xiao Bo found in the beef liver infusion, after analyzed by the chemist, it is a cobalt-containing organic compounds. It is chemically stable, is indispensable to human hematopoietic substances; lack of it will produce pernicious anemia. At present, although it can be synthesized, but the cost is high, so it is still produced by bacterial fermentation using biotechnology. The human body needs about 12 micrograms per day, people in general will not be missing.
(3) Vitamin C: Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid. 1907 Norwegian chemist Holst found in lemon juice, 1934 to obtain the pure product, can now be synthesized. It is colorless crystals, melting point 190 ~ 192 ° C, soluble in water, aqueous solution is acidic, the chemical nature of the more active, meet heat, alkali and heavy metal ions are easy to decomposition, so frying should not be used in copper pots and heated for too long. The main function of vitamin C is to help the human body to complete the redox reaction, improve the ability of human sterilization and detoxification. Long-term lack of vitamin C will get scurvy, adults need to be ingested every day 50 ~ 100mg. Eat more fruits and vegetables can meet the body's need for vitamin C. According to the Nobel Prize winner Bowling research, serving large doses of vitamin C on the prevention of colds and anti-cancer have a certain effect.
(4) Vitamin D: Vitamin D was first extracted from cod liver oil by chemist Karl in 1926. It is light yellow crystal, melting point 115 ~ 118 ℃, insoluble in water, soluble in ether and other organic solvents. It is chemically stable and can still maintain biological activity at 200°C, but it is easily destroyed by ultraviolet light, therefore, pharmaceuticals containing vitamin D should be kept in brown bottles. Vitamin D's physiological function is to help the body absorb phosphorus and calcium, is a necessary raw material for bone building, so the lack of vitamin D will get rickets. The human body should take 25 micrograms of vitamin D per day, but should not be excessive, otherwise it is easy to produce side effects. In the cod liver oil, animal liver, egg yolks in its rich content. The synthesis of vitamin D in the human body is related to sun exposure, therefore, appropriate light is beneficial to health.
(5) Vitamin E: Vitamin E was discovered and extracted from malt oil in 1922 by the American chemist Evans, and has been synthesized in the 1940s. 1960 China has been able to mass produce. It is odorless, tasteless liquid, insoluble in water, soluble in ether and other organic solvents. It is chemically stable, resistant to heat, acid and alkali, but easily destroyed by ultraviolet light, so it should be kept in brown bottles. Vitamin E is an excellent antioxidant in the human body, the human body lacks it, men and women can not bear children, serious cases will suffer from muscular dystrophy, neural numbness. In recent years, scientists have also found that it has anti-aging, anti-cancer effect. Vitamin E is widely available in meat, vegetables, vegetable oils, usually, people are not missing.
(6) Vitamin K: Vitamin K was discovered and extracted in 1929 by Danish chemist Dahm from animal liver and hemp seed oil. It is yellow crystal, melting point 52 ~ 54 ℃, insoluble in water, soluble in ether and other organic solvents. Vitamin K is stable, heat and acid resistant, but easily decomposed by alkali and ultraviolet light. It can promote blood coagulation in the human body. The human body lacks it, the coagulation time is prolonged, and in serious cases, it will bleed out and even die. Strangely enough, there is a kind of bacteria in human intestines that will constantly produce vitamin K for the human body, coupled with the abundant content in pig liver, eggs and vegetables, therefore, the general public will not be deficient. Currently can be synthesized, and chemists can cleverly change its "character" for water-soluble, conducive to human absorption, has been widely used in medical care.
Seven, to protect our water resources
Huangpu River and Suzhou River (formerly known as the official name of the Wusong River) is Shanghai's two major rivers. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the water of the two rivers was clear and the fish were swimming. To the nineties, the Huangpu River, "black tide" repeatedly, Suzhou Creek is perennial as the water of the gutter, and black and smelly. The mother river of Shanghai has changed so dramatically, it should be said that man-made pollution is the main reason.
The pollution sources of Suzhou River water body can be divided into two categories, one is industrial pollution, the other is the life of the pollution, industrial pollution is an important source of pollution, but the life of the pollution also has a small impact, the pollution sources of the Suzhou River water body is mainly for the chemical substances, they have the following categories: aerobic organic matter, difficult to degrade organic pollutants, heavy metals, acids, alkalis and some inorganic salts, petroleum.
Shanghai is located in the Yangtze River Delta, the total amount of water resources is relatively abundant, but the deterioration of water quality over a large area has caused a relative shortage of water resources, in terms of water quality, Shanghai is a city of water shortage.
To control water pollution, one must control the discharge of wastewater, and the second is to centralize the treatment of discharged sewage, Shanghai completed in 1993, the merger of the first phase of the project and the recent triumph of the second phase of the project are some of the important initiatives to control water pollution. 1995 scientists put forward a complete eradication of the water environment of Suzhou Creek, the cross-strategy, that is, "cut off the flow of the river, clear the bottom, divert the flow, cut the bends, legislation, and the water quality of the river. Diversion, cutting and bending, legislation". "Intercepting the flow of sewage is to put it into the pipe and prevent it from being discharged into the Suzhou River; clearing the bottom is to remove the silt at the bottom of the river and cleanse the pollutants accumulated over the years; diverting the flow of water is to increase the flow of clear water from the upper reaches of the river and continuously wash the dirty water on the river. The river is constantly flushing the filth; "cut off the bend" is to transform the waterway, turning the bend into a straight, so that the river flows freely; "legislation" is to develop regulations specifically for the governance of Suzhou Creek, the law to regulate people's behavior. Today, in the nearly ten years of *** with the efforts of all citizens, Suzhou Creek odor has been eliminated, the black color has faded. We will be proud of Shanghai's beautiful water environment.
Water quality analysis usually includes some of the following test steps and content:
1, sample To pay attention to the location of the sample, time, depth of water, the design of the sampling bottle.
2, sensory testing including color, turbidity, odor, visible to the naked eye, biological categories.
3, acidity test PH value (6.5 ~ 8.5)
4, dissolved oxygen test Dissolved oxygen is the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water, usually recorded as DO, with the number of milligrams of oxygen per liter of water. The amount of dissolved oxygen is an indicator of the self-purification ability of the water body.
5, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) test Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is the amount of oxygen consumed by the chemical oxidation of substances that can be oxidized in the water body. Expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per liter of water, the greater the COD value, indicating that the water body is more seriously polluted (usually considered to be pollution caused by organic matter).
6, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) test Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) refers to the amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by microorganisms in the decomposition of organic matter in ground water. It is expressed in milligrams of dissolved oxygen per liter of water. the larger the BOD value, the more serious the pollution of the water body.
7, the total hardness of water, toxicological indicators (arsenic, cyanide, heavy metal ions and other toxic substances), bacteriological indicators (total bacteria, total coliforms, free residual chlorine, etc.) and other tests.
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"Chemistry Trivia" Series
I. Titanium, the metal of the 21st century
Pure titanium is a silvery-white metal. Titanium minerals are widely distributed in nature, accounting for about 0.6% of the weight of the earth's crust, second only to aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium, and more than copper, tin, manganese, zinc, etc. in the earth's crust to be more than a few times or even dozens of times the content. The melting point of titanium is 1725 ℃, its main feature is the density is small but strong. Compared with steel, its density is only equivalent to 57% of steel, while the strength and hardness is similar to steel. Compared with aluminum, aluminum density is smaller than titanium, but the mechanical strength is very poor. Therefore, titanium has the advantages of both steel (high strength) and aluminum (light weight). Pure titanium has good plasticity, its toughness more than 2 times pure iron, heat and corrosion resistance is also very good.
Because titanium has these advantages, so since the 1950s, a leap to become a prominent rare metal. Titanium and its alloys, first used in the manufacture of aircraft, rockets, missiles, ships, etc., and now began to promote the use of chemical and petroleum sectors. For example, in the supersonic aircraft manufacturing, due to such aircraft in high-speed flight, the surface temperature is high, with aluminum alloy or stainless steel, at this temperature has lost its original performance and titanium alloy in the 550 ° C or more still maintain good mechanical properties, so it can be used to manufacture more than the speed of sound 3 times the high-speed aircraft. The amount of titanium used in such aircraft to account for 95% of the total weight of its structure, so there is a "titanium aircraft", at present, the world has more than half of the titanium used in the manufacture of aircraft fuselage and jet engines and important parts. Titanium in the atomic energy industry, for the manufacture of nuclear reactors, the main parts in the chemical industry, titanium is mainly used in the manufacture of various containers, reactors, heat exchangers, pipelines, pumps and valves. If titanium is added to stainless steel, only one percent or so, it greatly improves the rust resistance.
Titanium can also form many compounds, they also have a variety of special properties and uses, such as titanium dioxide, is a snow-white powder, it is the best white pigment, commonly known as "titanium dioxide", 1 grams of titanium dioxide can be more than 450 square centimeters of the area coated with snow. Titanium dioxide used as white pigment in the world, more than hundreds of thousands of tons a year. If the titanium dioxide added to the paper, can make the paper white and opaque, so the manufacture of banknotes and art with paper, sometimes to add titanium dioxide, in addition, in order to make the color of the plastic lighter, so that the luster of the rayon is soft, and sometimes also to add titanium dioxide. Titanium dioxide is known as the world's whitest thing.
Most of the titanium in nature is in a dispersed state, the main formation of the mineral ilmenite TeTiO3 and rutile TiO2, and vanadium ilmenite. China's Sichuan Panzhihua area is extremely rich in vanadium ilmenite, reserves of about 1.5 billion tons.
In addition, titanium has a unique use in medicine, it can be used to replace damaged bones, and is called "pro-biotic metal".
So, how was titanium discovered? 1791, the British scientist Gregor found an ore in the suburbs of Minahan - black magnetic sand, through the study of this ore, he thought there was a new chemical element in the ore. He named this new element after the place where he found the ore, "Minahan".
After four years, the German chemist Klaproth from Hungary Buynik in a red ore, found this new element, he used the Greek mythology in the "Taidan" race name to name (in Chinese according to the translation of the original name of its name, named titanium), Klaproth also pointed out that the new element found by Grigor "Minahan". The new element "Minahan" is titanium, but found at that time, in fact, are not powdered titanium dioxide rather than titanium metal. Until 1910, the American chemist Hendel was the first to produce 99.9% pure titanium metal, but the total **** less than 1 gram. From the discovery of titanium to the production of titanium metal, before and after the experience of 120 years, to 1947, people began to refine titanium in factories, when the annual output of only 2 tons. By 1955, production had surged to 20,000 tons. By 1972, annual production reached 200,000 tons.
The use of titanium is becoming more and more widespread, and is increasingly being emphasized by people, who call it the steel of the future, the metal of the 21st century.
Thinking question: please give a few examples of the main functions of titanium.
Two, the pen and chemistry
The famous Northern Song calligrapher Su Dongpo's sentence, "the world has been shocked by the hand, the three rivers rolled the tip of the pen," showing the brush strokes across the pen touching the picture of a million opportunities. In ancient times, "pen" was the first of the four treasures in our country, highlighting the importance of the pen. In today's society, the pen has more important significance.
1, pencils
There are two kinds of common pencils, one is a pencil with a wooden fixed pencil core; one is the core of the pencil into a long thin plastic tube and can be moved to the activities of the pencil. No matter what kind of pencil its core part is to use the pencil core. Pencil core is made of graphite mixed with a certain proportion of clay, when mixed with more clay pencil core hardness increases, the pen is marked with Hard initial letter H. Conversely, the proportion of graphite increases, hardness decreases, black enhancement, the pen is marked with Black initial letter B. Children study, writing for soft and hard HB standard pencils, drawing commonly used in the 6H pencils, and 2B, 6B pencils are commonly used for drawing.
2, fountain pens
The nib of the pen with each containing 5% to 10% of Cr, Ni alloy composed of special steel made of pens. Chrome nickel steel corrosion resistance, not easy to oxidize, is a stainless steel, in a fountain pen, a kind of pen dipped in ink by the use of the so-called dip fountain pen; the other is now common with the storage of ink device, writing to the nib of the flow of tap water fountain pen. Fountain pen nib is alloy steel, steel nib tip is rolled out by machine to facilitate the use of the ball body. This type of pen has good corrosion resistance, but poor abrasion resistance.
3, gold pen
Gold pen is a pen with a gold alloy, the tip of the pen with iridium alloy made of high-grade tap pen. China's production of gold pens have two kinds, - is containing Au 58.33%, Ag 20.835%, Cu20.835% is usually called 14K; the other is containing Au 50%, Ag 25%, Cu 25% is commonly known as the five into the gold, also known as the 12 K. Gold pens wear-resistant, fluent writing, corrosion resistance, writing, elasticity is particularly good, it is an ideal Hard pen.
4, iridium pen
Iridium pen nibs are also made of stainless steel, in order to change the abrasion-resistant steel nibs, so the tip of the nib point on the iridium particles in order to distinguish between the steel pen and called iridium pen. The pen has both good corrosion resistance and elasticity, as well as economic and durable features, welcomed by the majority of consumers. Is our country's tap pen in the production of the most widely sold pen.
5, ballpoint pen
is a pen written with ink with different pigments. The tip of the pen is a small steel ball, the small steel ball embedded in a small cylindrical copper bowl, after connecting the plastic tube containing ink, ink with the steel ball rotation by the surrounding flow down. The pen is more durable than the general pen, but if the use of improper storage, often do not write words, which is mainly due to the dry solid ink oil bonded around the steel beads to prevent the ink outflow. Ink is a viscous oil, is used caraway oil, synthetic pine oil (mainly containing terpene alcohols), mineral oil (fractionation of petroleum and other minerals and get the oil), hard rubber to join the soot, etc. and modulation into. In the use of ballpoint pen, do not have oil, wax paper writing, or oil, wax embedded in the steel ball along the edge of the copper bowl to affect the oil and write the word, but also to avoid the pen impact, exposure, do not use with a good set of caps to prevent touching the bad nibs, pencils, and refills leakage of oil and contamination of objects. In case of cold or long unused. Pen not oil, you can put the nib into warm water for a few moments and then stroke the nib on the paper, you can write the word.
6, brush
China as far back as more than three thousand years ago in the Shang Dynasty on the use of brushes to write paintings, is an ancient and vitality is extremely vigorous pen. Brushes are categorized into sheep hair and wolf hair because of the different raw materials used to make the brushes. Sheep hair brushes are not made of goat hair, mostly made of free hair, while wolf hair brushes are made of hair from the tail of weasel (commonly known as weasel). Sheep hair is soft, flexible and weak, suitable for writing thick and full-bodied or dashing pound thin words. Wolf hair hard, elasticity, adapt to write a strong or showy and neat in small and medium-capital letters, the newly purchased brush nibs on the gum, the application of water to the brush hair dip open, the gum will be washed and then dipped into the ink to write. After writing the word wash the remaining ink, the brush mill straight and round, set a good cap put into the pen brief. Temporarily unused brushes should be placed in a cool, ventilated place, it is best to be placed close to the hair of the health essence to prevent insect infestation.
7, chalk
The pen is made of calcium sulfate hydrate (commonly known as gypsum). Can also add a variety of pigments made of colored chalk. In the production process of raw gypsum heated to a certain temperature, so that some of its dehydration into a cooked gypsum, and then hot gypsum and water stirred into a paste, into the model solidified. Control the temperature, the use of raw and cooked gypsum of the nature of mutual change can also be manufactured models, statues and medical plaster bandages.
8, electric pen
Electrician's necessities, used to measure whether the object has a pen of electricity. The appearance of the pen like a pen, some like a ballpoint pen, and some like a screwdriver. Regardless of how the appearance of its construction principle is basically the same: its shell is a plastic insulator, which consists of a metal conductor, a small bulb and resistance wire. Small bulbs filled with a colorless inert gas (neon) in the electric field can produce a strong transmission force of red light, when the object is charged, the electric pen test neon bubble red, otherwise neon bubble is not bright.
In addition, made of talc - stone pen; with high-carbon fatty acids, high-carbon mono-aliphatic alcohols and a variety of pigments formulated - colored crayons; waxed paper with pen - Iron pens; signature pens, water pens, art pens for signing and writing; charcoal pens, watercolor pens, drawing pens, oil pens, row pens for drawing; space pens, bamboo pens, pens, pens, pens, pens, pens, pens, pens, pens, pens and pens made of different shapes and shapes. -Space pen, bamboo pen, vase pen, etc.; pen shell made of different materials - lacquer pen, gold-plated, silver pen, cloisonné pen; as well as beauty and makeup - eyebrow pencil, eyeliner, lip pencil and so on.
Various, colorful and multicolored pens continue to help people learn knowledge, express ideas, promote communication, and beautify the environment.
Thinking question: please cite the main components of several pens.