The Yellow River, China's second largest river. Originated in the Qinghai Plateau Ba Yan Ka La Mountain northern foothills about the ancient Zonglei Basin, meandering eastward, through the Loess Plateau and the Huanghuaihai Great Plain, injected into the Bohai Sea. The total length of the main stream is 5,464 kilometers, with a water surface difference of 4,480 meters. The total area of the basin is 795,000 square kilometers (including 42,000 square kilometers of the inner flow area).
The Yellow River is both a natural river with a long history and magnificent waves, and a mother river that nurtures the splendid civilization of the Chinese nation, and the word "mother" itself contains rich humanistic connotations. Therefore, the development of the Yellow River tourism area should unify the natural resources and human resources to think, as far as possible to achieve the perfect combination of the two. Only in this way, our Kaifeng Yellow River tourist area can show the personality and unique charm.
Why the Yellow River is the mother river
As early as in the ancient times, China's primitive ancestors on the territory of the Yellow River basin life, struggle and reproduction. The ancestors settled in the thousands of miles of the Yellow River basin due to the mild climate and excellent hydrological conditions, which were favorable for the growth of crops. In the initial stage of Chinese civilization, the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, as well as several powerful unified dynasties such as Western Han, Eastern Han, Sui, Tang and Northern Song dynasties, their core areas were also in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River; many ancient classic cultural works reflecting the wisdom of the Chinese nation were also produced in this area; science and technology, inventions, city construction, literature and art marking ancient civilization were also produced here. Therefore, the Yellow River has nurtured the Chinese civilization, the Yellow River has fed the children of China, and it is often said that the Yellow River is the cradle of the Chinese nation and the mother river of the Chinese nation, and the significance of this is here.
The water quality of the Yellow River has three major characteristics, one is less water and more sand; the second is the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water resources, i.e., the uneven distribution of runoff areas, the runoff within the year inter-annual changes; the third is the water and sand from different sources. The source of water and sand in the Yellow River is regionally different. Soil erosion refers to the destruction and loss of soil and water resources and land productivity caused by external forces such as water, gravity and wind.
In Chinese history, people have felt the Yellow River as a blessing as well as a curse. As a result, the Yellow River has the aliases of China's Pride and China's Pain. Among the historical records, this information first appeared in 602 until now. There have been five major shifts in the direction of the river's course. The Yellow River's present course is derived from the last change in 1897.
The yellow color of the Yellow River is caused by the sediment in the river. Centuries of siltation have caused the river to flow over the surrounding farmland. As a result, flooding is a big problem for residents. There are many historical examples of villages being destroyed by floods.
Throughout China's history, the Yellow River has had a great impact on the people living on both sides of the river, both good and bad. But in any case, the Yellow River has always nourished many Chinese people, which is why the Chinese call it the "Mother River".
The deep mining of coal, gravel and dust in the quarrying process, urban wastewater and sewage, serious soil erosion ...... all these threaten our mother river, if not timely and comprehensive treatment, will inevitably affect the industrial and economic development and people's health along the Yellow River area and even the whole country. " Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology President Xie Kechang members of the face of concern when talking about this issue.
The Yellow River is the mother river of the Chinese nation and the cradle of Chinese civilization. "In the last 20 years or so, affected by industrial development and urbanization, the Yellow River is suffering from unprecedented violations." Xie Kechang, a member of the committee, told reporters that through the Yellow River along the Shanxi section of the four cities in more than a dozen counties of more than 700 kilometers of field visits, found that the Yellow River water resources protection is currently facing several challenges:
The depth of coal mining on the Yellow River water resources is seriously polluted. According to estimates, mining 1 ton of coal to lose 2 to 4 cubic meters of groundwater. The Shanxi basin of the Yellow River produces 140 million tons of coal annually, and discharges at least 280 million cubic meters of pit water into the Yellow River every year, and this pit water contains many complex material components, including heavy metals and radioactive ions, which seriously pollute the water source of the Yellow River.
All kinds of tailings with unclear responsibility and authority pose a threat to the Yellow River's water resources. The "who pollutes who manages" is the responsibility of enterprises for their pollution, but once these enterprises go bankrupt or close down, the question of who will take responsibility for their subsequent environmental pollution management becomes difficult to solve.
The quarrying sites along the main stream of the Yellow River are densely populated, and the debris and dust from the quarrying process directly pollute the water resources of the Yellow River. Urban wastewater and sewage along the Yellow River and its tributaries directly pollute the water resources of the Yellow River.
Soil erosion causes physical pollution of the Yellow River water resources, while fertilizers and pesticide residues used in agricultural production flow with the water, resulting in further pollution of the Yellow River water resources.
Aiming at the above situation, through the reasonable planning and integration of coal resources along the Yellow River, improve the recovery rate, control the total amount of mining, and realize the treatment of mine pit water to meet the standards of discharge; adhere to the principle of "prevention first", and effectively implement the "whoever pollutes, whoever manages" management measures; as soon as possible, the "whoever pollutes, whoever manages" management measures; as soon as possible, the "whoever pollutes, whoever manages" management measures. The principle of "prevention first" is adhered to, and "who pollutes who governs" is effectively implemented; reasonable quarrying and ash-burning areas are designated as soon as possible to change the status quo of scattered management of quarrying and ash-burning; unified arrangements for urban sewage treatment in the Yellow River Basin are carried out by phases and batches as soon as possible; the strength of soil and water erosion control is intensified, and comprehensive control projects mainly based on the construction of dams are carried out in the conditional places; the "Digital Yellow River" is accelerated, and "the Yellow River Water Resource Management" is implemented for the Yellow River. Yellow River", for the Yellow River water resources pollution detection, prevention and control to provide a platform for information **** enjoyment.
Feeling the Yellow River
The second largest river in China. There are 3 sources in the upper reaches of the river: the western source of the Maqu, also known as the Yogu Zonglei Drainage Channel, originates from the southwestern edge of the Yogu Zonglei Basin in the eastern foothills of Yaladazhe Mountain in the central part of the Ba Yan Ka La Mountains; the middle source of the Kajiqu, also known as the Kala Drainage Channel, originates in the central part of the Ba Yan Ka La Mountains in the northern foothills of the Zigzigoya Mountains; and the southern source of the multi-curves originates in the northern foothills of the Ba Yan Ka La Mountains, near the Rijisan Mountain. In these three streams, Maqu is the source of the Yellow River for more than 200 years of history. According to the principle of "the source of the river is only far away", among the three sources, the Kari Qu is the longest (190.1 kilometers), which is 18.6 kilometers longer than the Maqu (171.5 kilometers), so there are some people who advocate that the Kari Qu is the source of the Yellow River. The Ministry of Water Resources of China and the Yellow River Conservancy Commission still take Maqu as the main source of the Yellow River. From the source of Maqu in Qinghai Province, the Yellow River flows eastward through Sichuan Province, Gansu Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Shaanxi Province, Shanxi Province, Henan Province and so on, and injects into the Bohai Sea in Kenli County, Shandong Province. The total length is 5464 kilometers, with a watershed area of 752,400 square kilometers.
___
Listening to the Yellow River
Giving love
The Yellow River is already a river that has been profoundly affected and interfered by human beings. How to manage the Yellow River in the future in order to not only guarantee the sustainable economic and social development of the region but also ensure that this ancient and great river continues to be alive and well for the benefit of the people is a major issue that deserves deep thinking and needs to be solved urgently. It is also an important element in the formulation of the national medium- and long-term scientific and technological development plan.
___ There are three core problems in the future management of the Yellow River: First, how to deal with the huge amount of sediment in the Yellow River and how to utilize it, this is the crux of the Yellow River, which not only relates to the flood control safety of the Yellow River, but also relates to the management of soil erosion and the development and utilization of water resources. Secondly, according to the change of water resources of the Yellow River, how to rationally allocate and effectively solve the sustainable development of national economy and society, as well as maintain the life of the river on the demand for water resources. Third, how to protect and improve the ecological environment of the Yellow River. The key to solving these three problems is: rational allocation, efficient utilization, effective protection, increase water and reduce sand.
Commissioner Zhu Peiling: Fighting Pollution to Save the Yellow River
The Yellow River is the cradle of the Chinese nation and the pride of the Chinese children, who have achieved one historical civilization after another over the past 5,000 years. However, in recent years, the Yellow River pollution has increased, has exceeded the carrying capacity of the Yellow River water environment. At present, nearly 40% of the main stream of the Yellow River, the water quality of the poor five, the basic loss of water function, the Yellow River Basin each year due to pollution caused by the economic loss of up to 11.5 billion to 15.6 billion yuan.
The "Mother River" is not abundant, but with a limited water resource of 2.4% of the national river runoff, it nourishes 12% of the country's population and irrigates 15% of the arable land. In recent years, with the economic development, the Yellow River Basin wastewater discharge than the 1980s more than double, amounting to 4.4 billion cubic meters, pollution incidents continue to occur, the Yellow River in the middle and lower reaches of almost all the tributaries of the water quality is always in the bad five status, tributaries into the "sewage ditch". The Yellow River pollution is alarming.
The Yellow River is responsible for more than 50 large and medium-sized cities along the Yellow River and 420 counties of urban residents living in the water supply task, the Yellow River pollution to the urban residents of the water supply security poses a huge threat. 2003, the Yellow River has been the most serious pollution since the record of the measurement, the water storage in the Sanmenxia Reservoir into a "reservoir of sewage".
Lanzhou, Yinchuan, Baotou, Xinxiang and Kaifeng are suffering from water pollution. In many places in the countryside, the Yellow River water has been used to irrigate the land, reducing crop yields and burning crops.
The Yellow River Water Plant in Shizuishan City, Ningxia, mainly supplies drinking water to some urban residents by treating Yellow River water. However, from 2001 due to the sharp decline in the quality of the Yellow River water, the water plant's treatment has become increasingly difficult. Ammonia nitrogen in the water, volatile phenols and other content is too high, consumed a lot of chlorine used for sterilization, the water plant had to be chlorinated by the original treatment of each liter of water using 0.15 mg to increase to 4 mg or so, and for clarification, treatment of organic materials are also increasing exponentially. The water plant has also been forced to stop treatment several times last year and this spring.
Industrial pollution over the years has been the Yellow River water pollution "scourge". From Qinghai, through Gansu, Ningxia, to Inner Mongolia, the Yellow River along the energy, heavy chemicals, non-ferrous metals, paper and other highly polluting industrial enterprises, produced a large number of pollutants. Domestic sewage and excessive application of chemical fertilizers, pesticides caused by "agricultural pollution" is also showing an aggravating trend. At the same time, along the Yellow River, some urban garbage exacerbates the pollution.
Gansu Baiyin Nonferrous Metals Company is the largest source of wastewater discharge on the Baiyin section of the Yellow River. Most of the heavy metal pollutants come from the smelters under the Baiyin Company. As an old enterprise of copper smelting in China, the smelter has been in operation for more than 40 years. Gansu provincial environmental protection department, Gansu Province, the Economic and Trade Commission has twice decided to this plant deadline for treatment. 2002, the Environmental Protection Administration and the former State Economic and Trade Commission again on its deadline for treatment, required by 2005 must achieve discharge standards. At present, the smelter's treatment program is still no substantial progress.
The old high-pollution sources have not yet been completely managed, the new high-pollution projects have been launched in the west. It is reported that some eastern polluters are pouring into the western region under the banner of investment promotion. Shizuishan City, Ningxia, from January to April 2004, the introduction of 70 projects, high-energy-consuming projects there are 43, part of the project has been put into operation its environmental follow-up work has not been followed up. In recent years, Ningxia section of the Yellow River in industrial sewage discharge reduction at the same time, the proportion of domestic pollution and agricultural pollution is increasing, becoming a new focus of the Yellow River pollution control.
According to the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Environmental Protection Bureau data show that in 2003, the Yellow River, Ningxia section of the annual discharge of 235 million tons of wastewater, of which the amount of domestic sewage discharge has reached 128 million tons, accounting for 54.4% of the total amount of wastewater discharge. The main pollutants in wastewater discharge of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 101,500 tons, industrial and domestic wastewater discharge of COD was 76,400 tons and 25,100 tons, respectively.
Accompanied by squatting the rapid economic development. Yellow River pollution control of the old problems have not been fully resolved, new pollution, new problems are constantly emerging. At present, the Yellow River Basin water pollution has been concentrated industrial point source pollution gradually changed to industrial point source pollution and agricultural pollution and living pollution. The influence of living pollution has gradually increased, rural environmental protection and agricultural fertilizers, pesticides, livestock and poultry manure pollution prevention and control, has become the new focus of pollution prevention and control work, the new difficulties, and gradually showed a diversified structure of pollution and the complexity of the pollution factors.
Pollution "pain" pain in the economic structure, the Yellow River Basin industrial structure of a "heavy" two "small", and the characteristics of the water environment is not compatible, so that the river runoff is getting smaller and smaller! Yellow River to accept more and more industrial sewage. "Heavy" is mainly manifested in Lanzhou, Baiyin, Baotou, Baoji, Xi'an, Xianyang and other places where heavy industries are highly concentrated, exceeding the environmental capacity. The largest tributary of the Yellow River, Weihe River Basin is Shaanxi's industrial base, and Weihe River Basin annual sewage discharge amounted to 800 million tons, accounting for 18% of the total amount of sewage discharged in the Yellow River Basin. At present, the Weihe River has become the "Guanzhong sewer", most of the river lost self-purification ability. "Small" is mainly manifested in the middle reaches of the Yellow River in some areas to take advantage of the country to strengthen the Huaihe River, Lake Taihu Basin water pollution control, a large number of polluting enterprises to shut down the opportunity to buy low-priced equipment, on a lot of "fifteen small" industry, to take over the "baton of pollution". Baton Relay". These small polluting enterprises are many and extensive, the governance is very difficult.
We believe that the Yellow River pollution is the inevitable status quo of China's rapid economic development, the more serious the root cause of pollution, mainly in recent years, the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River in the region's economic development is too fast, and the investment in the treatment of pollution and the speed can not be synchronized to follow up. To this end, it is recommended that:
1. market mechanism into the field of pollution prevention and control. Through the role of the market, from the original "who pollutes who governs" the individual behavior of enterprises, derived from the market economy under the conditions of the social division of labor and the relationship between supply and demand, the formation of socialized, specialized environmental protection enterprises and even environmental protection industry, to provide commercial environmental protection services to the responsible party of pollution, and gradually realize the environmental governance market-oriented, socialization, entrepreneurship.
2. Establish the new concept of river management of "maintaining the healthy life of the Yellow River". First, the delimitation of the Yellow River water function area, according to the amount of water resources and the capacity of the Yellow River water flow, the total amount of pollutants allowed to be discharged into the Yellow River in each province (district), the implementation of inter-provincial (district) section of the water quality of the administrative head of the responsibility system; second is the rule of law, in the relevant laws and regulations, clear corresponding penalties for exceeding the standard of water pollution, for the pollution of the excessive provinces (districts) should be to stop approving the approval of the new water resources utilization projects; third is the establishment and improvement of the water conservancy, Third, the establishment and improvement of water conservancy, environmental protection and joint pollution control mechanism, in the sewage monitoring and supervision of water pollution emergencies on the unified action, unity and pollution control.
3. The state should further intensify its efforts to implement the green GDP, and incorporate environmental protection work into the performance appraisal of local party and government officials.
4. The environmental protection system needs to be further rationalized, the implementation of vertical management, away from local constraints.
5. Give environmental protection departments greater enforcement powers. Such as punishment, shut down polluting enterprises.
6. Local new project demonstration must have a scientific decision-making process, with the participation of environmental protection departments, the new project, if a major pollution incident, the implementation of the aftermath of the decision-making accountability system in order to strengthen the local "a hand" on the Yellow River pollution supervision and management of self-consciousness and a sense of responsibility.
7. Should have an effective monitoring network based on the exploration of the establishment of regional compensation system for sewage disposal, so that the excessive possession of resources to pay the price. Can through the "sewage charges" approach, the river section of the water quality does not meet the standards, to provide compensation to the downstream, forcing the governments along the Yellow River to increase the management of pollution in the region.
These methods are not necessarily very full, but I personally think that if we do, the Yellow River will be managed almost.
Let's set our sights high and climb to the top.