The first stage (1960 ——1975): miniaturized and hybrid integrated circuits;
The second stage (1976 ——1980): reduce the size and enhance the circuit function.
The third stage (1980 ——1995): reduce costs, vigorously develop production equipment and improve product cost performance;
Current stage (1995 to present): micro-assembly, high-density assembly and three-dimensional assembly.
Technical Status: According to foreign reports, since the 1990s, the global electronic products adopting through-hole assembly technology are decreasing at the rate of 1 1% every year, while the electronic products adopting SMT are increasing at the rate of 8% every year. So far, more than 80% of electronic products in Japan, the United States and other countries have adopted SMT.
There are three pillars in SMT/EMS industry.
China's SMT/EMS industry is mainly concentrated in the eastern coastal areas, in which Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Shandong, Tianjin, Beijing, Liaoning and other provinces and cities account for more than 80% of the total SMT/EMS in China. By region, the Pearl River Delta and its surrounding areas are the strongest, followed by the Yangtze River Delta region and the Bohai Rim region. Although the total amount of SMT/EMS in Bohai Rim region is far from that in Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta, it has great growth potential and stronger development momentum. For example, in 2005, a foreign company's factory in Beijing purchased a mounter with a total amount of150,000 USD. The relevant state departments have announced that Tianjin Binhai New Area will become the roof of China's economic growth after Shenzhen and Pudong. In the near future, China's SMT/EMS industry will inevitably form a three-legged pattern of Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta and Bohai Rim.
The excellent situation of SMT/EMS industry in China is mainly due to the fact that the relevant departments of China government attach great importance to the development of electronic information products manufacturing industry, and have formulated good development policies and import policies. In countries and regions with developed electronic information products manufacturing, such as the United States, Japan, South Korea, Europe and Taiwan Province Province of China, the transfer of electronic manufacturing to China is an important factor. Take the top enterprises in SMT/EMS field 10 as an example. A number of enterprises such as Foxconn, Flextronics and Xudian set up factories in China. Among them, Foxconn is the most successful company, with very large factories and tens of thousands of employees in Shenzhen, Suzhou, Beijing, Tianjin and Yantai.
From the international environment, although the SMT/EMS industry in India, Vietnam and Eastern Europe will develop, it will not pose a great threat to the status of the world's major electronics manufacturing countries in the near future. In a word, China will remain the largest SMT/EMS market in the world in the next few years.
Five factors restricting the development of SMT/EMS
Although the SMT/EMS industry in China has developed rapidly, there are still many problems objectively, mainly in the following aspects.
First, the scale is small. The scale of SMT/EMS enterprises in Chinese mainland is smaller than that in foreign countries and Hong Kong and Taiwan, and most of them are small and medium-sized enterprises. According to the survey data of the world's largest 100 EMS enterprises published by internationally renowned research institutions in 2004, there is no SMT/EMS enterprise in China. The United States accounted for more than half, and China, Taiwan Province Province and Hongkong each had seven finalists. On the other hand, among the SMT/EMS enterprises in Chinese mainland, the largest enterprise's sales are only several hundred million yuan, while most enterprises only have several million to tens of millions. SMT/EMS enterprises in Chinese mainland have at most twenty or thirty production lines, while most enterprises have only a few or even one or two. However, there are many SMT production lines in foreign countries and Hong Kong and Taiwan enterprises in China, ranging from dozens to hundreds.
Second, the technical level is not high. Most SMT/EMS enterprises in Chinese mainland, due to the lack of high-level technical and management talents, process mostly middle and low-grade products, mostly general consumer goods, and make money mainly by human capital, not knowledge capital. Take the production of mobile phones in Beijing as an example. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Information Industry, 89.494 million mobile phones were produced in Beijing in 2005. Most motherboards are produced by Nokia, Sony Ericsson and their foundries, Iketai and Foxconn. Dozens of SMT/EMS enterprises in Beijing are basically processing low-end and low value-added products.
Third, the ability is not comprehensive. According to the statistics of 50 EMS enterprises in the world, the capabilities are divided into front-end (design), manufacturing and assembly; Back-end after-sales service. Among them, most enterprises have all the above capabilities. Most SMT/EMS enterprises in Chinese mainland only have OEM ability, lacking design, testing and first-class logistics and supply chain ability.
Fourth, lack of team spirit and industry self-discipline. SMT/EMS enterprises in China are in a weak position compared with similar enterprises in foreign countries and Hong Kong and Taiwan. But even so, mainland SMT/EMS enterprises are not willing to play the spirit of unity and cooperation, and implement industry self-discipline and external consistency. Moreover, they depress prices, belittle each other, and even take orders at prices lower than reasonable costs, attacking each other and engaging in unfair competition. As a result, everyone can't make money and fall into a vicious circle.
Fifth, the support of relevant government departments is not enough. The policy of relevant government departments to vigorously support independent innovation and develop technologies and products with independent intellectual property rights is correct, but the development of manufacturing technology can never be ignored. At present, many scientific research achievements can only stay in the trial production stage of samples, and the fundamental reason why they cannot be commercialized is that the manufacturing technology is not up to standard. China is a big country in manufacturing electronic products, but it is not a strong country in manufacturing electronic products. Take the mobile phone as an example. China's mobile phone production ranks first in the world, but it is an indisputable fact that the manufacturing quality of domestic mobile phones is generally lower than that of well-known foreign brands. The gap of SMT level is an important reason. Even some officials in charge of science and technology know nothing about SMT/EMS and don't think SMT technology is high-tech, so it is difficult to get the support of policies and funds that other high-tech enterprises can get.
The introduction of SMT technology has entered a stable period.
In 2004-2005, China imported nearly 9,000 units for two consecutive years, accounting for more than 40% of the global mounter output in the same period. In 2004-2005, more than 35,400 mounters were imported from China, and the number of mounters in the last century should be around 40,000. 80% of them were bought in the last five years, and it is impossible to update them in large quantities in the short term. Therefore, it is predicted that the import scale of mounter will not increase significantly in 2006, and the total import volume will basically remain at the level of 2004 -2005. As the leading equipment of SMT production line, the printing press should purchase 4500-5000 sets every year, of which 80% are imported products.
As the back-end equipment of SMT production line, the reflow oven is expected to purchase more in 2006 than in 2005, and it is expected to be around 6000-7000 sets. The main reason is that the EU has implemented RoHS directive since July, 2006 1, and will implement the Administrative Measures for Pollution Control of Electronic Information Products promulgated by seven ministries and commissions in March, 2007. A large part of the total purchase of reflow oven is to purchase lead-free reflow oven to replace the old one. In a word, the introduction of SMT technology in China has entered a period of steady development.
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Development history of surface mount technology in China
Chinese electronic technicians began to follow the development of STM technology abroad from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, and applied SMT technology in a small scale. The earliest large-scale introduction of SMT production line in China began in the middle and early 1980s. Its background is the introduction of color TV industry technology in China. Matching color TV tuners, such as Panasonic color TV tuners, have been changed from type A to type B electronic tuners, and the new tuners use a large number of chip components. Under the guidance of planned economy at that time, domestic color TV tuner factories began to introduce SMT production lines, including Panasonic, Sanyo, TESCON and TDK.
In the early 1990s, the introduction of China video recorder production line set off another SMT introduction climax. Taking Panasonic video recorder as an example, chip components have been widely used since L 15. During this period, Lu Hua, Beijing TV Equipment Factory, Shanghai Recording Equipment Factory, Nanjing 7 14 Factory, Amoi and other video recorder manufacturers began to introduce SMT production lines. According to the statistics of a foreign investigation agency, by the end of 1997, there were 3,700 mounters in China, and the total number of SMT production lines was between1500-2,000.
Since the 20th century, the introduction of surface mount technology in China has been greatly accelerated. China's customs announced the data of mounter import in 2000, and the number of mounters imported in that year was 1370, with an average annual growth rate of over 50%. In 2005, 8992 mounters were introduced, the number of mounters in China exceeded 30,000, and the number of SMT production lines was around 1500. China has become the largest and most important SMT market in the world.